Lithium-ion Capacitors and Other Battery Supercapacitor Hybrids: Markets, Technology, 2025-2045

Table of Contents

1. Executive summary and conclusions

• 1.1. Purpose of this report
• 1.2. Methodology of this analysis
• 1.3. Definitions
• 1.4. Energy storage toolkit
  • 1.4.1. The basic options
  • 1.4.2. BSH have some of superlatives of a supercapacitor combined with those of a battery
  • 1.4.3. BSH and in particular LIC create some valuable tipping points
  • 1.4.4. The many advantages of lithium-ion capacitors LIC and the energy density choices
  • 1.4.5. How strategies for improving supercapacitors will benefit BSH including LIC
  • 1.4.6. Prioritisation of active electrode-electrolyte pairings
• 1.5 13 Primary conclusions: BSH markets including LIC
• 1.6. Infogram: the most impactful market needs
• 1.7. Infogram: relative commercial significance of BSH and pseudocapacitors 2024-2044
• 1.8. Some market propositions and uses of EDLC and BSH including LIC 2024-2044
• 1.9. Technology uses by applicational sector for EDLC vs BSH - examples
• 1.10. Analysis of supply and potential of LIC and EDLC for large devices
• 1.11 18 primary conclusions: technologies and manufacturers
• 1.12. Infogram: the energy density-power density, life, size and weight compromise
• 1.13. How strategies to require less storage make BSH more adoptable
• 1.14. How research needs redirecting: 5 columns, 7 lines
• 1.17. BSH and EDLC research activity by country and technology 2024
• 1.18. SWOT appraisals and roadmap 2025-2045
  • 1.18.1. SWOT appraisal of supercapacitors and BSH
  • 1.18.2. SWOT appraisal of LIC and other BSH
  • 1.18.3. SWOT appraisal of graphene LIC
  • 1.18.4. SWOT appraisal of batteryless storage technologies generally
• 1.19. Roadmap of market-moving BSH events - technologies, industry and markets 2025-2045
• 1.20. Battery supercapacitor hybrids: forecasts by 30 lines 2025-2045
  • 1.20.1. Competitors RFB beyond grid, EDLC, Pseudocapacitor and BSH $ billion 2025-2045
  • 1.20.2. Battery supercapacitor hybrid storage BSH by type: BSH, Non-lithium, LIC, banks $ billion 2025-2045
  • 1.20.3. Battery supercapacitor hybrids BSH value market percent by four regions 2025-2045
  • 1.20.4. BSH value market percent by three performance categories 2025-2045
  • 1.20.5. Battery supercapacitor hybrid BSH value market % by two Wh categories 2025-2045
  • 1.20.6. BSH value market % by three electrode morphologies 2025-2045
  • 1.20.7. BSH product life years and life of equipment to which it is fitted years 2014-2045
  • 1.20.8. Market for seven types of equipment fitting BSH $ billion 2025-2045
  • 1.20.9. Energy storage device market battery vs batteryless $ billion 2025-2045

2. Battery supercapacitor hybrids BSH: introduction to need, toolkit and manufacture

• 2.1. Energy storage toolkit
  • 2.1.1. The basic options
  • 2.1.2. How BSH will compete with other technologies
  • 2.1.3. Electrochemical vs electrostatic storage
  • 2.1.4. Examples of competition between capacitor, supercapacitor and battery technologies
  • 2.1.5. Supercapacitors and BSH replacing batteries in ebikes
• 2.2. Energy storage market
  • 2.2.1. Overview
  • 2.2.2. Energy harvesting creates markets for BSH storage
  • 2.2.3. The beyond-grid opportunity for large BSH
  • 2.2.4. Need for conventional BSH formats but also structural electrics and electronics
• 2.3. Introduction to technology optimisation and technology competition issues
  • 2.3.1. Overview
  • 2.3.2. BSH internal design compared to others
  • 2.3.3. Hot topics include LIB and graphene
  • 2.3.4. BSH voltage, charge retention and ageing issues compared to competition
  • 2.3.5. BSH competitive position on energy density vs power density
  • 2.3.6. Days storage vs rated power return MW for storage technologies
• 2.4. 34 parameters for LIC, Li-ion battery and supercapacitor compared
• 2.5. LIC formats compared with adjacent technologies
• 2.6. Further reading

3. Future lithium-ion capacitor design and competitive position

• 3.1. Overview
• 3.2. Design issues
  • 3.2.1. Basic structure
  • 3.2.2. Current applications to optimise
  • 3.2.3. Future applications to optimise
  • 3.2.4. Performance issues being addressed
  • 3.2.5. Lithium-ion capacitor LIC market positioning by energy density spectrum
• 3.3. Analysis of research advances through 2024
• 3.4. Examples of patents
• 3.5. Further reading -Zhar Research report putting LIB in supercapacitor context

4. Other metal-ion capacitors design and progress: Lead-ion, nickel-ion, potassium-ion, sodium-ion, zinc-ion capacitors

• 4.1. Overview
• 4.2. Lead ion capacitors: history, rationale , research
• 4.3. Nickel-ion capacitors: advances in 2024
• 4.4. Potassium-ion capacitors: advances in 2024
• 4.5. Sodium-ion capacitors: advances in 2024
• 4.5. Zinc-ion capacitors: advances in 2024

5. Other emerging chemistries for battery-supercapacitor hybrid storage

• 5.1. Overview
• 5.2. Rationale
• 5.3. Research pipeline
  • 5.3.1. Zeolite Ionic Frameworks for BSH
  • 5.3.2. MXene and MOFs composites for BSH
  • 5.3.2. Metal alloys and manganese compounds in BSH

6. Emerging materials employed with 2024, 2023 research pipeline analysis

• 6.1. Overview
• 6.2. Factors influencing key supercapacitor parameters driving sales
• 6.3. Materials choices in general
• 6.4. Strategies for improving supercapacitors
  • 6.4.1. General
  • 6.4.2. Prioritisation of active electrode-electrolyte pairings
• 6.5. Significance of graphene in supercapacitors and variants
  • 6.5.1. Overview
  • 6.5.2. Graphene supercapacitor SWOT appraisal
  • 6.5.3. Vertically-aligned graphene for ac and improved cycle life
  • 6.5.4. Frequency performance improvement with graphene
  • 6.5.5. Graphene textile for supercapacitors and sensors
  • 6.5.6. Eleven graphene supercapacitor material and device developers and manufacturers compared in five columns
• 6.6. Other 2D and allied materials for supercapacitors with examples of research
  • 6.6.1. MOF and MXene and combinations are the focus
  • 6.6.2. Tantalum carbide MXene hybrid as a biocompatible supercapacitor electrodes
  • 6.6.3. CNT
• 6.7. Research on supercapacitor electrode materials and structures in 2024
• 6.8. Research on supercapacitor electrode materials and structures in 2023
• 6.9. Important examples from earlier
• 6.10. Electrolytes for supercapacitors and variants
  • 6.10.1. General considerations including organic electrolytes
  • 6.10.2. Supercapacitor electrolyte choices
  • 6.10.3. Focus on aqueous supercapacitor electrolytes
  • 6.10.4. Ionic liquid electrolytes in supercapacitor research
  • 6.10.5. Focus on solid state, semi-solid-state and flexible electrolytes
  • 6.10.6. Hydrogels as electrolytes for semi-solid supercapacitors
  • 6.10.7. Supercapacitor concrete and bricks
• 6.11. Membrane difficulty levels and materials used and proposed
• 6.12. Reducing self-discharge: great need, little research

7. Emerging BSH markets : basic trends and best prospects compared between energy, vehicles, aerospace, military, electronics, other

• 7.1. Implications for the market 2025-2045
• 7.2. Overview
• 7.3. Relative commercial significance of supercapacitor variants 2025-2045
• 7.4. Market propositions of the most-promising supercapacitor families 2025-2045
• 7.5. Mismatch between market potential and sizes made
• 7.6. Analysis of supply and potential for large devices
  • 7.6.1. Overview
  • 7.6.2. Largest lithium-ion capacitors offered by manufacturer with parameters and uses
  • 7.6.3. Markets for the largest BSH
  • 7.6.4. Market analysis for the six most important applicational sectors

8. Energy sector emerging BSH markets

• 8.1. Overview: poor, modest and strong prospects 2024-2044
• 8.2. Thermonuclear power
  • 8.2.1. Overview
  • 8.3.2. Applications of supercapacitors in fusion research
  • 8.3.3. Other thermonuclear supercapacitors
  • 8.3.4. Hybrid supercapacitor banks for thermonuclear power: Tokyo Tokamak
  • 8.3.5. Helion USA supercapacitor bank
  • 8.3.6. First Light UK supercapacitor bank
• 8.3. Less-intermittent grid electricity generation: wave, tidal stream, elevated wind
  • 8.3.1. Supercapacitors in utility energy storage for grids and large UPS
  • 8.3.2. 5MW grid measurement supercapacitor
  • 8.3.3. Tidal stream power applications
  • 8.3.4. Wave power applications
  • 8.3.5. Airborne Wind Energy AWE applications
  • 8.3.6. Taller wind turbines tapping less-intermittent wind: protection, smoothing
• 8.4. Beyond-grid supercapacitors: large emerging opportunity
  • 8.4.1. Overview
  • 8.4.2. Beyond-grid buildings, industrial processes, minigrids, microgrids, other
  • 8.4.3. Beyond-grid electricity production and management
  • 8.4.4. The off-grid megatrend
  • 8.4.5. The solar megatrend
  • 8.4.6. Hydrogen-supercapacitor rural microgrid Tapah, Malaysia
  • 8.4.7. Supercapacitors in other microgrids, solar buildings
  • 8.4.8. Fast charging of electric vehicles including buses and autonomous shuttles
• 8.5. Hydro power

9. Emerging land vehicle and marine applications: automotive, bus, truck train, off-road construction, agriculture, mining, forestry, material handling, boats, ships

• 9.1. Overview of supercapacitor use in land transport
• 9.2. On-road applications face decline but off-road vibrant
• 9.3. How the value market for supercapacitors and their variants in land vehicles will move from largely on-road to largely off-road
• 9.4. Emerging vehicle and allied designs with large supercapacitors
  • 9.4.1. Industrial vehicles: Rutronik HESS
  • 9.4.2. Heavy duty powertrains and active suspension
• 9.5. Tram and trolleybus regeneration and coping with gaps in catenary
• 9.6. Material handling (intralogistics) supercapacitors
• 9.7. Mining and quarrying uses for large supercapacitors
  • 9.7.1. Overview and future open pit mine and quarry
  • 9.7.2. Mining and quarrying vehicles go electric
  • 9.7.3. Supercapacitors for electric mining and construction
• 9.8. Research relevant to large supercapacitors in vehicles
• 9.9. Large supercapacitors for trains and their trackside regeneration
  • 9.9.1. Overview
  • 9.9.2. Supercapacitor diesel hybrid and hydrogen trains
  • 9.9.3. Supercapacitor regeneration for trains on-board and trackside
  • 9.9.4. Research pipeline relevant to supercapacitors for trains
• 9.10. Marine use of large supercapacitors and the research pipeline

10. Emerging applications in 6G Communications, electronics and small electrics

• 10.1. Overview
• 10.2. Substantial growing applications for small BSH and supercapacitors
• 10.3. BSH and supercapacitors in wearables, smart watches, smartphones, laptops and similar devices
  • 10.3.1. General
  • 10.3.2. Wearables needing BSH and supercapacitors
• 10.4. 6G Communications: new BSH market from 2030
  • 10.4.1. Overview with needs
  • 10.4.2. New needs and 5G inadequacies
  • 10.4.3. 6G massive hardware deployment: proliferation but many compromises
  • 10.4.4. Objectives of NTTDoCoMo, Huawei, Samsung and others
  • 10.4.5. Progress from 1G-6G rollouts 1980-2044
  • 10.4.6. 6G underwater and underground
• 10.5. Asset tracking growth market
• 10.6. Battery support and back-up power supercapacitors
• 10.7. Hand-held terminals BSH and supercapacitors
• 10.8. Internet of Things nodes, wireless sensors and their energy harvesting modes with BSH and supercapacitors
  • 10.8.1. Overview
  • 10.8.2. Sensor inputs and outputs
  • 10.8.3. Ten forms of energy harvesting for sensing and power for sensors
  • 10.8.4. Supercapacitor transpiration electrokinetic harvesting for battery-free sensor power supply
• 10.9. Peak power for data transmission, locks, solenoid activation, e-ink update, LED flash
• 10.10. Smart meters
• 10.11. Spot welding

11. Emerging military and aerospace applications

• 11.1. Overview
• 11.2. Military applications: electrodynamic and electromagnetic weapons now a strong focus
  • 11.2.1. Overview: laser weapons, beam energy weapons, microwave weapons, electromagnetic guns
  • 11.2.2. Electrodynamic weapons: coil and rail guns
  • 11.2.3. Electromagnetic weapons disabling electronics or acting as ordnance
  • 11.2.4. Pulsed linear accelerator weapon
• 11.3. Military applications: unmanned aircraft, communication equipment, radar, plane, ship, tank, satellite, guided missile, munition ignition, electromagnetic armour
  • 11.3.1. CSH sales increasing
  • 11.3.2. Force Field protection
  • 11.3.3. Supercapacitor- diesel hybrid heavy mobility army truck
  • 11.3.4 17 other military applications now emerging
• 11.4. Aerospace: satellites, More Electric Aircraft MEA and other growth opportunities
  • 11.4.1. Overview: supercapacitor numbers and variety increase
  • 11.4.2. More Electric Aircraft MEA
  • 11.4.3. Better capacitors sought for aircraft

12. 116 BSH (including LIC), supercapacitor, pseudocapacitor, CSH companies assessed in 10 columns and 112 pages

• 12.1. Analysis of metrics from the comparison of 116 companies
• 12.2. 116 supercapacitor, pseudocapacitor and BSH (including LIC) manufacturers assessed in 10 columns across 108 pages