Zener Diode Global Market Report 2024

Description

A Zener diode is a specialized diode that allows current to flow in the reverse direction when the applied voltage exceeds its breakdown voltage, known as the Zener voltage. It utilizes the Zener breakdown effect to maintain a stable reference voltage or protect circuits from overvoltage conditions.

The main types in the Zener diode market are surface mount technology (SMT) and through-hole technology. SMT Zener diodes are designed to be mounted directly on the surface of printed circuit boards (PCBs). The distribution channels for these diodes include direct sales and distributors. They are used by various end users such as telecommunications, industrial sectors, automotive, consumer electronics, computing, and others.

The zener diode market research report is one of a series of new reports from The Business Research Company that provides zener diode market statistics, including the zener diode industry global market size, regional shares, competitors with zener diode market share, detailed zener diode market segments, market trends, and opportunities, and any further data you may need to thrive in the zener diode industry. These zener diode market research reports deliver a complete perspective of everything you need, with an in-depth analysis of the current and future scenarios of the industry.

The zener diode market size has grown steadily in recent years. It will grow from $0.81 billion in 2023 to $0.85 billion in 2024 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.7%. The growth in the historic period can be attributed to the expansion of consumer electronics, the development of telecommunications infrastructure, the increased demand for power management solutions, the rise in adoption of renewable energy technologies, and the evolution of computing and data centers.

The zener diode market size is expected to see strong growth in the next few years. It will grow to $1.04 billion in 2028 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.0%. The growth in the forecast period can be attributed to the rising demand for consumer electronics, the expansion of automotive electronics, increased use in power supply circuits, the growth of renewable energy sources, and the rising adoption of smart home applications. Major trends expected in this period include the adoption of miniaturized Zener diodes, improvements in efficiency and power management, the development of Zener diodes with higher voltage tolerance, advancements in high-speed communication equipment, and integration with advanced semiconductor technologies.

The anticipated expansion of the semiconductor industry is expected to drive growth in the zener diode market. The semiconductor industry involves the design, manufacture, and sale of semiconductors-materials with electrical conductivity that falls between that of conductors and insulators. This industry's expansion is driven by rising consumer demand for advanced electronic devices, the proliferation of IoT and AI applications, increased investment in research and development, and the growing need for high-performance semiconductor components across various sectors. Zener diodes are critical to the semiconductor industry as they provide essential functions such as voltage regulation, overvoltage protection, signal conditioning, and power supply stabilization, ensuring the reliable and efficient performance of electronic circuits and devices. For example, in November 2023, the International Trade Commission, a US-based international trade and development organization, reported that global semiconductor sales reached a record $574 billion in 2022, with projections indicating they will exceed $1 trillion by 2030. Consequently, the growth of the semiconductor industry is fueling the expansion of the zener diode market.

Leading companies in the zener diode market are concentrating on developing innovative products, such as low bias current and high-efficiency zener diodes, to enhance performance and meet the increasing demands of advanced electronic devices. Low bias current and high-efficiency zener diodes are optimized to minimize power consumption and heat generation, making them ideal for applications where energy conservation and thermal management are crucial, such as in advanced electronic devices and power-sensitive circuits. For instance, in May 2024, Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Limited, a Taiwan-based semiconductor manufacturer, introduced a new line of zener diodes that offer regulated voltages ranging from 1.8VDC to 39VDC. These diodes feature an exceptionally low bias current (IZT) of 50μA and a maximum power dissipation (PD) of 500mW, making them a suitable upgrade for existing designs and a preferred choice for new projects focusing on energy efficiency and low-power operation.

In May 2022, Micross Components, a US-based semiconductor manufacturing company, acquired the high-reliability discrete diodes and assemblies business from Semtech Corporation for an undisclosed amount. This acquisition strategically enhances Micross Components' product portfolio, enabling the company to better serve its customer base. Semtech Corporation, also based in the US, specializes in the manufacture of zener diodes.

Major companies operating in the zener diode market are Hitachi Ltd., Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Limited, Panasonic Holdings Corporation, Toshiba Corporation, Texas Instruments Incorporated, STMicroelectronics N.V., Infineon Technologies AG, NXP Semiconductors N.V., Renesas Electronics Corporation, ON Semiconductor Corporation, Microchip Technology Incorporated, ROHM Co. Ltd., Vishay Intertechnology Inc., Littelfuse Inc., Nexperia Holding B.V., Diodes Incorporated, Bourns Inc., Everlight Electronics Co. Ltd., Semikron International GmbH, IXYS Corporation, Torex Semiconductor Co. Ltd., Central Semiconductor LLC, Diotec Semiconductor AG, Comchip Technology Co. Ltd., KEC Corporation

North America was the largest region in the zener diode market in 2023. Asia-Pacific is expected to be the fastest-growing region in the forecast period. The regions covered in the zener diode market report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, Middle East, Africa.

The countries covered in the zener diode market report are Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, South Korea, UK, USA, Canada, Italy, Spain.

The zener diode market consists of sales of standard zener diodes, temperature compensated zener diodes, zener diode arrays, and programmable zener diodes. Values in this market are 'factory gate' values, that is the value of goods sold by the manufacturers or creators of the goods, whether to other entities (including downstream manufacturers, wholesalers, distributors and retailers) or directly to end customers. The value of goods in this market includes related services sold by the creators of the goods.

The market value is defined as the revenues that enterprises gain from the sale of goods and/or services within the specified market and geography through sales, grants, or donations in terms of the currency (in USD, unless otherwise specified).

The revenues for a specified geography are consumption values that are revenues generated by organizations in the specified geography within the market, irrespective of where they are produced. It does not include revenues from resales along the supply chain, either further along the supply chain or as part of other products.

Zener Diode Global Market Report 2024 from The Business Research Company provides strategists, marketers and senior management with the critical information they need to assess the market.

This report focuses on zener diode market which is experiencing strong growth. The report gives a guide to the trends which will be shaping the market over the next ten years and beyond.

Reasons to Purchase

Gain a truly global perspective with the most comprehensive report available on this market covering 50+ geographies.
Understand how the market has been affected by the COVID-19 and how it is responding as the impact of the virus abates.
Assess the Russia - Ukraine war's impact on agriculture, energy and mineral commodity supply and its direct and indirect impact on the market.
Measure the impact of high global inflation on market growth.
Create regional and country strategies on the basis of local data and analysis.
Identify growth segments for investment.
Outperform competitors using forecast data and the drivers and trends shaping the market.
Understand customers based on the latest market shares.
Benchmark performance against key competitors.
Suitable for supporting your internal and external presentations with reliable high quality data and analysis
Report will be updated with the latest data and delivered to you within 3-5 working days of order along with an Excel data sheet for easy data extraction and analysis.
All data from the report will also be delivered in an excel dashboard format.

Where is the largest and fastest growing market for zener diode ? How does the market relate to the overall economy, demography and other similar markets? What forces will shape the market going forward? The zener diode market global report from the Business Research Company answers all these questions and many more.

The report covers market characteristics, size and growth, segmentation, regional and country breakdowns, competitive landscape, market shares, trends and strategies for this market. It traces the market's historic and forecast market growth by geography.

The market characteristics section of the report defines and explains the market.
The market size section gives the market size ($b) covering both the historic growth of the market, and forecasting its development.
The forecasts are made after considering the major factors currently impacting the market. These include:

The impact of sanctions, supply chain disruptions, and altered demand for goods and services due to the Russian Ukraine war, impacting various macro-economic factors and parameters in the Eastern European region and its subsequent effect on global markets.

The impact of higher inflation in many countries and the resulting spike in interest rates.

The continued but declining impact of COVID-19 on supply chains and consumption patterns.

Market segmentations break down the market into sub markets.
The regional and country breakdowns section gives an analysis of the market in each geography and the size of the market by geography and compares their historic and forecast growth. It covers the growth trajectory of COVID-19 for all regions, key developed countries and major emerging markets.
The competitive landscape chapter gives a description of the competitive nature of the market, market shares, and a description of the leading companies. Key financial deals which have shaped the market in recent years are identified.
The trends and strategies section analyses the shape of the market as it emerges from the crisis and suggests how companies can grow as the market recovers.

Scope

Markets Covered:1) By Type: Surface Mount Technology; Through Hole Technology
2) By Distribution channel: Direct Sales; Distributors
3) By End User: Telecommunications; Industrial; Automotive; Consumer Electronics; Computing; Other End-Users
Companies Mentioned: Hitachi Ltd.; Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Limited; Panasonic Holdings Corporation; Toshiba Corporation; Texas Instruments Incorporated
Countries: Australia; Brazil; China; France; Germany; India; Indonesia; Japan; Russia; South Korea; UK; USA; Canada; Italy; Spain
Regions: Asia-Pacific; Western Europe; Eastern Europe; North America; South America; Middle East; Africa
Time series: Five years historic and ten years forecast.
Data: Ratios of market size and growth to related markets, GDP proportions, expenditure per capita,
Data segmentations: country and regional historic and forecast data, market share of competitors, market segments.
Sourcing and Referencing: Data and analysis throughout the report is sourced using end notes.
Delivery format: PDF, Word and Excel Data Dashboard.

Product Code: r20074

1. Executive Summary

2. Zener Diode Market Characteristics

3. Zener Diode Market Trends And Strategies

4. Zener Diode Market - Macro Economic Scenario

4.1. Impact Of High Inflation On The Market
4.2. Ukraine-Russia War Impact On The Market
4.3. COVID-19 Impact On The Market

5. Global Zener Diode Market Size and Growth

5.1. Global Zener Diode Market Drivers and Restraints
- 5.1.1. Drivers Of The Market
- 5.1.2. Restraints Of The Market
5.2. Global Zener Diode Historic Market Size and Growth, 2018 - 2023, Value ($ Billion)
5.3. Global Zener Diode Forecast Market Size and Growth, 2023 - 2028, 2033F, Value ($ Billion)

6. Zener Diode Market Segmentation

6.1. Global Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
Surface Mount Technology
Through Hole Technology
6.2. Global Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By Distribution channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
Direct Sales
Distributors
6.3. Global Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
Telecommunications
Industrial
Automotive
Consumer Electronics
Computing
Other End-Users

7. Zener Diode Market Regional And Country Analysis

7.1. Global Zener Diode Market, Split By Region, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
7.2. Global Zener Diode Market, Split By Country, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

8. Asia-Pacific Zener Diode Market

8.1. Asia-Pacific Zener Diode Market Overview
Region Information, Impact Of COVID-19, Market Information, Background Information, Government Initiatives, Regulations, Regulatory Bodies, Major Associations, Taxes Levied, Corporate Tax Structure, Investments, Major Companies
8.2. Asia-Pacific Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
8.3. Asia-Pacific Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By Distribution channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
8.4. Asia-Pacific Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

9. China Zener Diode Market

9.1. China Zener Diode Market Overview
9.2. China Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F,$ Billion
9.3. China Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By Distribution channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F,$ Billion
9.4. China Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F,$ Billion

10. India Zener Diode Market

10.1. India Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
10.2. India Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By Distribution channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
10.3. India Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

11. Japan Zener Diode Market

11.1. Japan Zener Diode Market Overview
11.2. Japan Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
11.3. Japan Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By Distribution channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
11.4. Japan Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

12. Australia Zener Diode Market

12.1. Australia Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
12.2. Australia Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By Distribution channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
12.3. Australia Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

13. Indonesia Zener Diode Market

13.1. Indonesia Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
13.2. Indonesia Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By Distribution channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
13.3. Indonesia Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

14. South Korea Zener Diode Market

14.1. South Korea Zener Diode Market Overview
14.2. South Korea Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
14.3. South Korea Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By Distribution channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
14.4. South Korea Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

15. Western Europe Zener Diode Market

15.1. Western Europe Zener Diode Market Overview
15.2. Western Europe Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
15.3. Western Europe Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By Distribution channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
15.4. Western Europe Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

16. UK Zener Diode Market

16.1. UK Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
16.2. UK Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By Distribution channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
16.3. UK Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

17. Germany Zener Diode Market

17.1. Germany Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
17.2. Germany Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By Distribution channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
17.3. Germany Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

18. France Zener Diode Market

18.1. France Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
18.2. France Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By Distribution channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
18.3. France Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

19. Italy Zener Diode Market

19.1. Italy Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
19.2. Italy Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By Distribution channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
19.3. Italy Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

20. Spain Zener Diode Market

20.1. Spain Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
20.2. Spain Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By Distribution channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
20.3. Spain Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

21. Eastern Europe Zener Diode Market

21.1. Eastern Europe Zener Diode Market Overview
21.2. Eastern Europe Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
21.3. Eastern Europe Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By Distribution channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
21.4. Eastern Europe Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

22. Russia Zener Diode Market

22.1. Russia Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
22.2. Russia Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By Distribution channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
22.3. Russia Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

23. North America Zener Diode Market

23.1. North America Zener Diode Market Overview
23.2. North America Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
23.3. North America Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By Distribution channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
23.4. North America Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

24. USA Zener Diode Market

24.1. USA Zener Diode Market Overview
24.2. USA Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
24.3. USA Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By Distribution channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
24.4. USA Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

25. Canada Zener Diode Market

25.1. Canada Zener Diode Market Overview
25.2. Canada Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
25.3. Canada Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By Distribution channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
25.4. Canada Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

26. South America Zener Diode Market

26.1. South America Zener Diode Market Overview
26.2. South America Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
26.3. South America Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By Distribution channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
26.4. South America Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

27. Brazil Zener Diode Market

27.1. Brazil Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
27.2. Brazil Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By Distribution channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
27.3. Brazil Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

28. Middle East Zener Diode Market

28.1. Middle East Zener Diode Market Overview
28.2. Middle East Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
28.3. Middle East Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By Distribution channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
28.4. Middle East Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

29. Africa Zener Diode Market

29.1. Africa Zener Diode Market Overview
29.2. Africa Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
29.3. Africa Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By Distribution channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
29.4. Africa Zener Diode Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

30. Zener Diode Market Competitive Landscape And Company Profiles

30.1. Zener Diode Market Competitive Landscape
30.2. Zener Diode Market Company Profiles
- 30.2.1. Hitachi Ltd.
  - 30.2.1.1. Overview
  - 30.2.1.2. Products and Services
  - 30.2.1.3. Strategy
  - 30.2.1.4. Financial Performance
- 30.2.2. Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Limited
  - 30.2.2.1. Overview
  - 30.2.2.2. Products and Services
  - 30.2.2.3. Strategy
  - 30.2.2.4. Financial Performance
- 30.2.3. Panasonic Holdings Corporation
  - 30.2.3.1. Overview
  - 30.2.3.2. Products and Services
  - 30.2.3.3. Strategy
  - 30.2.3.4. Financial Performance
- 30.2.4. Toshiba Corporation
  - 30.2.4.1. Overview
  - 30.2.4.2. Products and Services
  - 30.2.4.3. Strategy
  - 30.2.4.4. Financial Performance
- 30.2.5. Texas Instruments Incorporated
  - 30.2.5.1. Overview
  - 30.2.5.2. Products and Services
  - 30.2.5.3. Strategy
  - 30.2.5.4. Financial Performance

31. Zener Diode Market Other Major And Innovative Companies

31.1. STMicroelectronics N.V.
31.2. Infineon Technologies AG
31.3. NXP Semiconductors N.V.
31.4. Renesas Electronics Corporation
31.5. ON Semiconductor Corporation
31.6. Microchip Technology Incorporated
31.7. ROHM Co. Ltd.
31.8. Vishay Intertechnology Inc.
31.9. Littelfuse Inc.
31.10. Nexperia Holding B.V.
31.11. Diodes Incorporated
31.12. Bourns Inc.
31.13. Everlight Electronics Co. Ltd.
31.14. Semikron International GmbH
31.15. IXYS Corporation

32. Global Zener Diode Market Competitive Benchmarking

33. Global Zener Diode Market Competitive Dashboard

34. Key Mergers And Acquisitions In The Zener Diode Market

35. Zener Diode Market Future Outlook and Potential Analysis

35.1 Zener Diode Market In 2028 - Countries Offering Most New Opportunities
35.2 Zener Diode Market In 2028 - Segments Offering Most New Opportunities
35.3 Zener Diode Market In 2028 - Growth Strategies
- 35.3.1 Market Trend Based Strategies
- 35.3.2 Competitor Strategies

36. Appendix

36.1. Abbreviations
36.2. Currencies
36.3. Historic And Forecast Inflation Rates
36.4. Research Inquiries
36.5. The Business Research Company
36.6. Copyright And Disclaimer