Pool And Spa Global Market Report 2024

Description

Pool and spa facilities are designed for recreational and therapeutic water activities. A pool is a large, typically outdoor structure filled with water for swimming and leisure, while a spa, also known as a hot tub or Jacuzzi, is a smaller, heated pool used for hydrotherapy and relaxation. These facilities are commonly found in residential settings, hotels, and health clubs, offering both fitness and wellness benefits.

The main types of pool and spa facilities include pools and spas. Spas provide therapeutic treatments and relaxation experiences, often featuring hot tubs, saunas, and various massage therapies. Accessories for pools and spas include filters, chlorinators, blowers, cleaners, covers, suction fittings, and pool pumps, made from materials such as plastic, rubber, fiberglass, and stainless steel.

The pool and spa market research report is one of a series of new reports from The Business Research Company that provides pool and spa market statistics, including the pool and spa industry's global market size, regional shares, competitors with a pool and spa market share, detailed pool and spa market segments, market trends and opportunities, and any further data you may need to thrive in the pool and spa industry. This pool and spa market research report delivers a complete perspective of everything you need, with an in-depth analysis of the current and future scenarios of the industry.

The pool and spa market size has grown strongly in recent years. It will grow from $19.44 billion in 2023 to $20.67 billion in 2024 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.3%. The growth during the historic period can be attributed to increased investments in home leisure as people spent more time at home, a surge in demand for home pools and spas due to travel restrictions, greater awareness of the benefits of hydrotherapy and wellness, higher consumer spending on luxury home amenities, and the expansion of suburban and residential areas.

The pool and spa market size is expected to see strong growth in the next few years. It will grow to $26.52 billion in 2028 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.4%. The growth in the forecast period can be attributed to the increasing consumer focus on mental and physical well-being, the development of solar-powered and water-saving pool and spa solutions, expanding medical and rehabilitation applications for pools and spas, the ongoing growth of urban residential projects with luxury amenities, and rising middle-class income levels driving demand for home improvements. Major trends during this period include the integration of IoT and AI for remote control, automation, and maintenance, solar-powered heating and filtration systems, customizable pool and spa designs, insulated and heat-retaining pool covers, and innovative solutions for rooftop and indoor installations.

The growing wellness and spa tourism industry is expected to drive the expansion of the pool and spa market. This industry involves traveling to enhance health and well-being through activities such as spa treatments, fitness programs, and holistic wellness experiences. The growth of wellness and spa tourism is fueled by increasing consumer demand for stress relief, holistic health treatments, and overall well-being experiences. Pools and spas play a crucial role in the wellness and spa tourism sectors by offering therapeutic water treatments and relaxation experiences that contribute to overall well-being. For example, in January 2023, the American Med Spa Association, a national organization of medical spa professionals, reported that a single-location medical spa generated $1,982,896 in revenue in 2022, up from $1,722,551 in 2021, reflecting an increase of $260,345. As a result, the expanding wellness and spa tourism industry is contributing to the growth of the pool and spa market.

Leading companies in the pool and spa market are focusing on developing advanced solutions such as smart pool management systems to improve user convenience and efficiency. These systems use automated technology to monitor and control various aspects of pool maintenance, including water temperature, chemical balance, filtration, and cleaning schedules, often with remote access via digital platforms. For instance, in November 2022, Aiper, a US-based provider of robotic pool cleaners, introduced the Seagull SE, a new product in the Seagull Series. The Seagull SE features dual-drive motors and bottom scrubbers for enhanced cleaning performance, along with a self-parking feature for added convenience. It charges quickly in approximately 2.5 hours and includes LED indicators to inform users about battery life. Designed with environmental considerations in mind, it uses a rechargeable lithium battery and a nylon holding tray, eliminating the need for disposable bags.

In May 2024, Texas Pools Inc., a US-based luxury pool design and construction company, acquired The Pool Man Inc. for an undisclosed amount. This acquisition is expected to strengthen Texas Pools' market presence, broaden its customer base, enhance service capabilities, and provide access to new technologies and expertise. The Pool Man Inc., based in the US, specializes in residential pool and spa services.

Major companies operating in the pool and spa market are Kohler Co, Pentair plc, Fluidra S.A., Roca Group, BWT Holding GmbH, Villeroy and Boch, Jacuzzi Brands LLC, Duravit AGa, Bullfrog Spas, Jaquar & Company Private Limited., Harvia Plc, Coast Spas Manufacturing Inc., SAWO Inc., TyloHelo Inc, Arctic Spas Ltd, Blue Haven Pools and Spas, Narvi Oy, KLAFS GmbH & Co. KG, Unbescheiden GmbH, Physiotherm Infrarotkabinen

North America was the largest region in the pool and spa market in 2023. The regions covered in the pool and spa market report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, Middle East, Africa.

The countries covered in the pool and spa market report are Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, South Korea, UK, USA, Canada, Italy, Spain.

The pool and spa market consists of sales of pumps, filters, heaters, and chemicals. Values in this market are 'factory gate' values, that is the value of goods sold by the manufacturers or creators of the goods, whether to other entities (including downstream manufacturers, wholesalers, distributors, and retailers) or directly to end customers. The value of goods in this market includes related services sold by the creators of the goods.

The market value is defined as the revenues that enterprises gain from the sale of goods and/or services within the specified market and geography through sales, grants, or donations in terms of the currency (in USD, unless otherwise specified).

The revenues for a specified geography are consumption values that are revenues generated by organizations in the specified geography within the market, irrespective of where they are produced. It does not include revenues from resales along the supply chain, either further along the supply chain or as part of other products.

Pool And Spa Global Market Report 2024 from The Business Research Company provides strategists, marketers and senior management with the critical information they need to assess the market.

This report focuses on pool and spa market which is experiencing strong growth. The report gives a guide to the trends which will be shaping the market over the next ten years and beyond.

Reasons to Purchase

Gain a truly global perspective with the most comprehensive report available on this market covering 50+ geographies.
Understand how the market has been affected by the COVID-19 and how it is responding as the impact of the virus abates.
Assess the Russia - Ukraine war's impact on agriculture, energy and mineral commodity supply and its direct and indirect impact on the market.
Measure the impact of high global inflation on market growth.
Create regional and country strategies on the basis of local data and analysis.
Identify growth segments for investment.
Outperform competitors using forecast data and the drivers and trends shaping the market.
Understand customers based on the latest market shares.
Benchmark performance against key competitors.
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Report will be updated with the latest data and delivered to you within 3-5 working days of order along with an Excel data sheet for easy data extraction and analysis.
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Where is the largest and fastest growing market for pool and spa ? How does the market relate to the overall economy, demography and other similar markets? What forces will shape the market going forward? The pool and spa market global report from the Business Research Company answers all these questions and many more.

The report covers market characteristics, size and growth, segmentation, regional and country breakdowns, competitive landscape, market shares, trends and strategies for this market. It traces the market's historic and forecast market growth by geography.

The market characteristics section of the report defines and explains the market.
The market size section gives the market size ($b) covering both the historic growth of the market, and forecasting its development.
The forecasts are made after considering the major factors currently impacting the market. These include:

The impact of sanctions, supply chain disruptions, and altered demand for goods and services due to the Russian Ukraine war, impacting various macro-economic factors and parameters in the Eastern European region and its subsequent effect on global markets.

The impact of higher inflation in many countries and the resulting spike in interest rates.

The continued but declining impact of COVID-19 on supply chains and consumption patterns.

Market segmentations break down the market into sub markets.
The regional and country breakdowns section gives an analysis of the market in each geography and the size of the market by geography and compares their historic and forecast growth. It covers the growth trajectory of COVID-19 for all regions, key developed countries and major emerging markets.
The competitive landscape chapter gives a description of the competitive nature of the market, market shares, and a description of the leading companies. Key financial deals which have shaped the market in recent years are identified.
The trends and strategies section analyses the shape of the market as it emerges from the crisis and suggests how companies can grow as the market recovers.

Scope

Markets Covered:1) By Type: Spas; Pools
2) By Accessories: Filters; Chlorinators; Blowers; Cleaners; Covers; Suction Fittings; Pool Pumps; Other Accessories
3) By Material: Plastic; Rubber; Fiberglass; Stainless Steel; Other Materials
Companies Mentioned: Kohler Co; Pentair plc; Fluidra S.A.; Roca Group; BWT Holding GmbH
Countries: Australia; Brazil; China; France; Germany; India; Indonesia; Japan; Russia; South Korea; UK; USA; Canada; Italy; Spain
Regions: Asia-Pacific; Western Europe; Eastern Europe; North America; South America; Middle East; Africa
Time series: Five years historic and ten years forecast.
Data: Ratios of market size and growth to related markets, GDP proportions, expenditure per capita,
Data segmentations: country and regional historic and forecast data, market share of competitors, market segments.
Sourcing and Referencing: Data and analysis throughout the report is sourced using end notes.
Delivery format: PDF, Word and Excel Data Dashboard.

Product Code: r19746

1. Executive Summary

2. Pool And Spa Market Characteristics

3. Pool And Spa Market Trends And Strategies

4. Pool And Spa Market - Macro Economic Scenario

4.1. Impact Of High Inflation On The Market
4.2. Ukraine-Russia War Impact On The Market
4.3. COVID-19 Impact On The Market

5. Global Pool And Spa Market Size and Growth

5.1. Global Pool And Spa Market Drivers and Restraints
- 5.1.1. Drivers Of The Market
- 5.1.2. Restraints Of The Market
5.2. Global Pool And Spa Historic Market Size and Growth, 2018 - 2023, Value ($ Billion)
5.3. Global Pool And Spa Forecast Market Size and Growth, 2023 - 2028, 2033F, Value ($ Billion)

6. Pool And Spa Market Segmentation

6.1. Global Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
Spas
Pools
6.2. Global Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Accessories, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
Filters
Chlorinators
Blowers
Cleaners
Covers
Suction Fittings
Pool Pumps
Other Accessories
6.3. Global Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Material, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
Plastic
Rubber
Fiberglass
Stainless Steel
Other Materials

7. Pool And Spa Market Regional And Country Analysis

7.1. Global Pool And Spa Market, Split By Region, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
7.2. Global Pool And Spa Market, Split By Country, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

8. Asia-Pacific Pool And Spa Market

8.1. Asia-Pacific Pool And Spa Market Overview
Region Information, Impact Of COVID-19, Market Information, Background Information, Government Initiatives, Regulations, Regulatory Bodies, Major Associations, Taxes Levied, Corporate Tax Structure, Investments, Major Companies
8.2. Asia-Pacific Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
8.3. Asia-Pacific Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Accessories, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
8.4. Asia-Pacific Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Material, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

9. China Pool And Spa Market

9.1. China Pool And Spa Market Overview
9.2. China Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F,$ Billion
9.3. China Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Accessories, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F,$ Billion
9.4. China Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Material, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F,$ Billion

10. India Pool And Spa Market

10.1. India Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
10.2. India Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Accessories, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
10.3. India Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Material, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

11. Japan Pool And Spa Market

11.1. Japan Pool And Spa Market Overview
11.2. Japan Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
11.3. Japan Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Accessories, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
11.4. Japan Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Material, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

12. Australia Pool And Spa Market

12.1. Australia Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
12.2. Australia Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Accessories, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
12.3. Australia Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Material, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

13. Indonesia Pool And Spa Market

13.1. Indonesia Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
13.2. Indonesia Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Accessories, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
13.3. Indonesia Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Material, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

14. South Korea Pool And Spa Market

14.1. South Korea Pool And Spa Market Overview
14.2. South Korea Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
14.3. South Korea Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Accessories, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
14.4. South Korea Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Material, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

15. Western Europe Pool And Spa Market

15.1. Western Europe Pool And Spa Market Overview
15.2. Western Europe Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
15.3. Western Europe Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Accessories, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
15.4. Western Europe Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Material, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

16. UK Pool And Spa Market

16.1. UK Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
16.2. UK Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Accessories, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
16.3. UK Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Material, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

17. Germany Pool And Spa Market

17.1. Germany Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
17.2. Germany Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Accessories, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
17.3. Germany Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Material, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

18. France Pool And Spa Market

18.1. France Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
18.2. France Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Accessories, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
18.3. France Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Material, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

19. Italy Pool And Spa Market

19.1. Italy Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
19.2. Italy Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Accessories, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
19.3. Italy Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Material, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

20. Spain Pool And Spa Market

20.1. Spain Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
20.2. Spain Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Accessories, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
20.3. Spain Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Material, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

21. Eastern Europe Pool And Spa Market

21.1. Eastern Europe Pool And Spa Market Overview
21.2. Eastern Europe Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
21.3. Eastern Europe Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Accessories, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
21.4. Eastern Europe Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Material, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

22. Russia Pool And Spa Market

22.1. Russia Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
22.2. Russia Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Accessories, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
22.3. Russia Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Material, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

23. North America Pool And Spa Market

23.1. North America Pool And Spa Market Overview
23.2. North America Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
23.3. North America Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Accessories, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
23.4. North America Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Material, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

24. USA Pool And Spa Market

24.1. USA Pool And Spa Market Overview
24.2. USA Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
24.3. USA Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Accessories, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
24.4. USA Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Material, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

25. Canada Pool And Spa Market

25.1. Canada Pool And Spa Market Overview
25.2. Canada Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
25.3. Canada Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Accessories, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
25.4. Canada Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Material, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

26. South America Pool And Spa Market

26.1. South America Pool And Spa Market Overview
26.2. South America Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
26.3. South America Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Accessories, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
26.4. South America Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Material, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

27. Brazil Pool And Spa Market

27.1. Brazil Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
27.2. Brazil Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Accessories, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
27.3. Brazil Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Material, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

28. Middle East Pool And Spa Market

28.1. Middle East Pool And Spa Market Overview
28.2. Middle East Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
28.3. Middle East Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Accessories, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
28.4. Middle East Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Material, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

29. Africa Pool And Spa Market

29.1. Africa Pool And Spa Market Overview
29.2. Africa Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
29.3. Africa Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Accessories, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
29.4. Africa Pool And Spa Market, Segmentation By Material, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

30. Pool And Spa Market Competitive Landscape And Company Profiles

30.1. Pool And Spa Market Competitive Landscape
30.2. Pool And Spa Market Company Profiles
- 30.2.1. Kohler Co
  - 30.2.1.1. Overview
  - 30.2.1.2. Products and Services
  - 30.2.1.3. Strategy
  - 30.2.1.4. Financial Performance
- 30.2.2. Pentair plc
  - 30.2.2.1. Overview
  - 30.2.2.2. Products and Services
  - 30.2.2.3. Strategy
  - 30.2.2.4. Financial Performance
- 30.2.3. Fluidra S.A.
  - 30.2.3.1. Overview
  - 30.2.3.2. Products and Services
  - 30.2.3.3. Strategy
  - 30.2.3.4. Financial Performance
- 30.2.4. Roca Group
  - 30.2.4.1. Overview
  - 30.2.4.2. Products and Services
  - 30.2.4.3. Strategy
  - 30.2.4.4. Financial Performance
- 30.2.5. BWT Holding GmbH
  - 30.2.5.1. Overview
  - 30.2.5.2. Products and Services
  - 30.2.5.3. Strategy
  - 30.2.5.4. Financial Performance

31. Pool And Spa Market Other Major And Innovative Companies

31.1. Villeroy and Boch
31.2. Jacuzzi Brands LLC
31.3. Duravit AGa
31.4. Bullfrog Spas
31.5. Jaquar & Company Private Limited.
31.6. Harvia Plc
31.7. Coast Spas Manufacturing Inc.
31.8. SAWO Inc.
31.9. TyloHelo Inc
31.10. Arctic Spas Ltd
31.11. Blue Haven Pools and Spas
31.12. Narvi Oy
31.13. KLAFS GmbH & Co. KG
31.14. Unbescheiden GmbH
31.15. Physiotherm Infrarotkabinen

32. Global Pool And Spa Market Competitive Benchmarking

33. Global Pool And Spa Market Competitive Dashboard

34. Key Mergers And Acquisitions In The Pool And Spa Market

35. Pool And Spa Market Future Outlook and Potential Analysis

35.1 Pool And Spa Market In 2028 - Countries Offering Most New Opportunities
35.2 Pool And Spa Market In 2028 - Segments Offering Most New Opportunities
35.3 Pool And Spa Market In 2028 - Growth Strategies
- 35.3.1 Market Trend Based Strategies
- 35.3.2 Competitor Strategies

36. Appendix

36.1. Abbreviations
36.2. Currencies
36.3. Historic And Forecast Inflation Rates
36.4. Research Inquiries
36.5. The Business Research Company
36.6. Copyright And Disclaimer