Luxury Resale Global Market Report 2024

Description

Luxury resale involves the buying and selling of authenticated, pre-owned high-end goods through specialized boutiques or online platforms. This practice supports sustainability and provides consumers with access to luxury items at reduced prices. It allows for the purchase and sale of pre-owned high-end fashion items, accessories, jewelry, and watches, making luxury goods more affordable and eco-friendly.

The main categories in the luxury resale market include apparel and accessories, watches, fine jewelry, and leather goods. Apparel encompasses all types of clothing items, while accessories are items that complement or enhance outfits. The market serves various demographics, including men, women, and unisex, and is distributed through online platforms, brick-and-mortar stores, and consignment shops.

The luxury resale market research report is one of a series of new reports from The Business Research Company that provides luxury resale market statistics, including the luxury resale industry global market size, regional shares, competitors with luxury resale market share, detailed luxury resale market segments, market trends, and opportunities, and any further data you may need to thrive in the luxury resale industry. These luxury resale market research reports deliver a complete perspective of everything you need, with an in-depth analysis of the current and future scenarios of the industry.

The luxury resale market size has grown strongly in recent years. It will grow from $31.67 billion in 2023 to $34.79 billion in 2024 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.8%. The growth during the historic period can be attributed to increased awareness of online luxury resale platforms, rising consumer demand for pre-owned luxury items, heightened awareness of sustainability, growing acceptance of second-hand goods, the rise of fashion-conscious millennial and Gen Z shoppers, a shift toward minimalism, and the influence of social media on fashion trends.

The luxury resale market size is expected to see rapid growth in the next few years. It will grow to $50.9 billion in 2028 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 10%. The growth anticipated in the forecast period can be attributed to increasing consumer interest in sustainable fashion, the expansion of online resale platforms, rising disposable incomes, a growing middle-class demographic, and improved access to rare and limited-edition items. Major trends expected during this period include the integration of AI and technology in retail, advancements in authentication technologies, digital innovation, and improvements in online platforms.

The growth of the e-commerce industry is expected to drive the expansion of the luxury resale market. E-commerce involves buying and selling goods and services online, and its expansion is fueled by the widespread use of smartphones and internet access, which offer consumers convenience and a broad range of product options. E-commerce is transforming the luxury resale market by providing global reach, improving transparency in pricing and authenticity verification, and offering easy access to a diverse range of items through advanced technologies and seamless shopping experiences. For example, in May 2024, the Census Bureau of the Department of Commerce reported that U.S. retail e-commerce sales for the first quarter of 2024 totaled $289.2 billion, a 2.1% increase from the fourth quarter of 2023. Hence, the growth of the e-commerce industry is propelling the luxury resale market.

Key players in the luxury resale market are developing mobile apps that combine artificial intelligence (AI) and human expertise to improve user experience and ensure the authenticity and quality of luxury goods on their platforms. AI algorithms authenticate luxury items by analyzing detailed images and comparing them with known authentic items, which helps confirm product genuineness and builds trust with buyers. For example, in March 2024, Sellier Knightsbridge, a UK-based luxury resale platform, introduced the Sellier Selected app. This app aims to be a leading marketplace for rare pre-owned luxury handbags and accessories, combining AI technology with expert human curation to offer a highly curated selection. Customers submit their items, and the app uses AI to evaluate metrics such as price, condition, color, brand, and current market trends to assign a desirability score to each item.

In August 2023, Sign of the Times, a UK-based luxury resale platform, acquired Cudoni for an undisclosed amount. This acquisition positions Sign of the Times as one of the largest luxury resellers in the UK, allowing it to expand its database and client base while continuing to offer a trusted, curated, and personalized pre-loved luxury shopping experience. Cudoni is a UK-based e-commerce company specializing in the buying and reselling of luxury goods.

Major companies operating in the luxury resale market are Coupang Inc., YOOX Net-a-Porter Group S.p.A., The RealReal Inc., Poshmark Inc., ThredUp Inc., StockX LLC, The Row, 1stdibs.Com Inc., Vestiaire Collective, Depop Limited, Rebag, Fashionphile Group LLC, Luxepolis Retail Services Pvt Ltd, Grailed Inc., Luxury Closet Inc., Luxury Garage Sale LLC, The Closet Inc., LePrix Inc., Collector Square, Garderobe Pre Loved Luxury Fashion, Timepiece 360 Ltd., Yoogi's Closet Inc., Couture Designer Resale Boutique, Luxury Promise Ltd, Cudoni

Europe was the largest region in the luxury resale market in 2023. The regions covered in the luxury resale market report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, Middle East, Africa.

The countries covered in the luxury resale market report are Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, South Korea, UK, USA, Canada, Italy, Spain.

The luxury resale market consists of revenues earned by entities by providing services such as authentication of goods, valuation services, consignment management, online and physical marketplace platforms, marketing and promotion, and customer service. The market value includes the value of related goods sold by the service provider or included within the service offering. The luxury resale market also includes sales of handbags, purses, shoes, clothes, footwear. Values in this market are 'factory gate' values, that is the value of goods sold by the manufacturers or creators of the goods, whether to other entities (including downstream manufacturers, wholesalers, distributors and retailers) or directly to end customers. The value of goods in this market includes related services sold by the creators of the goods.

The market value is defined as the revenues that enterprises gain from the sale of goods and/or services within the specified market and geography through sales, grants, or donations in terms of the currency (in USD, unless otherwise specified).

The revenues for a specified geography are consumption values that are revenues generated by organizations in the specified geography within the market, irrespective of where they are produced. It does not include revenues from resales along the supply chain, either further along the supply chain or as part of other products.

Luxury Resale Global Market Report 2024 from The Business Research Company provides strategists, marketers and senior management with the critical information they need to assess the market.

This report focuses on luxury resale market which is experiencing strong growth. The report gives a guide to the trends which will be shaping the market over the next ten years and beyond.

Reasons to Purchase

Gain a truly global perspective with the most comprehensive report available on this market covering 50+ geographies.
Understand how the market has been affected by the COVID-19 and how it is responding as the impact of the virus abates.
Assess the Russia - Ukraine war's impact on agriculture, energy and mineral commodity supply and its direct and indirect impact on the market.
Measure the impact of high global inflation on market growth.
Create regional and country strategies on the basis of local data and analysis.
Identify growth segments for investment.
Outperform competitors using forecast data and the drivers and trends shaping the market.
Understand customers based on the latest market shares.
Benchmark performance against key competitors.
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Where is the largest and fastest growing market for luxury resale ? How does the market relate to the overall economy, demography and other similar markets? What forces will shape the market going forward? The luxury resale market global report from the Business Research Company answers all these questions and many more.

The report covers market characteristics, size and growth, segmentation, regional and country breakdowns, competitive landscape, market shares, trends and strategies for this market. It traces the market's historic and forecast market growth by geography.

The market characteristics section of the report defines and explains the market.
The market size section gives the market size ($b) covering both the historic growth of the market, and forecasting its development.
The forecasts are made after considering the major factors currently impacting the market. These include:

The impact of sanctions, supply chain disruptions, and altered demand for goods and services due to the Russian Ukraine war, impacting various macro-economic factors and parameters in the Eastern European region and its subsequent effect on global markets.

The impact of higher inflation in many countries and the resulting spike in interest rates.

The continued but declining impact of COVID-19 on supply chains and consumption patterns.

Market segmentations break down the market into sub markets.
The regional and country breakdowns section gives an analysis of the market in each geography and the size of the market by geography and compares their historic and forecast growth. It covers the growth trajectory of COVID-19 for all regions, key developed countries and major emerging markets.
The competitive landscape chapter gives a description of the competitive nature of the market, market shares, and a description of the leading companies. Key financial deals which have shaped the market in recent years are identified.
The trends and strategies section analyses the shape of the market as it emerges from the crisis and suggests how companies can grow as the market recovers.

Scope

Markets Covered:1) By Type: Apparel And Accessories; Watches; Fine Jewelry; Leather Goods, Others
2) By Demographic: Men; Women; Unisex
3) By Distribution: Online Platforms; Brick-and-Mortar Stores; Consignment Stores
Companies Mentioned: Coupang Inc.; YOOX Net-a-Porter Group S.p.A.; The RealReal Inc.; Poshmark Inc.; ThredUp Inc.
Countries: Australia; Brazil; China; France; Germany; India; Indonesia; Japan; Russia; South Korea; UK; USA; Canada; Italy; Spain
Regions: Asia-Pacific; Western Europe; Eastern Europe; North America; South America; Middle East; Africa
Time series: Five years historic and ten years forecast.
Data: Ratios of market size and growth to related markets, GDP proportions, expenditure per capita,
Data segmentations: country and regional historic and forecast data, market share of competitors, market segments.
Sourcing and Referencing: Data and analysis throughout the report is sourced using end notes.
Delivery format: PDF, Word and Excel Data Dashboard.

Product Code: r19717

1. Executive Summary

2. Luxury Resale Market Characteristics

3. Luxury Resale Market Trends And Strategies

4. Luxury Resale Market - Macro Economic Scenario

4.1. Impact Of High Inflation On The Market
4.2. Ukraine-Russia War Impact On The Market
4.3. COVID-19 Impact On The Market

5. Global Luxury Resale Market Size and Growth

5.1. Global Luxury Resale Market Drivers and Restraints
- 5.1.1. Drivers Of The Market
- 5.1.2. Restraints Of The Market
5.2. Global Luxury Resale Historic Market Size and Growth, 2018 - 2023, Value ($ Billion)
5.3. Global Luxury Resale Forecast Market Size and Growth, 2023 - 2028, 2033F, Value ($ Billion)

6. Luxury Resale Market Segmentation

6.1. Global Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
Apparel And Accessories
Watches
Fine Jewelry
Leather Goods
Others
6.2. Global Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Demographic, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
Men
Women
Unisex
6.3. Global Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Distribution, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
Online Platforms
Brick-and-Mortar Stores
Consignment Stores

7. Luxury Resale Market Regional And Country Analysis

7.1. Global Luxury Resale Market, Split By Region, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
7.2. Global Luxury Resale Market, Split By Country, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

8. Asia-Pacific Luxury Resale Market

8.1. Asia-Pacific Luxury Resale Market Overview
Region Information, Impact Of COVID-19, Market Information, Background Information, Government Initiatives, Regulations, Regulatory Bodies, Major Associations, Taxes Levied, Corporate Tax Structure, Investments, Major Companies
8.2. Asia-Pacific Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
8.3. Asia-Pacific Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Demographic, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
8.4. Asia-Pacific Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Distribution, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

9. China Luxury Resale Market

9.1. China Luxury Resale Market Overview
9.2. China Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F,$ Billion
9.3. China Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Demographic, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F,$ Billion
9.4. China Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Distribution, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F,$ Billion

10. India Luxury Resale Market

10.1. India Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
10.2. India Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Demographic, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
10.3. India Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Distribution, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

11. Japan Luxury Resale Market

11.1. Japan Luxury Resale Market Overview
11.2. Japan Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
11.3. Japan Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Demographic, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
11.4. Japan Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Distribution, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

12. Australia Luxury Resale Market

12.1. Australia Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
12.2. Australia Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Demographic, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
12.3. Australia Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Distribution, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

13. Indonesia Luxury Resale Market

13.1. Indonesia Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
13.2. Indonesia Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Demographic, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
13.3. Indonesia Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Distribution, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

14. South Korea Luxury Resale Market

14.1. South Korea Luxury Resale Market Overview
14.2. South Korea Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
14.3. South Korea Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Demographic, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
14.4. South Korea Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Distribution, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

15. Western Europe Luxury Resale Market

15.1. Western Europe Luxury Resale Market Overview
15.2. Western Europe Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
15.3. Western Europe Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Demographic, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
15.4. Western Europe Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Distribution, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

16. UK Luxury Resale Market

16.1. UK Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
16.2. UK Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Demographic, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
16.3. UK Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Distribution, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

17. Germany Luxury Resale Market

17.1. Germany Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
17.2. Germany Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Demographic, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
17.3. Germany Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Distribution, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

18. France Luxury Resale Market

18.1. France Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
18.2. France Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Demographic, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
18.3. France Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Distribution, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

19. Italy Luxury Resale Market

19.1. Italy Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
19.2. Italy Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Demographic, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
19.3. Italy Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Distribution, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

20. Spain Luxury Resale Market

20.1. Spain Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
20.2. Spain Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Demographic, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
20.3. Spain Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Distribution, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

21. Eastern Europe Luxury Resale Market

21.1. Eastern Europe Luxury Resale Market Overview
21.2. Eastern Europe Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
21.3. Eastern Europe Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Demographic, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
21.4. Eastern Europe Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Distribution, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

22. Russia Luxury Resale Market

22.1. Russia Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
22.2. Russia Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Demographic, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
22.3. Russia Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Distribution, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

23. North America Luxury Resale Market

23.1. North America Luxury Resale Market Overview
23.2. North America Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
23.3. North America Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Demographic, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
23.4. North America Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Distribution, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

24. USA Luxury Resale Market

24.1. USA Luxury Resale Market Overview
24.2. USA Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
24.3. USA Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Demographic, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
24.4. USA Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Distribution, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

25. Canada Luxury Resale Market

25.1. Canada Luxury Resale Market Overview
25.2. Canada Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
25.3. Canada Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Demographic, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
25.4. Canada Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Distribution, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

26. South America Luxury Resale Market

26.1. South America Luxury Resale Market Overview
26.2. South America Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
26.3. South America Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Demographic, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
26.4. South America Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Distribution, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

27. Brazil Luxury Resale Market

27.1. Brazil Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
27.2. Brazil Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Demographic, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
27.3. Brazil Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Distribution, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

28. Middle East Luxury Resale Market

28.1. Middle East Luxury Resale Market Overview
28.2. Middle East Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
28.3. Middle East Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Demographic, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
28.4. Middle East Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Distribution, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

29. Africa Luxury Resale Market

29.1. Africa Luxury Resale Market Overview
29.2. Africa Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
29.3. Africa Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Demographic, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
29.4. Africa Luxury Resale Market, Segmentation By Distribution, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

30. Luxury Resale Market Competitive Landscape And Company Profiles

30.1. Luxury Resale Market Competitive Landscape
30.2. Luxury Resale Market Company Profiles
- 30.2.1. Coupang Inc.
  - 30.2.1.1. Overview
  - 30.2.1.2. Products and Services
  - 30.2.1.3. Strategy
  - 30.2.1.4. Financial Performance
- 30.2.2. YOOX Net-a-Porter Group S.p.A.
  - 30.2.2.1. Overview
  - 30.2.2.2. Products and Services
  - 30.2.2.3. Strategy
  - 30.2.2.4. Financial Performance
- 30.2.3. The RealReal Inc.
  - 30.2.3.1. Overview
  - 30.2.3.2. Products and Services
  - 30.2.3.3. Strategy
  - 30.2.3.4. Financial Performance
- 30.2.4. Poshmark Inc.
  - 30.2.4.1. Overview
  - 30.2.4.2. Products and Services
  - 30.2.4.3. Strategy
  - 30.2.4.4. Financial Performance
- 30.2.5. ThredUp Inc.
  - 30.2.5.1. Overview
  - 30.2.5.2. Products and Services
  - 30.2.5.3. Strategy
  - 30.2.5.4. Financial Performance

31. Luxury Resale Market Other Major And Innovative Companies

31.1. StockX LLC
31.2. The Row
31.3. 1stdibs.Com Inc.
31.4. Vestiaire Collective
31.5. Depop Limited
31.6. Rebag
31.7. Fashionphile Group LLC
31.8. Luxepolis Retail Services Pvt Ltd
31.9. Grailed Inc.
31.10. Luxury Closet Inc.
31.11. Luxury Garage Sale LLC
31.12. The Closet Inc.
31.13. LePrix Inc.
31.14. Collector Square
31.15. Garderobe Pre Loved Luxury Fashion

32. Global Luxury Resale Market Competitive Benchmarking

33. Global Luxury Resale Market Competitive Dashboard

34. Key Mergers And Acquisitions In The Luxury Resale Market

35. Luxury Resale Market Future Outlook and Potential Analysis

35.1 Luxury Resale Market In 2028 - Countries Offering Most New Opportunities
35.2 Luxury Resale Market In 2028 - Segments Offering Most New Opportunities
35.3 Luxury Resale Market In 2028 - Growth Strategies
- 35.3.1 Market Trend Based Strategies
- 35.3.2 Competitor Strategies

36. Appendix

36.1. Abbreviations
36.2. Currencies
36.3. Historic And Forecast Inflation Rates
36.4. Research Inquiries
36.5. The Business Research Company
36.6. Copyright And Disclaimer