Gift Cards Global Market Report 2024

Description

Gift cards are prepaid cards provided by retailers, financial institutions, or other organizations, which can be used as a payment method. They are intended to be given as gifts or rewards, offering recipients the ability to select their preferred items.

There are several types of gift cards, universal open-loop, sports gift cards, e-gifting, restaurant closed-loop, retail closed-loop, and miscellaneous closed-loop. Universal open-loop gift cards can be used at any retailer that accepts major credit card networks, providing broad flexibility for various purchases. Additionally, gift cards are categorized by price into low ($0-200), medium ($200-400), and high (over $400) ranges, serving multiple purposes such as personal finance, marketing and promotions, hospitality and travel, education, non-profit and charity, among others. The primary users of gift cards include retail businesses and corporate entities.

The gift card market research report is one of a series of new reports from The Business Research Company that provides gift card market statistics, including gift card industry global market size, regional shares, competitors with a gift card market share, detailed gift card market segments, market trends and opportunities, and any further data you may need to thrive in the gift card industry. This gift card market research report delivers a complete perspective of everything you need, with an in-depth analysis of the current and future scenario of the industry.

The gift cards market size has grown rapidly in recent years. It will grow from $1,094.23 billion in 2023 to $1,296.06 billion in 2024 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 18.4%. The increase observed in the historical period can be attributed to the rise of e-commerce, growing disposable income among consumers, greater adoption of mobile payments, a higher demand for personalized gifts, and a surge in the need for contactless payment methods.

The gift cards market size is expected to see rapid growth in the next few years. It will grow to $2,576.52 billion in 2028 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 18.7%. The anticipated growth in the forecast period is expected due to the rising use of digital wallets, the growth of mobile commerce, the expansion of corporate rewards programs, an increase in e-gifting trends, and greater access to the internet and smartphones. Key trends for the forecast period include the integration of blockchain technology, the application of artificial intelligence for personalized experiences, a growing emphasis on sustainability and eco-friendly options, collaborations between retailers and fintech firms, and a higher utilization of social media for promoting gift cards.

The expanding food service sector is expected to drive growth in the gift cards market moving forward. The food service sector includes establishments that prepare and serve meals and beverages to customers, such as restaurants, cafeterias, catering services, and food trucks. This growth is fueled by increasing consumer demand for convenient dining options, evolving preferences towards healthier and more diverse cuisines, and the ongoing trend of urbanization. Gift cards play a crucial role in the food service sector by fostering customer loyalty, attracting new patrons, improving cash flow, and promoting brand awareness. For instance, as of June 2024, U.S. retail and food services sales totaled $704.3 billion, marking a 2.3% increase compared to June 2023, according to data from the United States Census Bureau. Hence, the robust expansion of the food service sector is a significant driver for the growth of the gift cards market.

Key players in the gift cards market are increasingly focusing on innovative solutions to enhance the digital gift card experience and meet evolving consumer preferences. Customizable and animated e-gift cards are a notable example, allowing consumers to personalize their digital gift cards with custom messages, images, and dynamic visual elements, creating a more engaging and personalized gifting experience. For instance, Givex Corp., a Canada-based fintech company, introduced customizable and animated e-gift cards in October 2023. These e-gift cards enable customers to add personalized images, video messages, and themed designs, making the digital gift card delivery a memorable experience. Additionally, the incorporation of captivating animations adds an element of surprise and delight when the e-gift card arrives in the recipient's inbox, enhancing the overall gifting experience. This innovation reflects Givex's commitment to advancing technology and providing merchants with cutting-edge tools to enhance customer engagement.

In May 2024, Blackhawk Network, a U.S.-based prepaid and payment network service company, acquired Tango Card Inc. to bolster its global rewards platform. This acquisition aims to combine Tango Card's expertise in business-to-business incentives with Blackhawk's scale and industry leadership, offering customers comprehensive, global, and technologically advanced rewards and incentives solutions. Tango Card Inc., based in the U.S., specializes in e-gift and prepaid cards, aligning strategically with Blackhawk Network's goals to expand its offerings and capabilities in the rewards and incentives market.

Major companies operating in the gift cards market are Amazon.com Inc., Apple Inc., Target Corporation, American Express, Best Buy Co. Inc., Starbucks Coffee Company, PayPal Inc., Fiserv Inc., Block Inc., Worldpay Inc., Corpay Inc., Blackhawk Network, InComm Payments, QwikCilver Solutions Pvt. Ltd., Pine Labs Pvt Ltd, Givex Corp., Paytronix Systems Inc., Plastek Card Solutions Inc., Tendercrop Farms, National Gift Card Corp, Card USA Inc., Tele-Pak Inc., Yiftee Inc., JIFITI, Village Roadshow Ltd., TransGate Solutions, Duracard Plastic Cards, Kindcard Inc.

North America was the largest region in the gift cards market in 2023. Asia-Pacific is expected to be the fastest-growing region in the forecast period. The regions covered in the gift cards market report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, Middle East, Africa.

The countries covered in the gift cards market report are Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, South Korea, UK, USA, Canada, Italy, Spain.

The gift cards market includes revenues earned by entities by providing retail gift cards, general-purpose gift cards, online retailer gift cards, service gift cards, and charity gift cards. The market value includes the value of related goods sold by the service provider or included within the service offering. Only goods and services traded between entities or sold to end consumers are included.

The market value is defined as the revenues that enterprises gain from the sale of goods and/or services within the specified market and geography through sales, grants, or donations in terms of the currency (in USD, unless otherwise specified).

The revenues for a specified geography are consumption values that are revenues generated by organizations in the specified geography within the market, irrespective of where they are produced. It does not include revenues from resales along the supply chain, either further along the supply chain or as part of other products.

Gift Cards Global Market Report 2024 from The Business Research Company provides strategists, marketers and senior management with the critical information they need to assess the market.

This report focuses on gift cards market which is experiencing strong growth. The report gives a guide to the trends which will be shaping the market over the next ten years and beyond.

Reasons to Purchase

Gain a truly global perspective with the most comprehensive report available on this market covering 50+ geographies.
Understand how the market has been affected by the COVID-19 and how it is responding as the impact of the virus abates.
Assess the Russia - Ukraine war's impact on agriculture, energy and mineral commodity supply and its direct and indirect impact on the market.
Measure the impact of high global inflation on market growth.
Create regional and country strategies on the basis of local data and analysis.
Identify growth segments for investment.
Outperform competitors using forecast data and the drivers and trends shaping the market.
Understand customers based on the latest market shares.
Benchmark performance against key competitors.
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Report will be updated with the latest data and delivered to you within 3-5 working days of order along with an Excel data sheet for easy data extraction and analysis.
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Where is the largest and fastest growing market for gift cards ? How does the market relate to the overall economy, demography and other similar markets? What forces will shape the market going forward? The gift cards market global report from the Business Research Company answers all these questions and many more.

The report covers market characteristics, size and growth, segmentation, regional and country breakdowns, competitive landscape, market shares, trends and strategies for this market. It traces the market's historic and forecast market growth by geography.

The market characteristics section of the report defines and explains the market.
The market size section gives the market size ($b) covering both the historic growth of the market, and forecasting its development.
The forecasts are made after considering the major factors currently impacting the market. These include:

The impact of sanctions, supply chain disruptions, and altered demand for goods and services due to the Russian Ukraine war, impacting various macro-economic factors and parameters in the Eastern European region and its subsequent effect on global markets.

The impact of higher inflation in many countries and the resulting spike in interest rates.

The continued but declining impact of COVID-19 on supply chains and consumption patterns.

Market segmentations break down the market into sub markets.
The regional and country breakdowns section gives an analysis of the market in each geography and the size of the market by geography and compares their historic and forecast growth. It covers the growth trajectory of COVID-19 for all regions, key developed countries and major emerging markets.
The competitive landscape chapter gives a description of the competitive nature of the market, market shares, and a description of the leading companies. Key financial deals which have shaped the market in recent years are identified.
The trends and strategies section analyses the shape of the market as it emerges from the crisis and suggests how companies can grow as the market recovers.

Scope

Markets Covered:1) By Type: Universal Accepted Open Loop; Sports Gift Card; E-Gifting; Restaurant Closed Loop; Retail Closed Loop; Miscellaneous Closed Loop
2) By Price Range: Low (0-200 US$); Medium (200-400 US$); High (Above 400 US$)
3) By Application: Personal Finance; Marketing And Promotions; Hospitality And Travel; Education; Non-Profit And Charity; Other Applications
4) By End User: Retail Establishment; Corporate Institutions
Companies Mentioned: Amazon.com Inc.; Apple Inc.; Target Corporation; American Express; Best Buy Co. Inc.
Countries: Australia; Brazil; China; France; Germany; India; Indonesia; Japan; Russia; South Korea; UK; USA; Canada; Italy; Spain
Regions: Asia-Pacific; Western Europe; Eastern Europe; North America; South America; Middle East; Africa
Time series: Five years historic and ten years forecast.
Data: Ratios of market size and growth to related markets, GDP proportions, expenditure per capita,
Data segmentations: country and regional historic and forecast data, market share of competitors, market segments.
Sourcing and Referencing: Data and analysis throughout the report is sourced using end notes.
Delivery format: PDF, Word and Excel Data Dashboard.

Product Code: r19689

1. Executive Summary

2. Gift Cards Market Characteristics

3. Gift Cards Market Trends And Strategies

4. Gift Cards Market - Macro Economic Scenario

4.1. Impact Of High Inflation On The Market
4.2. Ukraine-Russia War Impact On The Market
4.3. COVID-19 Impact On The Market

5. Global Gift Cards Market Size and Growth

5.1. Global Gift Cards Market Drivers and Restraints
- 5.1.1. Drivers Of The Market
- 5.1.2. Restraints Of The Market
5.2. Global Gift Cards Historic Market Size and Growth, 2018 - 2023, Value ($ Billion)
5.3. Global Gift Cards Forecast Market Size and Growth, 2023 - 2028, 2033F, Value ($ Billion)

6. Gift Cards Market Segmentation

6.1. Global Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
Universal Accepted Open Loop
Sports Gift Card
E-Gifting
Restaurant Closed Loop
Retail Closed Loop
Miscellaneous Closed Loop
6.2. Global Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By Price Range, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
Low (0-200 US$)
Medium (200-400 US$)
High (Above 400 US$)
6.3. Global Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
Personal Finance
Marketing And Promotions
Hospitality And Travel
Education
Non-Profit And Charity
Other Applications
6.4. Global Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
Retail Establishment
Corporate Institutions

7. Gift Cards Market Regional And Country Analysis

7.1. Global Gift Cards Market, Split By Region, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
7.2. Global Gift Cards Market, Split By Country, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

8. Asia-Pacific Gift Cards Market

8.1. Asia-Pacific Gift Cards Market Overview
Region Information, Impact Of COVID-19, Market Information, Background Information, Government Initiatives, Regulations, Regulatory Bodies, Major Associations, Taxes Levied, Corporate Tax Structure, Investments, Major Companies
8.2. Asia-Pacific Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
8.3. Asia-Pacific Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
8.4. Asia-Pacific Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

9. China Gift Cards Market

9.1. China Gift Cards Market Overview
9.2. China Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F,$ Billion
9.3. China Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F,$ Billion
9.4. China Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F,$ Billion

10. India Gift Cards Market

10.1. India Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
10.2. India Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
10.3. India Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

11. Japan Gift Cards Market

11.1. Japan Gift Cards Market Overview
11.2. Japan Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
11.3. Japan Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
11.4. Japan Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

12. Australia Gift Cards Market

12.1. Australia Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
12.2. Australia Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
12.3. Australia Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

13. Indonesia Gift Cards Market

13.1. Indonesia Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
13.2. Indonesia Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
13.3. Indonesia Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

14. South Korea Gift Cards Market

14.1. South Korea Gift Cards Market Overview
14.2. South Korea Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
14.3. South Korea Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
14.4. South Korea Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

15. Western Europe Gift Cards Market

15.1. Western Europe Gift Cards Market Overview
15.2. Western Europe Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
15.3. Western Europe Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
15.4. Western Europe Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

16. UK Gift Cards Market

16.1. UK Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
16.2. UK Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
16.3. UK Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

17. Germany Gift Cards Market

17.1. Germany Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
17.2. Germany Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
17.3. Germany Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

18. France Gift Cards Market

18.1. France Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
18.2. France Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
18.3. France Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

19. Italy Gift Cards Market

19.1. Italy Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
19.2. Italy Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
19.3. Italy Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

20. Spain Gift Cards Market

20.1. Spain Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
20.2. Spain Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
20.3. Spain Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

21. Eastern Europe Gift Cards Market

21.1. Eastern Europe Gift Cards Market Overview
21.2. Eastern Europe Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
21.3. Eastern Europe Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
21.4. Eastern Europe Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

22. Russia Gift Cards Market

22.1. Russia Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
22.2. Russia Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
22.3. Russia Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

23. North America Gift Cards Market

23.1. North America Gift Cards Market Overview
23.2. North America Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
23.3. North America Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
23.4. North America Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

24. USA Gift Cards Market

24.1. USA Gift Cards Market Overview
24.2. USA Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
24.3. USA Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
24.4. USA Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

25. Canada Gift Cards Market

25.1. Canada Gift Cards Market Overview
25.2. Canada Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
25.3. Canada Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
25.4. Canada Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

26. South America Gift Cards Market

26.1. South America Gift Cards Market Overview
26.2. South America Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
26.3. South America Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
26.4. South America Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

27. Brazil Gift Cards Market

27.1. Brazil Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
27.2. Brazil Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
27.3. Brazil Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

28. Middle East Gift Cards Market

28.1. Middle East Gift Cards Market Overview
28.2. Middle East Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
28.3. Middle East Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
28.4. Middle East Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

29. Africa Gift Cards Market

29.1. Africa Gift Cards Market Overview
29.2. Africa Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
29.3. Africa Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
29.4. Africa Gift Cards Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

30. Gift Cards Market Competitive Landscape And Company Profiles

30.1. Gift Cards Market Competitive Landscape
30.2. Gift Cards Market Company Profiles
- 30.2.1. Amazon.com Inc.
  - 30.2.1.1. Overview
  - 30.2.1.2. Products and Services
  - 30.2.1.3. Strategy
  - 30.2.1.4. Financial Performance
- 30.2.2. Apple Inc.
  - 30.2.2.1. Overview
  - 30.2.2.2. Products and Services
  - 30.2.2.3. Strategy
  - 30.2.2.4. Financial Performance
- 30.2.3. Target Corporation
  - 30.2.3.1. Overview
  - 30.2.3.2. Products and Services
  - 30.2.3.3. Strategy
  - 30.2.3.4. Financial Performance
- 30.2.4. American Express
  - 30.2.4.1. Overview
  - 30.2.4.2. Products and Services
  - 30.2.4.3. Strategy
  - 30.2.4.4. Financial Performance
- 30.2.5. Best Buy Co. Inc.
  - 30.2.5.1. Overview
  - 30.2.5.2. Products and Services
  - 30.2.5.3. Strategy
  - 30.2.5.4. Financial Performance

31. Gift Cards Market Other Major And Innovative Companies

31.1. Starbucks Coffee Company
31.2. PayPal Inc.
31.3. Fiserv Inc.
31.4. Block Inc.
31.5. Worldpay Inc.
31.6. Corpay Inc.
31.7. Blackhawk Network
31.8. InComm Payments
31.9. QwikCilver Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
31.10. Pine Labs Pvt Ltd
31.11. Givex Corp.
31.12. Paytronix Systems Inc.
31.13. Plastek Card Solutions Inc.
31.14. Tendercrop Farms
31.15. National Gift Card Corp

32. Global Gift Cards Market Competitive Benchmarking

33. Global Gift Cards Market Competitive Dashboard

34. Key Mergers And Acquisitions In The Gift Cards Market

35. Gift Cards Market Future Outlook and Potential Analysis

35.1 Gift Cards Market In 2028 - Countries Offering Most New Opportunities
35.2 Gift Cards Market In 2028 - Segments Offering Most New Opportunities
35.3 Gift Cards Market In 2028 - Growth Strategies
- 35.3.1 Market Trend Based Strategies
- 35.3.2 Competitor Strategies

36. Appendix

36.1. Abbreviations
36.2. Currencies
36.3. Historic And Forecast Inflation Rates
36.4. Research Inquiries
36.5. The Business Research Company
36.6. Copyright And Disclaimer