PUBLISHER: The Business Research Company | PRODUCT CODE: 1546424
PUBLISHER: The Business Research Company | PRODUCT CODE: 1546424
Barley Flour Global Market Report 2024
Barley flour is a flour variant made by grinding whole barley grains. It is esteemed for its nutty flavor, high fiber content, and robust nutritional profile, featuring essential vitamins and minerals. Barley flour finds widespread application in baking and cooking, enhancing the texture and nutritional value of breads, pastries, and various food items. Often utilized as a substitute for conventional wheat flour, it offers a distinctive taste and health benefits.
The primary types of barley flour include organic and conventional varieties. Organic barley flour is derived from barley cultivated without synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, or artificial chemicals. It is distributed through diverse channels such as business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-consumer (B2C), catering to household, commercial, and other applications.
The barley flour market research report is one of a series of new reports from The Business Research Company that provides barley flour market statistics, including barley flour industry global market size, regional shares, competitors with a barley flour market share, detailed barley flour market segments, market trends and opportunities, and any further data you may need to thrive in the barley flour industry. This barley flour market research report delivers a complete perspective of everything you need, with an in-depth analysis of the current and future scenario of the industry.
The barley flour market size has grown strongly in recent years. It will grow from $1.32 billion in 2023 to $1.40 billion in 2024 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.7%. The growth observed in the historic period can be attributed to several factors, including the increasing preference for nutritious dietary options, the growth of e-commerce platforms, rising demand for fiber-rich products, the popularity of beta-glucan enriched products, and the increasing availability and adoption of organic barley flour.
The barley flour market size is expected to see strong growth in the next few years. It will grow to $1.75 billion in 2028 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.8%. The anticipated growth in the forecast period can be attributed to several factors, including the rising popularity of gluten-free products, increasing consumption of whole grains, growing trends in grocery shopping habits, expanding adoption of plant-based diets, and rising demand for paleo-friendly foods. Key trends expected in this period include advancements in food processing technologies aimed at enhancing product quality, innovation in barley flour-based products, the development of gluten-free variants of barley flour, advancements in analytical techniques to ensure product purity and quality, and improvements in milling techniques to optimize flour texture and nutritional content.
The barley flour market is expected to experience growth due to increasing demand for convenience foods. These foods are designed for quick consumption with minimal preparation, appealing to busy lifestyles and the need for easy meal solutions. Barley flour is increasingly favored in convenience foods for its health benefits, enhancing food structure, improving nutrition, and promoting a shift towards healthier eating habits. For instance, the Bank of Ayudhya Public Company Limited projects annual growth of 3.0-4.0% in the Thai ready-to-eat food market from 2024 to 2026, with significant sales volumes recorded in 2022 totaling 482.4 thousand tons domestically and in exports valued at USD 2.0 billion. This trend underscores how the rise in convenience foods is driving demand in the barley flour market.
Leading companies in the barley flour market are focusing on innovation, such as fortified barley flour, to maintain a competitive advantage. Fortified with essential vitamins and minerals, this type of barley flour enhances its nutritional value, making it a healthier option compared to traditional flour. Salalah Mills Co., for example, introduced a new barley flour product in November 2022, enriched with added vitamins and higher fiber content. This product meets the preferences of health-conscious consumers seeking nutritious ingredients for cooking and baking.
In December 2021, Ardent Mills LLC acquired Firebird Artisan Mills, bolstering its specialty ingredient and gluten-free solutions. This strategic move enhances Ardent Mills' capabilities in food safety, quality assurance, and supply chain management, underscoring its commitment to meeting evolving market demands for barley flour and related products.
Major companies operating in the barley flour market are Soufflet Group, Axereal Group, Richardson International Limited, Ireks Gmbh, Ardent Mills, Simpsons Malt, Grain Millers Inc., Bob's Red Mill, Azure Standard, Briess Malt & Ingredients Co., Maltexco S.A., King Arthur Flour, Malt Products Corp., Crisp Malting Group, Bio-Kinetics, Gristmill Company, Shipton Mill Ltd., Mirfak Pty Ltd., To Your Health Sprouted Flour, Arrowhead Mills, Heartland Mill Inc., Shiloh Farms, The Mennel Milling Company
Europe was the largest region in the barley flour market in 2023. The regions covered in the barley flour market report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, Middle East, Africa.
The countries covered in the barley flour market report are Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, South Korea, UK, USA, Canada, Italy, Spain.
The barley flour market consists of sales of pasta, pet food, breakfast cereals, breads, and baked goods. Values in this market are 'factory gate' values, that is the value of goods sold by the manufacturers or creators of the goods, whether to other entities (including downstream manufacturers, wholesalers, distributors, and retailers) or directly to end customers. The value of goods in this market includes related services sold by the creators of the goods.
The market value is defined as the revenues that enterprises gain from the sale of goods and/or services within the specified market and geography through sales, grants, or donations in terms of the currency (in USD, unless otherwise specified).
The revenues for a specified geography are consumption values that are revenues generated by organizations in the specified geography within the market, irrespective of where they are produced. It does not include revenues from resales along the supply chain, either further along the supply chain or as part of other products.
Barley Flour Global Market Report 2024 from The Business Research Company provides strategists, marketers and senior management with the critical information they need to assess the market.
This report focuses on barley flour market which is experiencing strong growth. The report gives a guide to the trends which will be shaping the market over the next ten years and beyond.
Reasons to Purchase
- Gain a truly global perspective with the most comprehensive report available on this market covering 50+ geographies.
- Understand how the market has been affected by the COVID-19 and how it is responding as the impact of the virus abates.
- Assess the Russia - Ukraine war's impact on agriculture, energy and mineral commodity supply and its direct and indirect impact on the market.
- Measure the impact of high global inflation on market growth.
- Create regional and country strategies on the basis of local data and analysis.
- Identify growth segments for investment.
- Outperform competitors using forecast data and the drivers and trends shaping the market.
- Understand customers based on the latest market shares.
- Benchmark performance against key competitors.
- Suitable for supporting your internal and external presentations with reliable high quality data and analysis
- Report will be updated with the latest data and delivered to you within 3-5 working days of order along with an Excel data sheet for easy data extraction and analysis.
- All data from the report will also be delivered in an excel dashboard format.
Where is the largest and fastest growing market for barley flour ? How does the market relate to the overall economy, demography and other similar markets? What forces will shape the market going forward? The barley flour market global report from the Business Research Company answers all these questions and many more.
The report covers market characteristics, size and growth, segmentation, regional and country breakdowns, competitive landscape, market shares, trends and strategies for this market. It traces the market's historic and forecast market growth by geography.
- The market characteristics section of the report defines and explains the market.
- The market size section gives the market size ($b) covering both the historic growth of the market, and forecasting its development.
- The forecasts are made after considering the major factors currently impacting the market. These include:
The impact of sanctions, supply chain disruptions, and altered demand for goods and services due to the Russian Ukraine war, impacting various macro-economic factors and parameters in the Eastern European region and its subsequent effect on global markets.
The impact of higher inflation in many countries and the resulting spike in interest rates.
The continued but declining impact of COVID-19 on supply chains and consumption patterns.
- Market segmentations break down the market into sub markets.
- The regional and country breakdowns section gives an analysis of the market in each geography and the size of the market by geography and compares their historic and forecast growth. It covers the growth trajectory of COVID-19 for all regions, key developed countries and major emerging markets.
- The competitive landscape chapter gives a description of the competitive nature of the market, market shares, and a description of the leading companies. Key financial deals which have shaped the market in recent years are identified.
- The trends and strategies section analyses the shape of the market as it emerges from the crisis and suggests how companies can grow as the market recovers.
Scope
- Markets Covered:1) By Product: Organic; Conventional
- 2) By Distribution Channel: Business To Business (B2B); Business To Consumer (B2C)
- 3) By Application: Household; Commercial; Other Applications
- Companies Mentioned: Soufflet Group; Axereal Group; Richardson International Limited; Ireks Gmbh; Ardent Mills
- Countries: Australia; Brazil; China; France; Germany; India; Indonesia; Japan; Russia; South Korea; UK; USA; Canada; Italy; Spain
- Regions: Asia-Pacific; Western Europe; Eastern Europe; North America; South America; Middle East; Africa
- Time series: Five years historic and ten years forecast.
- Data: Ratios of market size and growth to related markets, GDP proportions, expenditure per capita,
- Data segmentations: country and regional historic and forecast data, market share of competitors, market segments.
- Sourcing and Referencing: Data and analysis throughout the report is sourced using end notes.
- Delivery format: PDF, Word and Excel Data Dashboard.
Table of Contents
1. Executive Summary
2. Barley Flour Market Characteristics
3. Barley Flour Market Trends And Strategies
4. Barley Flour Market - Macro Economic Scenario
- 4.1. Impact Of High Inflation On The Market
- 4.2. Ukraine-Russia War Impact On The Market
- 4.3. COVID-19 Impact On The Market
5. Global Barley Flour Market Size and Growth
- 5.1. Global Barley Flour Market Drivers and Restraints
- 5.1.1. Drivers Of The Market
- 5.1.2. Restraints Of The Market
- 5.2. Global Barley Flour Historic Market Size and Growth, 2018 - 2023, Value ($ Billion)
- 5.3. Global Barley Flour Forecast Market Size and Growth, 2023 - 2028, 2033F, Value ($ Billion)
6. Barley Flour Market Segmentation
- 6.1. Global Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
- Organic
- Conventional
- 6.2. Global Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Distribution Channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
- Business To Business (B2B)
- Business To Consumer (B2C)
- 6.3. Global Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
- Household
- Commercial
- Other Applications
7. Barley Flour Market Regional And Country Analysis
- 7.1. Global Barley Flour Market, Split By Region, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
- 7.2. Global Barley Flour Market, Split By Country, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
8. Asia-Pacific Barley Flour Market
- 8.1. Asia-Pacific Barley Flour Market Overview
- Region Information, Impact Of COVID-19, Market Information, Background Information, Government Initiatives, Regulations, Regulatory Bodies, Major Associations, Taxes Levied, Corporate Tax Structure, Investments, Major Companies
- 8.2. Asia-Pacific Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
- 8.3. Asia-Pacific Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Distribution Channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
- 8.4. Asia-Pacific Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
9. China Barley Flour Market
- 9.1. China Barley Flour Market Overview
- 9.2. China Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F,$ Billion
- 9.3. China Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Distribution Channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F,$ Billion
- 9.4. China Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F,$ Billion
10. India Barley Flour Market
- 10.1. India Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
- 10.2. India Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Distribution Channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
- 10.3. India Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
11. Japan Barley Flour Market
- 11.1. Japan Barley Flour Market Overview
- 11.2. Japan Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
- 11.3. Japan Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Distribution Channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
- 11.4. Japan Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
12. Australia Barley Flour Market
- 12.1. Australia Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
- 12.2. Australia Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Distribution Channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
- 12.3. Australia Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
13. Indonesia Barley Flour Market
- 13.1. Indonesia Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
- 13.2. Indonesia Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Distribution Channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
- 13.3. Indonesia Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
14. South Korea Barley Flour Market
- 14.1. South Korea Barley Flour Market Overview
- 14.2. South Korea Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
- 14.3. South Korea Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Distribution Channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
- 14.4. South Korea Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
15. Western Europe Barley Flour Market
- 15.1. Western Europe Barley Flour Market Overview
- 15.2. Western Europe Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
- 15.3. Western Europe Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Distribution Channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
- 15.4. Western Europe Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
16. UK Barley Flour Market
- 16.1. UK Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
- 16.2. UK Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Distribution Channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
- 16.3. UK Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
17. Germany Barley Flour Market
- 17.1. Germany Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
- 17.2. Germany Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Distribution Channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
- 17.3. Germany Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
18. France Barley Flour Market
- 18.1. France Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
- 18.2. France Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Distribution Channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
- 18.3. France Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
19. Italy Barley Flour Market
- 19.1. Italy Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
- 19.2. Italy Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Distribution Channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
- 19.3. Italy Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
20. Spain Barley Flour Market
- 20.1. Spain Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
- 20.2. Spain Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Distribution Channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
- 20.3. Spain Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
21. Eastern Europe Barley Flour Market
- 21.1. Eastern Europe Barley Flour Market Overview
- 21.2. Eastern Europe Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
- 21.3. Eastern Europe Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Distribution Channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
- 21.4. Eastern Europe Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
22. Russia Barley Flour Market
- 22.1. Russia Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
- 22.2. Russia Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Distribution Channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
- 22.3. Russia Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
23. North America Barley Flour Market
- 23.1. North America Barley Flour Market Overview
- 23.2. North America Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
- 23.3. North America Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Distribution Channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
- 23.4. North America Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
24. USA Barley Flour Market
- 24.1. USA Barley Flour Market Overview
- 24.2. USA Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
- 24.3. USA Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Distribution Channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
- 24.4. USA Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
25. Canada Barley Flour Market
- 25.1. Canada Barley Flour Market Overview
- 25.2. Canada Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
- 25.3. Canada Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Distribution Channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
- 25.4. Canada Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
26. South America Barley Flour Market
- 26.1. South America Barley Flour Market Overview
- 26.2. South America Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
- 26.3. South America Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Distribution Channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
- 26.4. South America Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
27. Brazil Barley Flour Market
- 27.1. Brazil Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
- 27.2. Brazil Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Distribution Channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
- 27.3. Brazil Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
28. Middle East Barley Flour Market
- 28.1. Middle East Barley Flour Market Overview
- 28.2. Middle East Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
- 28.3. Middle East Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Distribution Channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
- 28.4. Middle East Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
29. Africa Barley Flour Market
- 29.1. Africa Barley Flour Market Overview
- 29.2. Africa Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
- 29.3. Africa Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Distribution Channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
- 29.4. Africa Barley Flour Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
30. Barley Flour Market Competitive Landscape And Company Profiles
- 30.1. Barley Flour Market Competitive Landscape
- 30.2. Barley Flour Market Company Profiles
- 30.2.1. Soufflet Group
- 30.2.1.1. Overview
- 30.2.1.2. Products and Services
- 30.2.1.3. Strategy
- 30.2.1.4. Financial Performance
- 30.2.2. Axereal Group
- 30.2.2.1. Overview
- 30.2.2.2. Products and Services
- 30.2.2.3. Strategy
- 30.2.2.4. Financial Performance
- 30.2.3. Richardson International Limited
- 30.2.3.1. Overview
- 30.2.3.2. Products and Services
- 30.2.3.3. Strategy
- 30.2.3.4. Financial Performance
- 30.2.4. Ireks Gmbh
- 30.2.4.1. Overview
- 30.2.4.2. Products and Services
- 30.2.4.3. Strategy
- 30.2.4.4. Financial Performance
- 30.2.5. Ardent Mills
- 30.2.5.1. Overview
- 30.2.5.2. Products and Services
- 30.2.5.3. Strategy
- 30.2.5.4. Financial Performance
- 30.2.1. Soufflet Group
31. Barley Flour Market Other Major And Innovative Companies
- 31.1. Simpsons Malt
- 31.2. Grain Millers Inc.
- 31.3. Bob's Red Mill
- 31.4. Azure Standard
- 31.5. Briess Malt & Ingredients Co.
- 31.6. Maltexco S.A.
- 31.7. King Arthur Flour
- 31.8. Malt Products Corp.
- 31.9. Crisp Malting Group
- 31.10. Bio-Kinetics
- 31.11. Gristmill Company
- 31.12. Shipton Mill Ltd.
- 31.13. Mirfak Pty Ltd.
- 31.14. To Your Health Sprouted Flour
- 31.15. Arrowhead Mills
32. Global Barley Flour Market Competitive Benchmarking
33. Global Barley Flour Market Competitive Dashboard
34. Key Mergers And Acquisitions In The Barley Flour Market
35. Barley Flour Market Future Outlook and Potential Analysis
- 35.1 Barley Flour Market In 2028 - Countries Offering Most New Opportunities
- 35.2 Barley Flour Market In 2028 - Segments Offering Most New Opportunities
- 35.3 Barley Flour Market In 2028 - Growth Strategies
- 35.3.1 Market Trend Based Strategies
- 35.3.2 Competitor Strategies
36. Appendix
- 36.1. Abbreviations
- 36.2. Currencies
- 36.3. Historic And Forecast Inflation Rates
- 36.4. Research Inquiries
- 36.5. The Business Research Company
- 36.6. Copyright And Disclaimer
