Electrotherapy Systems Global Market Report 2024

Description

Electrotherapy systems are medical devices designed to alleviate pain, facilitate healing, and enhance muscular function through the application of controlled electrical stimulation. By delivering targeted electrical impulses to specific areas of the body, these devices offer therapeutic benefits for a range of medical conditions.

The primary technologies utilized in electrotherapy systems encompass transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), inferential current (IFC), percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (PENS), electronic muscle stimulator (EMS), spinal cord stimulation (SCS), electro-acupuncture (EA), and others. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) involves non-invasive therapy that employs electrical stimulation to mitigate pain by targeting nerves through the skin. Electrotherapy systems find applications in various medical fields including chronic wound healing, neuromuscular dysfunction, pain management, tissue repair, musculoskeletal disorders, physical therapy, iontophoresis, and others. These systems are utilized by diverse end-users such as clinics, hospitals, long-term care centers, rehabilitation centers, and others.

The electrotherapy systems research report is one of a series of new reports from The Business Research Company that provides electrotherapy systems market statistics, including the electrotherapy systems industry's global market size, regional shares, competitors with an electrotherapy systems market share, detailed electrotherapy systems market segments, market trends and opportunities, and any further data you may need to thrive in the electrotherapy systems industry. This electrotherapy systems market research report delivers a complete perspective of everything you need, with an in-depth analysis of the current and future scenarios of the industry.

The electrotherapy systems market size has grown strongly in recent years. It will grow from $4.55 billion in 2023 to $4.96 billion in 2024 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.0%. The expansion observed in the historical period can be attributed to several factors, including the increasing prevalence of spinal injuries resulting from accidents, growth in the aging population, rising health expenditures, escalating incidences of back pain and neck pain, and a growing focus on non-invasive therapeutic approaches.

The electrotherapy systems market size is expected to see strong growth in the next few years. It will grow to $7.07 billion in 2028 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.3%. The anticipated growth in the forecast period can be attributed to several factors, including the increasing approval of electrotherapy systems, a strong emphasis on chronic pain management, rising healthcare expenditures supporting the adoption of electrotherapy systems, a focus on personalized pain relief solutions for chronic conditions, and increasing awareness and acceptance of electrotherapy systems among patients and healthcare providers. Major trends expected in this period include technological advancements in electrotherapy systems, the launch of innovative products, approval of breakthrough devices by regulatory bodies, regulatory approvals for new electrotherapy technologies, and a heightened focus on pain management in high-contact sports such as football, rugby, and wrestling.

The anticipated rise in spinal and sports injuries is poised to drive the growth of the electrotherapy systems market in the foreseeable future. Spinal and sports injuries, encompassing trauma to the spinal cord and surrounding tissues, are increasingly prevalent due to factors such as heightened participation in rigorous physical activities and intensified competitive sports, coupled with inadequate preventive measures. Electrotherapy systems play a crucial role in managing spinal and sports injuries by offering targeted pain relief, muscle rehabilitation, and tissue healing through non-invasive treatment modalities. A report from the New Zealand Spinal Trust in October 2022 indicated a notable increase in sports and recreational spinal cord injuries, underscoring the growing incidence of such injuries. Additionally, data from the National Library of Medicine in May 2022 highlighted the significant global burden of spinal cord injuries, further emphasizing the demand for effective treatment solutions. As such, the escalating prevalence of spinal and sports injuries is a key driver fueling the expansion of the electrotherapy systems market.

Leading companies in the electrotherapy systems market are concentrating on innovation to stay competitive and address evolving consumer demands. Next-generation electrotherapy technologies, characterized by targeted electrical stimulation for pain management, rehabilitation, and neurological disorders, offer enhanced efficacy, precision, and patient comfort. For example, Enovis introduced cutting-edge electrotherapy systems, Intelect Legend 2 and Intelect Transport 2, in April 2023. These systems deliver increased muscular contractions, minimize patient discomfort, and reduce neural fatigue, offering therapists an intuitive user interface for streamlined treatment settings selection. Such advancements in electrotherapy technology cater to the growing demand for effective and patient-friendly treatment modalities, driving innovation in the market.

In March 2021, in a strategic move to strengthen its market position and expand its portfolio, Bioventus acquired Bioness Inc. This acquisition underscores Bioventus's commitment to enhancing its neurorehabilitation device and therapy offerings, leveraging Bioness's expertise in providing electrotherapy solutions. Bioness Inc., renowned for its functional electrical stimulation (FES) systems, robotic systems, and software-based therapy programs, aligns with Bioventus's strategic objectives of diversification and growth in the electrotherapy systems market. Through strategic acquisitions and portfolio expansions, companies such as Bioventus aim to capitalize on the burgeoning demand for electrotherapy solutions and address the evolving needs of healthcare providers and patients alike.

Major companies operating in the electrotherapy systems market are Abbott Laboratories, Phoenix Healthcare Group, Medtronic PLC, Boston Scientific Corporation, Omron Healthcare Inc., St. Jude Medical Inc., DJO Global LLC, LivaNova PLC, BTL Industries LLC, Beurer GmbH, Nevro Corporation, Cyberonics Inc., Zynex Inc., Dynatronics Corporation, Uroplasty Inc., North Coast Medical Inc., PureCare by Fabrictech, NeuroMetrix Inc., TensCare Ltd., Cionic Inc., EMS Physio Ltd., STYMCO Medical, Neuro20 Technologies Corp., Eme srl

North America was the largest region in the electrotherapy systems market in 2023. Asia-Pacific is expected to be the fastest-growing region in the forecast period. The regions covered in the electrotherapy systems market report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, Middle East and Africa.

The countries covered in the electrotherapy systems market report are Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, South Korea, UK, USA, Canada, Italy, Spain.

The electrotherapy systems market consists of revenues earned by entities providing services such as ultrasound therapy, microcurrent therapy, and high-voltage pulsed current therapy. The market value includes the value of related goods sold by the service provider or included within the service offering. The electrotherapy systems market also includes sales of galvanic stimulation devices, high-frequency electrical stimulation devices, and microcurrent therapy devices. Values in this market are 'factory gate' values, that is the value of goods sold by the manufacturers or creators of the goods, whether to other entities (including downstream manufacturers, wholesalers, distributors and retailers) or directly to end customers. The value of goods in this market includes related services sold by the creators of the goods.

The market value is defined as the revenues that enterprises gain from the sale of goods and/or services within the specified market and geography through sales, grants, or donations in terms of the currency (in USD, unless otherwise specified).

The revenues for a specified geography are consumption values that are revenues generated by organizations in the specified geography within the market, irrespective of where they are produced. It does not include revenues from resales along the supply chain, either further along the supply chain or as part of other products.

Including: 1) By Technology: Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS); Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES); Inferential Current (IFC); Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (PENS); Electronic Muscle Stimulator (EMS); Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS); Electro-Acupuncture (EA)
2) By Application: Chronic Wound Healing; Neuromuscular Dysfunction; Pain Management; Tissue Repair; Musculoskeletal Disorder; Physical Therapy; Iontophoresis
3) By End-User: Clinics; Hospitals; Long-term Care Centers; Rehabilitation Centers
Covering: Abbott Laboratories; Phoenix Healthcare Group; Medtronic PLC; Boston Scientific Corporation; Omron Healthcare Inc.

Product Code: r17344

1. Executive Summary

2. Electrotherapy Systems Market Characteristics

3. Electrotherapy Systems Market Trends And Strategies

4. Electrotherapy Systems Market - Macro Economic Scenario

4.1. Impact Of High Inflation On The Market
4.2. Ukraine-Russia War Impact On The Market
4.3. COVID-19 Impact On The Market

5. Global Electrotherapy Systems Market Size and Growth

5.1. Global Electrotherapy Systems Market Drivers and Restraints
- 5.1.1. Drivers Of The Market
- 5.1.2. Restraints Of The Market
5.2. Global Electrotherapy Systems Historic Market Size and Growth, 2018 - 2023, Value ($ Billion)
5.3. Global Electrotherapy Systems Forecast Market Size and Growth, 2023 - 2028, 2033F, Value ($ Billion)

6. Electrotherapy Systems Market Segmentation

6.1. Global Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By Technology, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)
Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES)
Inferential Current (IFC)
Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (PENS)
Electronic Muscle Stimulator (EMS)
Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS)
Electro-Acupuncture (EA)
Other Technologies
6.2. Global Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
Chronic Wound Healing
Neuromuscular Dysfunction
Pain Management
Tissue Repair
Musculoskeletal Disorder
Physical Therapy
Iontophoresis
Other Applications
6.3. Global Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By End-User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
Clinics
Hospitals
Long-term Care Centers
Rehabilitation Centers
Other End-Users

7. Electrotherapy Systems Market Regional And Country Analysis

7.1. Global Electrotherapy Systems Market, Split By Region, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
7.2. Global Electrotherapy Systems Market, Split By Country, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

8. Asia-Pacific Electrotherapy Systems Market

8.1. Asia-Pacific Electrotherapy Systems Market Overview
Region Information, Impact Of COVID-19, Market Information, Background Information, Government Initiatives, Regulations, Regulatory Bodies, Major Associations, Taxes Levied, Corporate Tax Structure, Investments, Major Companies
8.2. Asia-Pacific Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By Technology, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
8.3. Asia-Pacific Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
8.4. Asia-Pacific Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By End-User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

9. China Electrotherapy Systems Market

9.1. China Electrotherapy Systems Market Overview
9.2. China Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By Technology, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F,$ Billion
9.3. China Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F,$ Billion
9.4. China Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By End-User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F,$ Billion

10. India Electrotherapy Systems Market

10.1. India Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By Technology, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
10.2. India Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
10.3. India Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By End-User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

11. Japan Electrotherapy Systems Market

11.1. Japan Electrotherapy Systems Market Overview
11.2. Japan Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By Technology, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
11.3. Japan Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
11.4. Japan Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By End-User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

12. Australia Electrotherapy Systems Market

12.1. Australia Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By Technology, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
12.2. Australia Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
12.3. Australia Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By End-User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

13. Indonesia Electrotherapy Systems Market

13.1. Indonesia Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By Technology, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
13.2. Indonesia Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
13.3. Indonesia Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By End-User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

14. South Korea Electrotherapy Systems Market

14.1. South Korea Electrotherapy Systems Market Overview
14.2. South Korea Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By Technology, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
14.3. South Korea Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
14.4. South Korea Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By End-User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

15. Western Europe Electrotherapy Systems Market

15.1. Western Europe Electrotherapy Systems Market Overview
15.2. Western Europe Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By Technology, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
15.3. Western Europe Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
15.4. Western Europe Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By End-User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

16. UK Electrotherapy Systems Market

16.1. UK Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By Technology, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
16.2. UK Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
16.3. UK Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By End-User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

17. Germany Electrotherapy Systems Market

17.1. Germany Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By Technology, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
17.2. Germany Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
17.3. Germany Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By End-User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

18. France Electrotherapy Systems Market

18.1. France Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By Technology, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
18.2. France Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
18.3. France Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By End-User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

19. Italy Electrotherapy Systems Market

19.1. Italy Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By Technology, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
19.2. Italy Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
19.3. Italy Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By End-User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

20. Spain Electrotherapy Systems Market

20.1. Spain Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By Technology, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
20.2. Spain Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
20.3. Spain Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By End-User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

21. Eastern Europe Electrotherapy Systems Market

21.1. Eastern Europe Electrotherapy Systems Market Overview
21.2. Eastern Europe Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By Technology, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
21.3. Eastern Europe Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
21.4. Eastern Europe Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By End-User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

22. Russia Electrotherapy Systems Market

22.1. Russia Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By Technology, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
22.2. Russia Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
22.3. Russia Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By End-User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

23. North America Electrotherapy Systems Market

23.1. North America Electrotherapy Systems Market Overview
23.2. North America Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By Technology, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
23.3. North America Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
23.4. North America Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By End-User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

24. USA Electrotherapy Systems Market

24.1. USA Electrotherapy Systems Market Overview
24.2. USA Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By Technology, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
24.3. USA Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
24.4. USA Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By End-User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

25. Canada Electrotherapy Systems Market

25.1. Canada Electrotherapy Systems Market Overview
25.2. Canada Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By Technology, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
25.3. Canada Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
25.4. Canada Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By End-User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

26. South America Electrotherapy Systems Market

26.1. South America Electrotherapy Systems Market Overview
26.2. South America Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By Technology, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
26.3. South America Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
26.4. South America Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By End-User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

27. Brazil Electrotherapy Systems Market

27.1. Brazil Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By Technology, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
27.2. Brazil Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
27.3. Brazil Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By End-User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

28. Middle East Electrotherapy Systems Market

28.1. Middle East Electrotherapy Systems Market Overview
28.2. Middle East Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By Technology, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
28.3. Middle East Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
28.4. Middle East Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By End-User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

29. Africa Electrotherapy Systems Market

29.1. Africa Electrotherapy Systems Market Overview
29.2. Africa Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By Technology, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
29.3. Africa Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
29.4. Africa Electrotherapy Systems Market, Segmentation By End-User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

30. Electrotherapy Systems Market Competitive Landscape And Company Profiles

30.1. Electrotherapy Systems Market Competitive Landscape
30.2. Electrotherapy Systems Market Company Profiles
- 30.2.1. Abbott Laboratories
  - 30.2.1.1. Overview
  - 30.2.1.2. Products and Services
  - 30.2.1.3. Strategy
  - 30.2.1.4. Financial Performance
- 30.2.2. Phoenix Healthcare Group
  - 30.2.2.1. Overview
  - 30.2.2.2. Products and Services
  - 30.2.2.3. Strategy
  - 30.2.2.4. Financial Performance
- 30.2.3. Medtronic PLC
  - 30.2.3.1. Overview
  - 30.2.3.2. Products and Services
  - 30.2.3.3. Strategy
  - 30.2.3.4. Financial Performance
- 30.2.4. Boston Scientific Corporation
  - 30.2.4.1. Overview
  - 30.2.4.2. Products and Services
  - 30.2.4.3. Strategy
  - 30.2.4.4. Financial Performance
- 30.2.5. Omron Healthcare Inc.
  - 30.2.5.1. Overview
  - 30.2.5.2. Products and Services
  - 30.2.5.3. Strategy
  - 30.2.5.4. Financial Performance

31. Electrotherapy Systems Market Other Major And Innovative Companies

31.1. St. Jude Medical Inc.
31.2. DJO Global LLC
31.3. LivaNova PLC
31.4. BTL Industries LLC
31.5. Beurer GmbH
31.6. Nevro Corporation
31.7. Cyberonics Inc.
31.8. Zynex Inc.
31.9. Dynatronics Corporation
31.10. Uroplasty Inc.
31.11. North Coast Medical Inc.
31.12. PureCare by Fabrictech
31.13. NeuroMetrix Inc.
31.14. TensCare Ltd.
31.15. Cionic Inc.

32. Global Electrotherapy Systems Market Competitive Benchmarking

33. Global Electrotherapy Systems Market Competitive Dashboard

34. Key Mergers And Acquisitions In The Electrotherapy Systems Market

35. Electrotherapy Systems Market Future Outlook and Potential Analysis

35.1 Electrotherapy Systems Market In 2028 - Countries Offering Most New Opportunities
35.2 Electrotherapy Systems Market In 2028 - Segments Offering Most New Opportunities
35.3 Electrotherapy Systems Market In 2028 - Growth Strategies
- 35.3.1 Market Trend Based Strategies
- 35.3.2 Competitor Strategies

36. Appendix

36.1. Abbreviations
36.2. Currencies
36.3. Historic And Forecast Inflation Rates
36.4. Research Inquiries
36.5. The Business Research Company
36.6. Copyright And Disclaimer