Human Liver Model Global Market Report 2024

Description

The human liver model represents a dual-lobed model of the human liver, primarily responsible for filtering blood from the digestive tract. It is utilized to illustrate and assess the toxic effects of drug candidates on the liver.

The primary product types of human liver models include liver organoids, liver-on-a-chip, 2D models, animal models, and 3D bioprinting. Liver organoids are 3D structures generated from stem cells that self-organize through mechanisms similar to those in vivo. These models find applications in education, drug discovery, and other fields, and are employed by research institutes, pharmaceutical companies, and other entities.

The human liver model market research report is one of a series of new reports from The Business Research Company that provides human liver model market statistics, including human liver model industry global market size, regional shares, competitors with a human liver model market share, detailed human liver model market segments, market trends and opportunities, and any further data you may need to thrive in the human liver model industry. This human liver model market research report delivers a complete perspective of everything you need, with an in-depth analysis of the current and future scenario of the industry.

The human liver model market size has grown rapidly in recent years. It will grow from $2.07 billion in 2023 to $2.33 billion in 2024 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 12.7%. The growth observed in the historical period can be attributed to the needs in drug development, advancements in biotechnology, alternatives to animal testing, the increasing prevalence of liver diseases, and regulatory requirements.

The human liver model market size is expected to see rapid growth in the next few years. It will grow to $3.79 billion in 2028 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 12.9%. The anticipated growth in the forecast period can be attributed to the integration of AI and machine learning, the development of patient-derived liver models, breakthroughs in bioengineering, requirements for drug safety and toxicity testing, and the adoption of virtual clinical trials. Major trends expected in the forecast period include the integration of multi-organ models, innovations in 3D bioprinting, increased capability for high-throughput screening, improvements in vascularization and blood flow, and a heightened focus on ethical and regulatory compliance.

The growth of the human liver model market is anticipated to be driven by the increasing incidence of liver disease. Liver disease encompasses various disorders that affect the proper functioning of the liver. The emerging area of research involving human liver models holds the potential to enhance understanding of liver diseases and improve drug development. Consequently, the escalating cases of liver diseases are fostering the expansion of the human liver model market. For instance, in September 2022, Caner Australia reported approximately 2,905 new cases of liver cancer diagnosed in Australia in 2022, highlighting the significance of addressing liver-related health concerns. The rising prevalence of liver disease underscores the crucial role of human liver models in advancing medical research and therapeutic strategies.

The growth of the human liver model market is further expected to be propelled by the increasing number of clinical trials. Clinical trials, essential for evaluating the safety and efficacy of medical interventions, treatments, or drugs in humans, frequently employ human liver models to simulate drug metabolism and assess hepatotoxicity in the context of pharmaceutical development. As of May 2023, there are 452,604 registered clinical trials globally, signifying a substantial increase from previous counts. The surge in clinical trials emphasizes the growing demand for human liver models in facilitating robust research practices and advancing drug discovery initiatives.

A prominent trend in the human liver model market is the focus on product innovation by major companies. Companies operating in this market are actively engaged in developing innovative products to enhance their market positioning. In April 2023, LifeNet Health Life Sciences introduced TruVivo, a groundbreaking liver system composed entirely of human cells. TruVivo represents a 2D+ solution that combines the robust data associated with 3D models with the flexibility and simplicity of a 2D model, offering a significant advancement in liver research and drug development.

Major players in the human liver model market are directing their efforts toward the development of advanced systems, particularly single-organ higher throughput (HT) systems. These innovative systems aim to improve the adoption of predictive human liver models and provide a competitive advantage. For instance, in February 2023, UK-based organ-on-a-chip company CN Bio launched PhysioMimix with Liver-48 plate, a single-organ higher throughput (HT) system designed to overcome challenges in the adoption of predictive human liver models for drug discovery. The Liver-48 plate, a multi-chip consumable, facilitates larger-scale comparative studies on drug disposition, efficacy, and safety.

In September 2021, Sweden-based life science company BICO acquired HUREL Corporation for $2.5 million. This acquisition positions BICO to expand its offerings with liver co-culture models and assays, catering to the diverse needs of customers. HUREL Corporation, based in the United States, specializes in providing microfluidic solutions, cell culture technologies, and liver models.

Major companies operating in the human liver model market report are Corning Incorporated, EISCO Scientific LLC, BioIVT LLC, Cyprotex PLC, Emulate Inc., Cellink AB, Strand Life Sciences Pvt Ltd., Nortis Inc., InSphero AG, CN Bio Innovations Ltd., TissUse GmbH, Ascendance Biotechnology Inc., HemoShear Therapeutics Inc., Cyfuse Biomedical KK, Cyfuse Biomedical, MIMETAS BV, Bio Innovations, Biopredic International Sarl, ZenBio, Hurel Corporation, Regenovo, Pandorum, Organovo Holdings Inc., BICO Group, Hepregen Corporation, Kirkstall Ltd., HepaLife Technologies Inc., Cellaion SA.

North America was the largest region in the human liver model market in 2023. The regions covered in the human liver model market report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, Middle East, Africa.

The countries covered in the human liver model market report are Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, South Korea, UK, USA, Canada, Italy, Spain.

The human liver model market consists of sales of 3B scientific liver and prime baker fiber liver model. Values in this market are 'factory gate' values, that is the value of goods sold by the manufacturers or creators of the goods, whether to other entities (including downstream manufacturers, wholesalers, distributors, and retailers) or directly to end customers. The value of goods in this market includes related services sold by the creators of the goods.

The market value is defined as the revenues that enterprises gain from the sale of goods and/or services within the specified market and geography through sales, grants, or donations in terms of the currency (in USD, unless otherwise specified).

The revenues for a specified geography are consumption values that are revenues generated by organizations in the specified geography within the market, irrespective of where they are produced. It does not include revenues from resales along the supply chain, either further along the supply chain or as part of other products.

Human Liver Model Global Market Report 2024 from The Business Research Company provides strategists, marketers and senior management with the critical information they need to assess the market.

This report focuses on human liver model market which is experiencing strong growth. The report gives a guide to the trends which will be shaping the market over the next ten years and beyond.

Reasons to Purchase

Gain a truly global perspective with the most comprehensive report available on this market covering 50+ geographies.
Understand how the market has been affected by the coronavirus and how it is responding as the impact of the virus abates.
Assess the Russia - Ukraine war's impact on agriculture, energy and mineral commodity supply and its direct and indirect impact on the market.
Measure the impact of high global inflation on market growth.
Create regional and country strategies on the basis of local data and analysis.
Identify growth segments for investment.
Outperform competitors using forecast data and the drivers and trends shaping the market.
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Where is the largest and fastest growing market for human liver model ? How does the market relate to the overall economy, demography and other similar markets? What forces will shape the market going forward? The human liver model market global report from the Business Research Company answers all these questions and many more.

The report covers market characteristics, size and growth, segmentation, regional and country breakdowns, competitive landscape, market shares, trends and strategies for this market. It traces the market's historic and forecast market growth by geography.

The market characteristics section of the report defines and explains the market.
The market size section gives the market size ($b) covering both the historic growth of the market, and forecasting its development.
The forecasts are made after considering the major factors currently impacting the market. These include:

The impact of sanctions, supply chain disruptions, and altered demand for goods and services due to the Russian Ukraine war, impacting various macro-economic factors and parameters in the Eastern European region and its subsequent effect on global markets.

The impact of higher inflation in many countries and the resulting spike in interest rates.

The continued but declining impact of covid 19 on supply chains and consumption patterns.

Market segmentations break down the market into sub markets.
The regional and country breakdowns section gives an analysis of the market in each geography and the size of the market by geography and compares their historic and forecast growth. It covers the growth trajectory of COVID-19 for all regions, key developed countries and major emerging markets.
The competitive landscape chapter gives a description of the competitive nature of the market, market shares, and a description of the leading companies. Key financial deals which have shaped the market in recent years are identified.
The trends and strategies section analyses the shape of the market as it emerges from the crisis and suggests how companies can grow as the market recovers.

Scope

Markets Covered:

1) By Product: Liver Organoids; Liver-On-A-Chip; 2D Models; Animal Models; 3D Bioprinting
2) By Application: Educational; Drug Discovery; Other Applications
3) By End Users: Research Institutes; Pharmaceutical Companies; Other End Users
Companies Mentioned: Corning Incorporated; EISCO Scientific LLC; BioIVT LLC; Cyprotex plc; Emulate Inc.
Countries: Australia; Brazil; China; France; Germany; India; Indonesia; Japan; Russia; South Korea; UK; USA; Canada; Italy; Spain
Regions: Asia-Pacific; Western Europe; Eastern Europe; North America; South America; Middle East; Africa
Time series: Five years historic and ten years forecast.
Data: Ratios of market size and growth to related markets, GDP proportions, expenditure per capita,
Data segmentations: country and regional historic and forecast data, market share of competitors, market segments.
Sourcing and Referencing: Data and analysis throughout the report is sourced using end notes.
Delivery format: PDF, Word and Excel Data Dashboard.

Product Code: r13698

1. Executive Summary

2. Human Liver Model Market Characteristics

3. Human Liver Model Market Trends And Strategies

4. Human Liver Model Market - Macro Economic Scenario

4.1. Impact Of High Inflation On The Market
4.2. Ukraine-Russia War Impact On The Market
4.3. COVID-19 Impact On The Market

5. Global Human Liver Model Market Size and Growth

5.1. Global Human Liver Model Market Drivers and Restraints
- 5.1.1. Drivers Of The Market
- 5.1.2. Restraints Of The Market
5.2. Global Human Liver Model Historic Market Size and Growth, 2018 - 2023, Value ($ Billion)
5.3. Global Human Liver Model Forecast Market Size and Growth, 2023 - 2028, 2033F, Value ($ Billion)

6. Human Liver Model Market Segmentation

6.1. Global Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
Liver Organoids
Liver-On-A-Chip
2D Models
Animal Models
3D Bioprinting
6.2. Global Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
Educational
Drug Discovery
Other Applications
6.3. Global Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By End Users, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
Research Institutes
Pharmaceutical Companies
Other End Users

7. Human Liver Model Market Regional And Country Analysis

7.1. Global Human Liver Model Market, Split By Region, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
7.2. Global Human Liver Model Market, Split By Country, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

8. Asia-Pacific Human Liver Model Market

8.1. Asia-Pacific Human Liver Model Market Overview
Region Information, Impact Of COVID-19, Market Information, Background Information, Government Initiatives, Regulations, Regulatory Bodies, Major Associations, Taxes Levied, Corporate Tax Structure, Investments, Major Companies
8.2. Asia-Pacific Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
8.3. Asia-Pacific Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
8.4. Asia-Pacific Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By End Users, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

9. China Human Liver Model Market

9.1. China Human Liver Model Market Overview
9.2. China Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F,$ Billion
9.3. China Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F,$ Billion
9.4. China Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By End Users, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F,$ Billion

10. India Human Liver Model Market

10.1. India Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
10.2. India Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
10.3. India Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By End Users, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

11. Japan Human Liver Model Market

11.1. Japan Human Liver Model Market Overview
11.2. Japan Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
11.3. Japan Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
11.4. Japan Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By End Users, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

12. Australia Human Liver Model Market

12.1. Australia Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
12.2. Australia Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
12.3. Australia Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By End Users, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

13. Indonesia Human Liver Model Market

13.1. Indonesia Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
13.2. Indonesia Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
13.3. Indonesia Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By End Users, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

14. South Korea Human Liver Model Market

14.1. South Korea Human Liver Model Market Overview
14.2. South Korea Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
14.3. South Korea Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
14.4. South Korea Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By End Users, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

15. Western Europe Human Liver Model Market

15.1. Western Europe Human Liver Model Market Overview
15.2. Western Europe Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
15.3. Western Europe Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
15.4. Western Europe Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By End Users, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

16. UK Human Liver Model Market

16.1. UK Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
16.2. UK Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
16.3. UK Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By End Users, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

17. Germany Human Liver Model Market

17.1. Germany Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
17.2. Germany Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
17.3. Germany Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By End Users, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

18. France Human Liver Model Market

18.1. France Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
18.2. France Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
18.3. France Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By End Users, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

19. Italy Human Liver Model Market

19.1. Italy Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
19.2. Italy Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
19.3. Italy Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By End Users, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

20. Spain Human Liver Model Market

20.1. Spain Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
20.2. Spain Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
20.3. Spain Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By End Users, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

21. Eastern Europe Human Liver Model Market

21.1. Eastern Europe Human Liver Model Market Overview
21.2. Eastern Europe Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
21.3. Eastern Europe Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
21.4. Eastern Europe Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By End Users, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

22. Russia Human Liver Model Market

22.1. Russia Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
22.2. Russia Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
22.3. Russia Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By End Users, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

23. North America Human Liver Model Market

23.1. North America Human Liver Model Market Overview
23.2. North America Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
23.3. North America Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
23.4. North America Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By End Users, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

24. USA Human Liver Model Market

24.1. USA Human Liver Model Market Overview
24.2. USA Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
24.3. USA Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
24.4. USA Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By End Users, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

25. Canada Human Liver Model Market

25.1. Canada Human Liver Model Market Overview
25.2. Canada Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
25.3. Canada Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
25.4. Canada Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By End Users, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

26. South America Human Liver Model Market

26.1. South America Human Liver Model Market Overview
26.2. South America Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
26.3. South America Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
26.4. South America Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By End Users, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

27. Brazil Human Liver Model Market

27.1. Brazil Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
27.2. Brazil Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
27.3. Brazil Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By End Users, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

28. Middle East Human Liver Model Market

28.1. Middle East Human Liver Model Market Overview
28.2. Middle East Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
28.3. Middle East Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
28.4. Middle East Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By End Users, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

29. Africa Human Liver Model Market

29.1. Africa Human Liver Model Market Overview
29.2. Africa Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
29.3. Africa Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
29.4. Africa Human Liver Model Market, Segmentation By End Users, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

30. Human Liver Model Market Competitive Landscape And Company Profiles

30.1. Human Liver Model Market Competitive Landscape
30.2. Human Liver Model Market Company Profiles
- 30.2.1. Corning Incorporated
  - 30.2.1.1. Overview
  - 30.2.1.2. Products and Services
  - 30.2.1.3. Strategy
  - 30.2.1.4. Financial Performance
- 30.2.2. EISCO Scientific LLC
  - 30.2.2.1. Overview
  - 30.2.2.2. Products and Services
  - 30.2.2.3. Strategy
  - 30.2.2.4. Financial Performance
- 30.2.3. BioIVT LLC
  - 30.2.3.1. Overview
  - 30.2.3.2. Products and Services
  - 30.2.3.3. Strategy
  - 30.2.3.4. Financial Performance
- 30.2.4. Cyprotex plc
  - 30.2.4.1. Overview
  - 30.2.4.2. Products and Services
  - 30.2.4.3. Strategy
  - 30.2.4.4. Financial Performance
- 30.2.5. Emulate Inc.
  - 30.2.5.1. Overview
  - 30.2.5.2. Products and Services
  - 30.2.5.3. Strategy
  - 30.2.5.4. Financial Performance

31. Human Liver Model Market Other Major And Innovative Companies

31.1. Cellink AB
31.2. Strand Life Sciences Pvt Ltd.
31.3. Nortis Inc.
31.4. InSphero AG
31.5. CN Bio Innovations Ltd.
31.6. TissUse GmbH
31.7. Ascendance Biotechnology Inc.
31.8. HemoShear Therapeutics Inc.
31.9. Cyfuse Biomedical KK
31.10. Cyfuse Biomedical
31.11. MIMETAS BV
31.12. Bio Innovations
31.13. Biopredic International Sarl
31.14. ZenBio
31.15. Hurel Corporation

32. Global Human Liver Model Market Competitive Benchmarking

33. Global Human Liver Model Market Competitive Dashboard

34. Key Mergers And Acquisitions In The Human Liver Model Market

35. Human Liver Model Market Future Outlook and Potential Analysis

35.1 Human Liver Model Market In 2028 - Countries Offering Most New Opportunities
35.2 Human Liver Model Market In 2028 - Segments Offering Most New Opportunities
35.3 Human Liver Model Market In 2028 - Growth Strategies
- 35.3.1 Market Trend Based Strategies
- 35.3.2 Competitor Strategies

36. Appendix

36.1. Abbreviations
36.2. Currencies
36.3. Historic And Forecast Inflation Rates
36.4. Research Inquiries
36.5. The Business Research Company
36.6. Copyright And Disclaimer