Transformer Report Ed 12, 2024 - Volumes 1 & 2

Table of Contents

VOL 1 - THE MARKET

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

• 1.1. The global market for power and distribution transformers
  • 1.1.1. Growth leaders
• 1.2. The installed base of power and distribution transformers
  • 1.2.1. Changes in the structure of the transformer stock
• 1.3. Definitions of power and distribution transformers
• 1.4. Accuracy and relative error
• 1.5. Transformer prices
• 1.6. Transformer categories
• 1.7. The installed base of power and distribution transformers
• 1.8. The impact of Covid
• 1.9. Low voltage transformers
• 1.10. Regional analysis - North America
  • 1.10.1. LPT shortage of production
  • 1.10.2. Demand for transformers
• 1.11. Regional analysis Europe
• 1.12. Reginal analysis CIS
• 1.13. Regional analysis Middle East
• 1.14. Regional analysis Asia Pacific
  • 1.14.1. China
  • 1.14.2. Asia Pacific not including China
  • 1.14.3. Japan
  • 1.14.4. India
  • 1.14.5. Korea
  • 1.14.6. Taiwan
  • 1.14.7. ASEAN
• 1.15. Regional analysis LAC
• 1.16. Regional analysis Africa
• 1.17. Recent trends in Central and Distributed Generation
• 1.18. Long-term demand cycle
• 1.19. Transformer: generator capacity ratios - MVA - MW
• 1.20. Manufacturing capacity, global and by region

2. ACCURACY AND THE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF ERROR

3. THE WORLD MARKET FOR POWER AND DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS

• 3.1. The global market for power and distribution transformers
  • 3.1.1. The shifting patterns of the transformer market
• 3.2. Installed base of transformers, capacity ratios & numbers of distribution transformers

4. NORTH AMERICAN TRANSFORMER MARKETS

• 4.1. The North American Markets
  • 4.1.1. USMCA
  • 4.1.2. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
  • 4.1.3. Purchase considerations and delivery channels
• 4.2. United States
  • 4.2.1. The US networks
  • 4.2.2. The utility market in the United States
  • 4.2.3. Utility investment
  • 4.2.4. National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)
  • 4.2.5. CEE- Consortium for Energy Efficiency
  • 4.2.6. MEPS standards
  • 4.2.7. Market drivers
  • 4.2.8. Cost of raw materials and lead times
  • 4.2.9. Distribution transformer production shortage
  • 4.2.10. Large power transformer production shortage
  • 4.2.11. Demand for distribution transformers
  • 4.2.12. Manufacturing industry review - facilities
  • 4.2.13. Power transformer manufacturers
  • 4.2.14. Distribution transformer manufacturers
  • 4.2.15. MV Dry type transformers
  • 4.2.16. LV dry type transformers
  • 4.2.17. Technology company
• 4.3. CANADA
  • 4.3.1. Canadian standards
  • 4.3.2. Canadian transformer manufacturers
  • 4.3.3. Dumping of transformers
• 4.4. MEXICO
  • 4.4.1. MEPS Standards
  • 4.4.2. Mexican transformer manufacturers

5. LAC TRANSFORMER MARKETS

• 5.1. The LAC transformer market
• 5.2. BRAZIL
  • 5.2.1. Market drivers
  • 5.2.2. Brazilian transformer manufacturers

6. EUROPEAN TRANSFORMER MARKETS

• 6.1. The European transformer markets
  • 6.1.1. Production shares
  • 6.1.2. Transformer voltages in the utility network and industry
  • 6.1.3. Voltage differences in the European distribution networks
  • 6.1.4. Losses and high efficiency transformers
  • 6.1.5. A changing network landscape - distributed power - smart transformers
  • 6.1.6. Market drivers
  • 6.1.7. MEPS Standards
  • 6.1.8. European transformer manufacturing industry review
  • 6.1.9. Austria
  • 6.1.10. Belgium
  • 6.1.11. Bulgaria
  • 6.1.12. Croatia
  • 6.1.13. Cyprus
  • 6.1.14. Czech Republic
  • 6.1.15. Denmark
  • 6.1.16. Estonia
  • 6.1.17. Finland
  • 6.1.18. Greece
  • 6.1.19. Hungary
  • 6.1.20. Ireland
  • 6.1.21. Netherlands
  • 6.1.22. Norway
  • 6.1.23. Poland
  • 6.1.24. Portugal
  • 6.1.25. Romania
  • 6.1.26. Serbia
  • 6.1.27. Slovakia
  • 6.1.28. Slovenia
• 6.2. FRANCE
  • 6.2.1. Market drivers
  • 6.2.2. Market leaders - GE, Schneider Electric
  • 6.2.3. French transformer manufacturers
• 6.3. GERMANY
  • 6.3.1. Market drivers
  • 6.3.2. Market leader - Siemens Energy
  • 6.3.3. SGB-SMIT
  • 6.3.4. Energiewende , the German energy transition and utility reorganisation
  • 6.3.5. German transformer manufacturers
• 6.4. ITALY
  • 6.4.1. Market drivers
  • 6.4.2. Italian transformer manufacturers
• 6.5. SPAIN
  • 6.5.1. Market drivers
  • 6.5.2. Spanish transformer manufacturers
• 6.6. SWITZERLAND
  • 6.6.1. Hitachi Energy
  • 6.6.2. Swiss transformer manufacturers
• 6.7. UNITED KINGDOM
  • 6.7.1. UK transformer manufacturers

7. CIS TRANSFORMER MARKETS

• 7.1. RUSSIA
  • 7.1.1. Siemens Energy
  • 7.1.2. Hitachi Energy
  • 7.1.3. Schneider Electric
  • 7.1.4. General Electric
  • 7.1.5. Alstom
• 7.2. Russian electrical industry
  • 7.2.1. Russian transformer manufacturers
• 7.3. UKRAINE
  • 7.3.1. Ukrainian electricity infrastructure
  • 7.3.2. Ukrainian transformer manufacturer

8. AFRICAN TRANSFORMER MARKETS

• 8.1. The African transformer markets
• 8.2. North African transformer manufacturers
  • 8.2.1. Egypt
  • 8.2.2. Algeria
  • 8.2.3. Morocco
  • 8.2.4. Tunisia
• 8.3. Sub-Saharan Africa
  • 8.3.1. South Africa
  • 8.3.2. Nigeria
  • 8.3.3. Ethiopia
  • 8.3.4. Ghana
  • 8.3.5. Tanzania

9. MIDDLE EASTERN TRANSFORMER MARKETS

• 9.1. The Middle Eastern transformer markets
• 9.2. IRAN
  • 9.2.1. Iranian transformer manufacturers
• 9.3. SAUDI ARABIA
  • 9.3.1. Saudi transformer manufacturers
• 9.4. TURKEY
  • 9.4.1. Turkish transformer manufacturers
• 9.5. United Arab Emirates - UAE
  • 9.5.1. UAE transformer manufacturers

10. CHINESE TRANSFORMER MARKET

• 10.1. China transformer market
  • 10.1.1. UHV AC and HVDC transformer markets in China
  • 10.1.2. UHV equipment manufacture
  • 10.1.3. Chinese suppliers and foreign suppliers
  • 10.1.4. UHV market participants
  • 10.1.5. International companies in China's UHV Market
  • 10.1.6. Power and distribution transformers greater than or equal to 220 kV less than or equal to UHV
  • 10.1.7. Power and distribution transformers less than or equal to 220 kV
  • 10.1.8. Distribution transformers for MV and LV distribution
  • 10.1.9. Market drivers
  • 10.1.10. MEPS Standards
  • 10.1.11. The structure of the Chinese power sector
  • 10.1.12. Chinese manufacturing industry review

11. ASIA PACIFIC TRANSFORMER MARKETS

• 11.1. The Asian lead in Investment as a % of GDP
• 11.2. The Asia Pacific transformer market
• 11.3. JAPAN
  • 11.3.1. Transformer stock
  • 11.3.2. Market drivers
  • 11.3.3. MEPS Standards
  • 11.3.4. Japanese transformer manufacturers
  • 11.3.5. Overseas production
• 11.4. INDIA
  • 11.4.1. Transformer stock
  • 11.4.2. Electrification
  • 11.4.3. Captive generation
  • 11.4.4. Market drivers
  • 11.4.5. MEPS Standards
  • 11.4.6. The transmission and distribution networks
  • 11.4.7. Example Grids in Delhi and Bhopal
  • 11.4.8. BRPL, BSES Rajdhani Power Ltd Distribution company in Delhi
  • 11.4.9. Medium voltage (11 kV)
  • 11.4.10. Low voltage (400 V)
  • 11.4.11. Rural feeder Delhi
  • 11.4.12. Madhya Kshetra Vidyut Vitran Co Ltd, Bhopal
  • 11.4.13. Urban feeder Bhopal
  • 11.4.14. Indian manufacturing industry review
  • 11.4.15. Capacity, utilization and production
  • 11.4.16. Indian transformer production
  • 11.4.17. Out-sourcing engineering skills
• 11.5. INDONESIA
  • 11.5.1. Electrical utility
  • 11.5.2. Market drivers
  • 11.5.3. Transformer manufacturers
• 11.6. KOREA
  • 11.6.1. Market drivers
  • 11.6.2. Korean transformer manufacturers
• 11.7. MALAYSIA
  • 11.7.1. Electrical utilities
  • 11.7.2. Malaysian transformer manufacturers
• 11.8. PHILIPPINES
  • 11.8.1. Electrical utilities
  • 11.8.2. Philippine transformer manufacturers
• 11.9. TAIWAN
  • 11.9.1. Electrical utilities
  • 11.9.2. Market drivers
  • 11.9.3. Taiwanese transformer manufacturers
• 11.10. THAILAND
  • 11.10.1. Electrical utilities
  • 11.10.2. Industrialisaton
  • 11.10.3. Market drivers
  • 11.10.4. Thai transformer manufacturers
• 11.11. VIETNAM
  • 11.11.1. Electrical utilities
  • 11.11.2. Industrialisaton
  • 11.11.3. Vietnamese transformer manufacturers

12. THE GLOBAL STRUCTURE OF THE TRANSFORMER STOCK

• 12.1. Regional differences
• 12.2. The ratios of power to distribution transformers

13. TRANSFORMERS FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES (EV)

• 13.1. The EV industry- Introduction
• 13.2. EV Charging Methods and Levels
• 13.3. Requirement for transformers for chargers
• 13.4. EVs by wheel base
  • 13.4.1. India
  • 13.4.2. Indonesia
  • 13.4.3. Thailand
  • 13.4.4. Vietnam
  • 13.4.5. Japan
  • 13.4.6. Brazil
  • 13.4.7. Nigeria
  • 13.4.8. China

14. PRICE TRENDS AND FACTORS DRIVING TRANSFORMER PRICES

• 14.1. Prices of raw material
• 14.2. PPI - Producer Price Index
  • 14.2.1. USA
  • 14.2.2. EU
  • 14.2.3. China
  • 14.2.4. Japan
• 14.3. The core - electrical steel
• 14.4. Amorphous steel
• 14.5. The coil - windings - copper and aluminium
  • 14.5.1. Advantages of copper windings
  • 14.5.2. Disadvantages of copper windings
  • 14.5.3. Advantages of aluminium windings
  • 14.5.4. Disadvantages of aluminium windings
• 14.6. Transformer oil

15. THE LONG-TERM DEMAND CYCLE 1900-2050

• 15.1. Installed capacity versus demand

16. TRANSFORMER PRODUCTION CAPACITY

• 16.1. Manufacturing capacity, global and by region
• 16.2. Capacity utilisation
• 16.3. National producers are covered in more detail in the chapters outlining the markets
  • 16.3.1. North America (United States, Canada)
  • 16.3.2. Japan
  • 16.3.3. Europe
  • 16.3.4. CIS
  • 16.3.5. Mexico
  • 16.3.6. Latin America (excluding Mexico)
  • 16.3.7. China
  • 16.3.8. India
  • 16.3.9. Korea
  • 16.3.10. Africa
  • 16.3.11. South Africa

17. RECENT TRENDS IN CENTRAL AND DISTRIBUTED TRANSFORMER CAPACITY

• 17.1. Central and distributed generation
• 17.2. In terms of size
• 17.3. StatPlan definition of distributed generation
• 17.4. DG in the USA
• 17.5. DG in Europe
  • 17.5.1. DG in Germany
  • 17.5.2. DG in Italy
  • 17.5.3. DG in Spain
  • 17.5.4. DG in the UK
  • 17.5.5. DG in Japan
• 17.6. DG in Brazil
• 17.7. DG in China

18. TOP 40 IMPORTERS AND EXPORTERS OF IN 2022

19. THE CALCULATION OF ACCURACY

• 19.1. 3 stages of statistical error analysis
  • 19.1.1. Raw data sources
  • 19.1.2. Sources of error - production data
  • 19.1.3. Asymmetry in trade data
• 19.2. Some asymmetries in transformer trade records
• 19.3. Historical records of installed transformer capacity
• 19.4. Uncertainty
• 19.5. Market quantification
  • 19.5.1. Value-based - 57 countries
  • 19.5.2. Volume-based - 27 countries
• 19.6. The calculation of error
  • 19.6.1. Value based, sum of values
  • 19.6.2. Volume based, product of volume and price
  • 19.6.3. The final market error

20. METHODOLOGY

• 20.1. Methodology of the StatPlan Transformer Report prior to Ed 10 2022
• 20.2. Long-term demand trends
• 20.3. The need for a new methodology by 2022 to reflect the energy transition
• 20.4. The new methodology of Ed 10, 2022
  • 20.4.1. Estimation of CGSU and DGSU transformer capacity
  • 20.4.2. Generating capacity database
  • 20.4.3. Model for the estimation of central and distributed generating CGSU and DGSU transformers based on generating capacity (MW).
  • 20.4.4. Model for the estimation of utility- and industry-owned distribution transformer capacity
• 20.5. The estimation of utility- and industry-owned transmission transformer capacity
• 20.6. The current market size for transformers
• 20.7. Forecasting the transformer market (USD and MVA) F

Figures

• Figure 1: Development of delivery lead times for transformers in the USA, Q1/2022 to Q4/2023
• Figure 2: Shares of transformer types in 2023 and cagr of each type from 2023 to 2030 $ value
• Figure 3: Shares of transformer types in 2023 and cagr of each type from 2023 to 2030, MVA
• Figure 4: The electricity generating fuel mix in the United States , 1950 to 2020
• Figure 5: The electricity generating fuel mix in the United States , 2001 to 2022
• Figure 6: USA Electric power system with substation types
• Figure 7: The electricity generating fuel mix in the United States , 1950 to 2020
• Figure 8: The electricity generating fuel mix in the United States , 2001 to 2022
• Figure 9: Development of delivery lead times for transformers in the USA, Q1/2022 to Q4/2023
• Figure 10: Imports of total power transformers into United States, 1991 to 2023
• Figure 11: A large power transformer
• Figure 12: Share of distribution lines by voltage category in Europe, 2020
• Figure 13: Voltage levels and ranges used for power distribution in Europe, 2020
• Figure 14: Changes in generating energy sources, MW, 1980 to 2030
• Figure 15: RWE and E.ON reorganize the German power sector, splitting up Innogy
• Figure 16: Market shares for UHV AC and HVDC transformers in China
• Figure 17: Market shares of leading transformer manufacturers for SGCC's HV, MV and LV tenders
• Figure 18: Structure of the Chinese electric power industry
• Figure 19: Investment as a % of GDP, selected countries and economic groupings, 1980-2020
• Figure 20: World Installed transformer base GVA
• Figure 21: World installed GSU transformer base, 1990 to 2023
• Figure 22: Installed transformer base, Europe, GVA, 1980 to 2023
• Figure 23: Installed transformer base, USA, GVA, 1980 to 2023
• Figure 24: Installed transformer base, Japan, GVA, 1980 to 2023
• Figure 25: Installed transformer base, China, GVA, 1980 to 2023
• Figure 26: Installed transformer base, India, GVA, 1980 to 2023
• Figure 27: Installed transformer base, Brazil, GVA, 1980 to 2023
• Figure 28: EV Charging Levels
• Figure 29: Installed base of transformers for fast chargers in GVA, 2023 to 2030
• Figure 30: Annual sales of transformers for fast chargers in GVA, 2023 to 2030
• Figure 31: Share of costs in transformer production
• Figure 32: Prices of transformer materials 2011 to Q/4 2022
• Figure 33: Prices of copper in the European market, 2019 to 2024
• Figure 34: Producer Price Indices for power and distribution transformers in the USA 1967 to 2024
• Figure 35: EU Producer Price Index for industrial manufactures 2015 to 2024
• Figure 36: China Producer Price Index for machine manufactures 2013 to 2024
• Figure 37: The manufacturing processes for CRGO and CNRGO
• Figure 38: Installed capacity of power and distribution transformers, GVA, 1900 - 2050
• Figure 39: Global installed transformation capacity and demand, GVA, 1900 - 2050
• Figure 40: The development of central and distributed step-up transformer capacity, GVA,
• Figure 41: Regional growth of distributed generation 1990 to 2030
• Figure 42: Distributed energy, gas and electricity
• Figure 43: Overview of distributed generation and of typical uses
• Figure 44: Distributed solar PV and wind power transformer capacity, USA, GVA, 2000 to 2030
• Figure 45: Distributed solar PV and wind power transformer capacity, Europe, GVA, 1900 to 2030
• Figure 46: The smart grid and distributed generation
• Figure 47: Distributed solar PV and wind power transformer capacity, Germany, GVA, 1900 to 2030
• Figure 48: Distributed solar PV and wind power transformer capacity, Japan, GVA, 1900 to 2030
• Figure 49: Distributed solar PV and wind power transformer capacity, China, GVA, 1900 to 2030
• Figure 50: Difference in the value of goods exported to and imported by the US, 2016
• Figure 51: Trade flows between countries
• Figure 52: The linkages in the estimation of the different aspects of the transformer market
• Figure 53: The development of central and distributed step-up transformer capacity as percentages of generating capacity from 1990 to 2030
• Figure 54: The growth in distributed generation transformer capacity DGSU, 1990 to 2030 by region

Tables

• Table 1: Relative errors in the transformer market estimates, world and regions, 2023
• Table 2: World, total transformer sales forecast, 2023-2030, $ nominal
• Table 3: World, total transformer sales forecast, 2023-2030, MVA
• Table 4: World, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2023-2030, US$
• Table 5: World, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2023-2030, MVA
• Table 6: World, total transformer sales forecast by transformer summary category, 2023-2030, US$
• Table 7: World, total transformer sales forecast by transformer summary category, 2023-2030, MVA
• Table 8: World, sales value by transformer type and voltage, 2023, $ nominal
• Table 9: World, capacity sales by transformer type and voltage, 2023, MVA
• Table 10: World, central generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, 2023, MUSD
• Table 11: World, central generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, 2023, MVA
• Table 12: World, production, imports, exports, market, 2023, $ nominal
• Table 13: World, installed base generating capacity MW and transformer capacity MVA by category, 2023
• Table 14: World, ratios of MVA transformer capacity to MW generating capacity, 2023
• Table 15: World, numbers of distribution transformers, 2023
• Table 16: North America, total transformer sales forecast, 2023-2030, $ nominal
• Table 17: North America, total transformer sales forecast, 2023-2030, MVA
• Table 18: North America, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2023-2030, $ nominal
• Table 19: North America, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2023-2030, MVA
• Table 20: North America, sales value by transformer type and voltage, 2023, $ nominal
• Table 21: North America, capacity sales by transformer type and voltage, 2023, MVA
• Table 22: North America, central generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, 2023, $ nominal
• Table 23: North America, central generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, 2023, MVA
• Table 24: North America, production, imports, exports, market, 2023, $ nominal
• Table 25: North America, installed base generating capacity MW and transformer capacity MVA by category, 2023
• Table 26: North America, ratios of MVA transformer capacity to MW generating capacity, 2023
• Table 27: North America, numbers of distribution transformers, 2023
• Table 28: Imports of power transformers (Oil filled greater than or equal to 10 MVA), into the United States, 2020-2023 $ value.
• Table 29: United States, production shares
• Table 30: Canada, production shares
• Table 31: Mexico, production shares
• Table 32: South & Central America, total transformer sales forecast, 2023-2030, $ nominal
• Table 33: South & Central America, total transformer sales forecast, 2020-2030, MVA
• Table 34: South America, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2023-2030, $ nominal
• Table 35: South America, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2023-2030, MVA
• Table 36: Central America, sales value by transformer type and voltage, 2023, $ nominal
• Table 37: Central America, sales value by transformer type and voltage, 2023, MVA
• Table 38: South & Central America, sales value by transformer type and voltage, 2023, $ nominal
• Table 39: South & Central America, capacity sales by transformer type and voltage, 2023, MVA
• Table 40: South & Central America, central generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, 2023, $ nominal
• Table 41: South & Central America, central generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, 2023, MVA
• Table 42: South & Central America, production, imports, exports, market, 2023, nominal $
• Table 43: South & Central America, installed base generating capacity MW and transformer capacity MVA by category, 2023
• Table 44: South & Central America, ratios of MVA transformer capacity to MW generating capacity, 2023
• Table 45: South & Central America, numbers of distribution transformers, 2023
• Table 46: Brazil production shares
• Table 47: Brazil production shares
• Table 48: Europe, total transformer sales forecast, 2023-2030, $ nominal
• Table 49: Europe, total transformer sales forecast, 2020-2030, MVA
• Table 50: Europe, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2023-2030, MVA
• Table 51: Europe, sales value by transformer type and voltage, 2023, $ nominal
• Table 52: Europe, capacity sales by transformer type and voltage, 2023, MVA
• Table 53: Europe generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, 2021, $ nominal
• Table 54: Europe, central generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, 2023, MVA
• Table 55: Europe, production, imports, exports, market, 2023, $ nominal
• Table 56: Europe, installed base generating capacity MW and transformer capacity MVA by category, 2023
• Table 57: Europe, ratios of MVA transformer capacity to MW generating capacity, 2023
• Table 58: Europe, numbers of distribution transformers, 2023
• Table 59: Europe production shares
• Table 60: CIS, total transformer sales forecast, 2023-2030, $ million
• Table 61: CIS, total transformer sales forecast, 2023-2030, MVA
• Table 62: CIS, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2023-2030, $ million
• Table 63: CIS, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2023-2030, MVA
• Table 64: CIS, sales value by transformer type and voltage, 2023, $ nominal
• Table 65: CIS, capacity sales by transformer type and voltage, 2023, MVA
• Table 66: CIS, Central generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, 2023, $ nominal
• Table 67: CIS, central generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, 2023, MVA
• Table 68: CIS, production, imports, exports, market, 2023, $ nominal
• Table 69: CIS, installed base generating capacity MW and transformer capacity MVA by category, 2023
• Table 70: CIS, ratios of MVA transformer capacity to MW generating capacity, 2023
• Table 71: CIS, numbers of distribution transformers, 2023
• Table 72: Africa, total transformer sales forecast, 2023-2030, $ nominal
• Table 73: Africa, total transformer sales forecast, 2023-2030, MVA
• Table 74: North Africa, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2023-2030, $ million
• Table 75: North Africa, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2023-2030, MVA
• Table 76: Sub-Saharan Africa, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2020-2030, $ million
• Table 77: Sub-Saharan Africa, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2020-2030, MVA
• Table 78: North Africa, sales value by transformer type and voltage, 2023, $ nominal
• Table 79: North Africa, capacity sales by transformer type and voltage, 2023, MVA
• Table 80: Sub-Saharan Africa, sales value by transformer type and voltage, 2023, $ nominal
• Table 81: Sub-Sharan Africa, capacity sales by transformer type and voltage, 2023, MVA
• Table 82: Africa, Central generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, 2023, $ nominal
• Table 83: Africa, central generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, 2023, MVA
• Table 84: Africa, production, imports, exports, market, 2023, $ nominal
• Table 85: Africa, installed base generating capacity MW and transformer capacity MVA by category, 2023
• Table 86: Africa, ratios of MVA transformer capacity to MW generating capacity, 2023
• Table 87: Africa, numbers of distribution transformers, 2023
• Table 88: Middle East, total transformer sales forecast, 2023-2030, $ nominal
• Table 89: Middle East, total transformer sales forecast, 2023-2030, MVA
• Table 90: Middle East, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2023-2030, $ million
• Table 91: Middle East, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2023-2030, MVA
• Table 92: Middle East, sales value by transformer type and voltage, 2023, $ nominal
• Table 93: Middle East, capacity sales by transformer type and voltage, 2023, MVA
• Table 94: Middle East, Central generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, 2021, $ nominal
• Table 95: Middle East, central generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, 2023, MVA
• Table 96: Middle East, production, imports, exports, market, 2023, $ nominal
• Table 97: Middle East, installed base generating capacity MW and transformer capacity MVA by category, 2023
• Table 98: Middle East, ratios of MVA transformer capacity to MW generating capacity, 2023
• Table 99: Middle East, numbers of distribution transformers, 2023
• Table 100: Iran production shares
• Table 101: Saudi Arabia production shares
• Table 102: Turkish production shares, 2021
• Table 103: China, total transformer sales forecast, 2023-2030, $ nominal
• Table 104: China, total transformer sales forecast, 2023-2030, MVA
• Table 105: China, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2023-2030, MVA
• Table 106: China, sales value by transformer type and voltage, 2023, $ nominal
• Table 107: China, capacity sales by transformer type and voltage, 2023, MVA
• Table 108: China, Central generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, 2023, $ nominal
• Table 109: China, Central generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, 2023, MVA
• Table 110: China, production, imports, exports, market, 2023, $ nominal
• Table 111: China, installed base generating capacity MW and transformer capacity MVA by category, 2021
• Table 112: China, ratios of MVA transformer capacity to MW generating capacity
• Table 113: China, numbers of distribution transformers
• Table 114: The operational UHV circuits in China in 2024
• Table 115: UHV circuits under construction in China in 2025
• Table 116: Key Technologies for UHV AC systems
• Table 117: Key technologies for UVH DC systems
• Table 118: Voltage sequence of distribution networks in China
• Table 119: Asia Pacific excluding China, total transformer sales forecast, 2023-2030, $ nominal
• Table 120: Asia Pacific excluding China, total transformer sales forecast, 2023-2030, MVA
• Table 121: Asia Pacific excluding China, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2023-2030, $ nominal
• Table 122: Asia Pacific excluding China, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2023-2030, MVA
• Table 123: Asia Pacific excluding China, sales value by transformer type and voltage, 2023, $ nominal
• Table 124: Asia Pacific excluding China, capacity sales by transformer type and voltage, 2023, MVA
• Table 125: Asia Pacific excluding China, central generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, 2023, $ nominal
• Table 126: Asia Pacific excluding China, central generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, 2023, MVA
• Table 127: Asia Pacific excluding China, production, imports, exports, market, 2023, $ nominal
• Table 128: Asia Pacific excluding China, installed base generating capacity MW and transformer capacity MVA by category, 2023
• Table 129: Asia Pacific excluding China, ratios of MVA transformer capacity to MW generating capacity, 2023
• Table 130: Asia Pacific excluding China, numbers of distribution transformers, 2023
• Table 131: Transformer manufacturers in Japan
• Table 132: Transformers and their control modes in the BRPL distribution grid
• Table 133: Classification of distribution transformer loads on the rural 11 kV feeders in Delhi
• Table 134: Transformers and their control modes in the BRPL distribution grid
• Table 135: Comparison of relevant 11 kV grids in Delhi and Bhopal
• Table 136: Indian transformer production capacity MVA
• Table 137: Indian production shares, 2021
• Table 138: Indonesia production shares
• Table 139: Malaysia production shares
• Table 140: Thailand production shares
• Table 141: Installed base of transformers for fast chargers in GVA, 2023 to 2030
• Table 142: Annual sales of transformers for fast chargers in GVA, 2023 to 2030
• Table 143: The top 30 transformer manufacturers, GVA, 2023
• Table 144: CIS, production capacity power and distribution transformers, GVA
• Table 145: China, capacity of leading producers of power and distribution transformers, GVA
• Table 146: India, capacity of leading producers of power and distribution transformers,
• Table 147: Top 40 importers of oil-filled transformers by KVA, 2022
• Table 148: Top 40 exporters of oil-filled transformers by kVA, 2022
• Table 149: Top 40 importers of dry type transformers by kVA, 2022
• Table 150: Top 40 exporters of dry type transformers by kVA, 2022
• Table 151: Relative errors in transformer market estimates for transformers, by region and country
• Table 152: The generating capacity database for 184 countries
• Table 153: Renewables MW capacity to DGSU MVA capacity, 1990 to 2030, 184 countries
• Table 154: Renewables MW capacity to CGSU MVA capacity, 1990 to 2030, 184 countries
• Table 155: Non-Renewables MW capacity to CGSU MVA and DGSU capacity, 1990 to 2030, 184 countries
• Table 156: Consumption by end-user groups in India, GWh
• Table 157Average power in MW providing electricity for each user group in India
• Table 158: Installed DT (liquid and dry) capacity in MVA in India
• Table 159: Installed capacity of utility and industrial power and distribution transformers in India

Vol 2 - INFRASTRUCTURE, INDUSTRIES AND MARKETS

1. VOLUME 2 - INTRODUCTION

2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

• 2.1. Transformer types
• 2.2. Network transmission and distribution layout
• 2.3. Low voltage background information
  • 2.3.1. European and America network design
• 2.4. Offshore systems
• 2.5. Gas to Wire GTW
• 2.6. Solar PV and Transformer less inverters
• 2.7. Renewables and hosting capacity
• 2.8. Channels to market
• 2.9. Efficiency transformers
• 2.10. MEPS Standards
• 2.11. Smart transformers
• 2.12. Redundancy
• 2.13. Logistics
• 2.14. Electrification

3. TRANSFORMER TYPES - GSU, POWER AND DISTRIBUTION, INDUSTRIAL TRANSFORMERS

• 3.1. Power transformers
  • 3.1.1. Large Power Transformers (LPT)
  • 3.1.2. Medium Power Transformers (MPT)
  • 3.1.3. Small Power Transformers (SPT)
  • 3.1.4. Generator step-up transformers (GSU)
  • 3.1.5. System intertie (interconnecting) transformers
  • 3.1.6. Special power transformers
  • 3.1.7. Distribution Transformers
  • 3.1.8. Single Phase Transformers
  • 3.1.9. 3 Phase transformer
  • 3.1.10. Dry-type transformers
  • 3.1.11. Pad mounted distribution transformers
  • 3.1.12. Pole-mounted distribution transformers
  • 3.1.13. Industrial transformers

4. LOW VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS BACKGROUND INFORMATION

• 4.1. Voltage definitions for this report
• 4.2. Low voltage terminology
• 4.3. Low voltage differences in Europe and the United States
  • 4.3.1. North American system
  • 4.3.2. European system
  • 4.3.3. European LV for industrial users
  • 4.3.4. Substation and industrial and commercial transformer types commonly used behind the meter in the United States
  • 4.3.5. Examples of LV projects in the United States
• 4.4. Industry
  • 4.4.1. USA industrial motor market
• 4.5. Residential buildings
  • 4.5.1. Power distribution in small buildings
  • 4.5.2. Power distribution in large residential or commercial buildings
  • 4.5.3. Large buildings, the vertical supply system (rising mains)
  • 4.5.4. Burj Khalifa Dubai,
• 4.6. Conclusion

5. SOLAR PV SOLAR PV AND TRANSFORMERLESS INVERTERS

• 5.1. Transformerless inverters
  • 5.1.1. High Frequency Inverters (HF)
  • 5.1.2. Low Frequency Inverters (LF)
  • 5.1.3. TL in Europe
  • 5.1.4. TL in China
  • 5.1.5. TL in the USA
  • 5.1.6. TL in Australia
  • 5.1.7. Impact of TL inverters on the distribution transformer market

6. NETWORK TRANSFORMER LAYOUT

• 6.1. The layout stages of a network
  • 6.1.1. Stage 1 - Generator step-up to the transmission network
  • 6.1.2. Stage 2 - step-down from EHV to HV
  • 6.1.3. Stage 3 - step-down to MV
  • 6.1.4. Stage 4 - step-down to LV
  • 6.1.5. Stage 5 - behind-the-meter MV and/or LV step-down t utilisation level
• 6.2. European grid systems
• 6.3. Network configurations for distribution - Radial, Loop and Network systems
• 6.4. Industry
• 6.5. Review of regional utility network practices - The link from medium voltage to low voltage
  • 6.5.1. North America
  • 6.5.2. Japan
  • 6.5.3. Europe
• 6.6. Types of transformer
  • 6.6.1. Liquid dielectric transformers
  • 6.6.2. Dry-type transformers
  • 6.6.3. Gas filled transformers
  • 6.6.4. Evolution of power transformers by size and capacity
• 6.7. Offshore systems

7. GAS TO WIRE GTW

8. THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH VOLTAGE TRANSMISSION

• 8.1. Ownership of GSU transformers

9. HOSTING CAPACITY OF DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS AND DG PENETRATION

• 9.1. Problems which can occur with excess load
  • 9.1.1. Overvoltage
  • 9.1.2. Overloading and power loss problems
  • 9.1.3. Power quality problem
  • 9.1.4. Protection problems
• 9.2. Solutions
  • 9.2.1. Network reconfiguration and reinforcement
  • 9.2.2. Reactive power control
  • 9.2.3. Active power curtailment
• 9.3. Battery energy storage technologies (BESS)
• 9.4. Costs
• 9.5. Conclusion

10. SMART TRANSFORMERS

• 10.1. Smart transformers and the smart grid
• 10.2. Basic characteristics of smart transformers
• 10.3. The basic technical requirements of smart transformers
• 10.4. Smart transformer in current infrastructure
• 10.5. Dissolved gas analysis (DGA)

11. N+1 STANDARD, N+2 AND 2N, REDUNDANCY AND REPLACEMENT

• 11.1. Network failure
• 11.2. Transformer failure
• 11.3. Industrial reliability
• 11.4. Redundancy criteria
  • 11.4.1. N+1 Redundancy
  • 11.4.2. N+2 Redundancy
  • 11.4.3. 2N Redundancy
  • 11.4.4. 2N+1 Redundancy
• 11.5. Fault tolerance
• 11.6. Network reliability
• 11.7. N+1 and the networks
• 11.8. Reliability standards SAIFI and SAIDI
  • 11.8.1. System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI)
  • 11.8.2. System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI)
• 11.9. Electricity transmission
  • 11.9.1. Large power transformers (LPTs)
  • 11.9.2. Transformer/generator ratios and redundancy
  • 11.9.3. Generation
  • 11.9.4. Transmission
  • 11.9.5. Distribution

12. MEPS - MINIMUM ENERGY PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

• 12.1. MEPS (Minimum Energy Performance Standards)
• 12.2. United States
  • 12.2.1. Efficiency regulations
• 12.3. Canada
  • 12.3.1. Dry-type transformers in Canada
  • 12.3.2. Liquid-filled transformers in Canada
• 12.4. Brazil
  • 12.4.1. Liquid-filled transformers in Brazil
• 12.5. Mexico
  • 12.5.1. Liquid-filled transformers in Mexico
• 12.6. European Union
  • 12.6.1. Exemptions from the regulation include transformers specifically designed and used in applications such as the following are excluded:
  • 12.6.2. Dry-type transformers
  • 12.6.3. Liquid-filled transformers
• 12.7. Israel
  • 12.7.1. Dry-type transformers in Israel
  • 12.7.2. Liquid-filled transformers in Israel
• 12.8. Australia and New Zealand
  • 12.8.1. Dry-type transformers in Australia and New Zealand
  • 12.8.2. Liquid-filled transformers in Australia and New Zealand
• 12.9. Japan
  • 12.9.1. Dry-type transformers in Japan
  • 12.9.2. Liquid-filled transformers in Japan
• 12.10. China
  • 12.10.1. Dry-type transformers in China
  • 12.10.2. Liquid-filled transformers in China
• 12.11. Korea
  • 12.11.1. Dry-type transformers in Korea
  • 12.11.2. Liquid-filled transformers in Korea
• 12.12. India
  • 12.12.1. Liquid-filled transformers in India
• 12.13. Vietnam
  • 12.13.1. Liquid-filled transformers
• 12.14. Summary of efficiency standards

13. HIGH EFFICIENCY TRANSFORMERS

• 13.1. Development of a new technology - amorphous core transformers
  • 13.1.1. The market for AMTs
• 13.2. AMT manufacturers
• 13.3. Amorphous metal ribbon manufacturers
• 13.4. Amorphous metal transformers - AMTs
  • 13.4.1. United States
  • 13.4.2. Japan
  • 13.4.3. China
  • 13.4.4. India
  • 13.4.5. Taiwan
  • 13.4.6. Other
• 13.5. HTS -high temperature superconductor transformers

14. THE SUPPLY CHAINS FOR TRANSFORMERS

• 14.1. The political dimension of the global supply chains
• 14.2. US Federal Executive Order - Telecoms
• 14.3. Supply of transformers
• 14.4. Electrical system equipment
• 14.5. US LPT Seizure
• 14.6. Japanese programme to diversify Chinese supplies
• 14.7. Australia
• 14.8. Market impacts
• 14.9. Global supply chains
• 14.10. Key global supply chains for transformers
  • 14.10.1. Tap Changers - OLTC suppliers
  • 14.10.2. EHV bushings suppliers

15. LOGISTICS

• 15.1. Example of a LPT logistical operation from China to the USA
• 15.2. Guidance for the safe transport of transformers
  • 15.2.1. Design of transformers
  • 15.2.2. Preparation of a Transformer
• 15.3. Faults or damages to transformers
  • 15.3.1. Voyage Assessment
  • 15.3.2. Transport execution
  • 15.3.3. Carriers' responsibilities
  • 15.3.4. Handling
  • 15.3.5. Securing
  • 15.3.6. Impact Recorders
• 15.4. Rail transport - Schnabel cars
  • 15.4.1. North America
  • 15.4.2. Europe
  • 15.4.3. Asia Pacific
• 15.5. Road transport - Goldhofer
• 15.6. Clearance

16. ELECTRIFICATION

• 16.1.1. Sub-Saharan Africa
• 16.1.2. Asia
• 16.1.3. MENA
• 16.1.4. Latin America
• 16.1.5. Europe
• 16.1.6. CIS
• 16.1.7. North America
• 16.2. The impact of electrification on the electrical supply industry

Figures

• Figure 1: Example of an electricity network before the meter, with Central and Distributed Generation
• Figure 2: LPT, 265 MVA, 525 kV
• Figure 3: MPT 60 MVA, 275 kV
• Figure 4: SPT with 12.5 MVA with OLTC ( On-Load Tap Changer)
• Figure 5: An 800 kV UHVDC converter transformer by HITACHI ENERGY
• Figure 6: 1 phase
• Figure 7: 3 phase oil-filled distribution transformer,
• Figure 8: Dry-type distribution transformer
• Figure 9: Pad-mounted distribution transformer
• Figure 10: Single pole mounted transformer
• Figure 11: A bank of 3 single phase pole top distribution transformers for 3 phase supply
• Figure 11: The German Electricity Grid
• Figure 12: American distribution system
• Figure 13: European distribution system
• Figure 14: Electrical distribution system for a small building
• Figure 15: Single rising main
• Figure 16: Grouped supply
• Figure 17: Individual floor supply
• Figure 18: A large building using distributed transformers - splitting the system into two supply sections with 2 transformer modules with 3 x 630 kVA each.
• Figure 19: Top 20 markets for solar PV additions, 2018 to 2022
• Figure 20: Example of electricity network before the meter, with Central and Distributed Generation
• Figure 21: Basic scheme of an electric power system
• Figure 22: The UK electrical power transmission and distribution system
• Figure 23: The traditional centralised electricity system compared with distributed power
• Figure 24: North American versus European distribution layouts
• Figure 25: GTW development Options
• Figure 26: The overall concept of GTW
• Figure 27: Evolution of transformers in voltage kV and capacity MVA
• Figure 28: Proportion of capacity (MVA) generator, utility and private industry ownership of power and distribution transformers by region, 2018
• Figure 29: International DSOs' experience and rules of thumb for DG integration
• Figure 30: HC enhancement techniques
• Figure 31: Conventional grid with unidirectional power flow
• Figure 32: Active distribution grid with intelligent transformer substations
• Figure 33: The vast majority of countries have yet to take such action
• Figure 34: The world's largest HVDC transformer at Xiangjiaba, China
• Figure 35: Schnabel car with load
• Figure 36: The largest load ever transported by road in the United Kingdom
• Figure 37: Goldhofer heavy duty load
• Figure 38: Goldhofer rear wheel drive vehicle
• Figure 39: The trailer approaches a narrow turning
• Figure 40: The trailer's rear wheels begin the turn
• Figure 41: The trailer has turned the corner
• Figure 42: Overhead obstructions
• Figure 43: Transformer off the road
• Figure 44: Share of people without electricity access for developing countries, 2016
• Figure 45: World electrification - % of households with electricity, 1900 - 2050
• Figure 46: World electrification - number and % of households with electricity, 1900 - 2050
• Figure 47: Selected major countries - % of households with electricity, 1900 - 2050
• Figure 48: Selected major countries - Number of households with electricity, 1900 - 2050
• Figure 49: Regional totals of electrified households 2010 to 2050
• Figure 50: Additions of electrified households in each decade by region, 2010 to 2050

Tables

• Table 1: Typical applications for distribution transformer technologies
• Table 2: Substation and industrial and commercial transformer types used behind the meter
• Table 3: Installed base of LV dry type transformers in commercial buildings in the USA
• Table 4: Installed base of LV dry type transformers in commercial buildings in USA by kVA capacity
• Table 5: Population of electric motors in US industry, 2021
• Table 6: Population and residential housing stock in the United States and Europe
• Table 7: Highest voltage levels of distribution in Europe
• Table 8: Average consumers per LV distribution transformer in selected countries, 2018
• Table 9: Network losses by region
• Table 10: A summary of liquid filled distribution transformer efficiency programmes
• Table 11: Summary of dry-type distribution transformer efficiency programmes
• Table 12: Manufacturers of energy efficient transformers in China, 2013
• Table 13: Population and electrical parameters of South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa