PUBLISHER: Stratistics Market Research Consulting | PRODUCT CODE: 1617173
PUBLISHER: Stratistics Market Research Consulting | PRODUCT CODE: 1617173
IT Services Outsourcing Market Forecasts to 2030 - Global Analysis By Service (Managed Security Operations, Helpdesk Services, Emerging Technology Services and Other Services), Location, End User and By Geography
According to Stratistics MRC, the Global IT Services Outsourcing Market is accounted for $823.5 billion in 2024 and is expected to reach $1507.3 billion by 2030 growing at a CAGR of 10.6% during the forecast period. IT services outsourcing involves contracting third-party providers to manage and execute specific IT functions, such as software development, infrastructure management, cybersecurity, cloud computing, and data processing. This practice allows businesses to reduce costs, gain access to specialized expertise, and focus on their core competencies. Outsourcing also enables companies to scale operations efficiently, adopt advanced technologies, and improve service quality while ensuring flexibility in resource management.
Market Dynamics:
Driver:
Rapid technological advancements
Rapid technological advancements enable businesses to adopt cutting-edge solutions like AI, IoT, and cloud computing. Outsourcing partners offer expertise in these emerging technologies, helping companies stay competitive. Automation streamlines operations, reducing costs and improving efficiency. The demand for real-time analytics and big data management fuels the need for specialized IT services. Enhanced cybersecurity measures address growing digital threats. Flexible outsourcing models support hybrid and remote work trends. These advancements make outsourcing vital for innovation and scalability.
Restraint:
Dependency on service providers
Dependency on service providers can hinder the IT services outsourcing market by reducing flexibility and control over critical operations. Businesses reliant on external vendors may face challenges in adapting quickly to changes or crises. The lack of in-house expertise limits their ability to negotiate better terms or switch providers. Vendor lock-in can increase costs and risks if the service provider underperforms or breaches contracts. Additionally, communication gaps may impact service quality. These factors create long-term vulnerabilities, impacting innovation and strategic growth.
Opportunity:
Digital transformation
Companies outsource IT functions to access expertise in cloud computing, AI, and data analytics. This trend enhances efficiency, reduces costs, and enables scalability. The growing reliance on remote work post-COVID-19 has further increased demand for outsourced IT services, including cybersecurity and infrastructure management. Outsourcing partners provide agility in implementing cutting-edge solutions. Additionally, businesses benefit from faster innovation cycles and improved customer experience through digital-first strategies. This shift sustains market growth by addressing dynamic technological needs.
Threat:
Technological disruptions
Rapid advancements in automation, AI, and cloud computing can render existing outsourcing models obsolete. Clients may demand cutting-edge solutions, causing delays and contract renegotiations. Disruptions can also foster scepticism about the outsourcing provider's ability to adapt, eroding trust. Competition intensifies as newer, tech-savvy entrants challenge established players. Furthermore, integrating new technologies with legacy systems often becomes complex. These factors collectively impact service delivery and market stability.
Covid-19 Impact
The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted the IT services outsourcing market, accelerating digital transformation and increasing demand for cloud computing, cybersecurity, and remote work solutions. Organizations rapidly outsourced IT functions to manage sudden shifts to virtual operations and ensure business continuity. However, the market also faced challenges like disrupted supply chains, delayed projects, and tighter budgets. As businesses adapted, the focus shifted to hybrid work models and resilient IT infrastructures, positioning outsourcing as a critical strategy for agility and cost efficiency.
The network operations segment is expected to be the largest during the forecast period
During the forecast period, the network operations segment is anticipated to register the largest market share, due to the optimal network performance for businesses. It enables real-time monitoring, fault detection, and rapid issue resolution, minimizing downtime and enhancing productivity. Outsourcing these functions provides companies with access to specialized expertise and advanced technologies, reducing operational costs. With the growing adoption of IoT, cloud services, and remote work, the demand for efficient network management solutions has surged.
The media and telecommunications segment is expected to have the highest CAGR during the forecast period
During the projection period, the media and telecommunications segment is expected to grow at the highest CAGR, by leveraging outsourcing to enhance digital transformation and customer experience. Telecom companies outsource IT functions like cloud management, AI integration, and network optimization to meet increasing demand for high-speed connectivity and data services. Media enterprises outsource application development and cybersecurity to streamline operations and address content delivery challenges. Outsourcing aids in reducing costs while scaling digital services to meet customer expectations.
Region with largest share:
During the estimation period, the Asia Pacific region is expected to capture the largest market share due to the region's cost advantages, a skilled workforce, and a focus on digital transformation. Countries like India, China, and the Philippines serve as global outsourcing hubs, offering services in application development, cloud computing, and infrastructure management. The growing adoption of emerging technologies like AI, IoT, and big data analytics further fuels demand. Multinational companies increasingly collaborate with Asia-Pacific firms to enhance efficiency and scalability. The region's expanding IT infrastructure and increasing investments in technology contribute to its significant role in the global outsourcing landscape.
Region with highest CAGR:
The North America region is projected to achieve the highest CAGR during the forecast period, owing to the adoption of advanced technologies like cloud computing, AI, and big data. Businesses across sectors such as BFSI, healthcare, and retail leverage outsourcing, enhances efficiency, reduce costs, and access specialized expertise. The region's strong IT infrastructure, skilled workforce, and demand for digital transformation services further bolster growth. Additionally, the increasing adoption of hybrid work models and a focus on cybersecurity solutions position North America as a hub for IT outsourcing innovation and growth.
Key players in the market
Some of the key players profiled in the IT Services Outsourcing Market include Accenture plc, Capgemini SE, Dell Technologies Inc., DXC Technology Company, Fujitsu Limited, International Business Machines Corporation (IBM), Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation (NTT), Wipro Limited, Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), Cognizant Technology Solutions, HCL Technologies, Infosys Limited, Atos SE, Tech Mahindra and Oracle Corporation.
Key Developments:
In November 2024, Accenture signed a strategic partnership agreement with Creactives S.p.A. to enhance data capabilities for clients in procurement, supply chain, and mergers & acquisitions. This collaboration aims to leverage Creactives' AI technology to improve data quality and reliability for better business decision-making.
In January 2024, Accenture expanded its partnership with Unilever to establish a new industry standard in generative AI-powered productivity. This multi-year program focuses on applying AI to drive operational efficiencies and improve business agility across Unilever's global operations.
Services Covered:
- Managed Security Operations
- Helpdesk Services
- Emerging Technology Services
- Network Operations
- Infrastructure Capacity Services
- Data Center Operations
- Other Services
Locations Covered:
- Offshore
- Onshore
End Users Covered:
- Banking, Financial Services, and Insurance (BFSI)
- Healthcare
- Media and Telecommunications
- Retail and E-commerce
- Manufacturing
- Other End Users
Regions Covered:
- North America
- US
- Canada
- Mexico
- Europe
- Germany
- UK
- Italy
- France
- Spain
- Rest of Europe
- Asia Pacific
- Japan
- China
- India
- Australia
- New Zealand
- South Korea
- Rest of Asia Pacific
- South America
- Argentina
- Brazil
- Chile
- Rest of South America
- Middle East & Africa
- Saudi Arabia
- UAE
- Qatar
- South Africa
- Rest of Middle East & Africa
What our report offers:
- Market share assessments for the regional and country-level segments
- Strategic recommendations for the new entrants
- Covers Market data for the years 2022, 2023, 2024, 2026, and 2030
- Market Trends (Drivers, Constraints, Opportunities, Threats, Challenges, Investment Opportunities, and recommendations)
- Strategic recommendations in key business segments based on the market estimations
- Competitive landscaping mapping the key common trends
- Company profiling with detailed strategies, financials, and recent developments
- Supply chain trends mapping the latest technological advancements
Free Customization Offerings:
All the customers of this report will be entitled to receive one of the following free customization options:
- Company Profiling
- Comprehensive profiling of additional market players (up to 3)
- SWOT Analysis of key players (up to 3)
- Regional Segmentation
- Market estimations, Forecasts and CAGR of any prominent country as per the client's interest (Note: Depends on feasibility check)
- Competitive Benchmarking
- Benchmarking of key players based on product portfolio, geographical presence, and strategic alliances
Table of Contents
1 Executive Summary
2 Preface
- 2.1 Abstract
- 2.2 Stake Holders
- 2.3 Research Scope
- 2.4 Research Methodology
- 2.4.1 Data Mining
- 2.4.2 Data Analysis
- 2.4.3 Data Validation
- 2.4.4 Research Approach
- 2.5 Research Sources
- 2.5.1 Primary Research Sources
- 2.5.2 Secondary Research Sources
- 2.5.3 Assumptions
3 Market Trend Analysis
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Drivers
- 3.3 Restraints
- 3.4 Opportunities
- 3.5 Threats
- 3.6 End User Analysis
- 3.7 Emerging Markets
- 3.8 Impact of Covid-19
4 Porters Five Force Analysis
- 4.1 Bargaining power of suppliers
- 4.2 Bargaining power of buyers
- 4.3 Threat of substitutes
- 4.4 Threat of new entrants
- 4.5 Competitive rivalry
5 Global IT Services Outsourcing Market, By Service
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Managed Security Operations
- 5.3 Helpdesk Services
- 5.4 Emerging Technology Services
- 5.5 Network Operations
- 5.6 Infrastructure Capacity Services
- 5.7 Data Center Operations
- 5.8 Other Services
6 Global IT Services Outsourcing Market, By Location
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 Offshore
- 6.3 Onshore
7 Global IT Services Outsourcing Market, By End User
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 Banking, Financial Services, and Insurance (BFSI)
- 7.3 Healthcare
- 7.4 Media and Telecommunications
- 7.5 Retail and E-commerce
- 7.6 Manufacturing
- 7.7 Other End Users
8 Global IT Services Outsourcing Market, By Geography
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 North America
- 8.2.1 US
- 8.2.2 Canada
- 8.2.3 Mexico
- 8.3 Europe
- 8.3.1 Germany
- 8.3.2 UK
- 8.3.3 Italy
- 8.3.4 France
- 8.3.5 Spain
- 8.3.6 Rest of Europe
- 8.4 Asia Pacific
- 8.4.1 Japan
- 8.4.2 China
- 8.4.3 India
- 8.4.4 Australia
- 8.4.5 New Zealand
- 8.4.6 South Korea
- 8.4.7 Rest of Asia Pacific
- 8.5 South America
- 8.5.1 Argentina
- 8.5.2 Brazil
- 8.5.3 Chile
- 8.5.4 Rest of South America
- 8.6 Middle East & Africa
- 8.6.1 Saudi Arabia
- 8.6.2 UAE
- 8.6.3 Qatar
- 8.6.4 South Africa
- 8.6.5 Rest of Middle East & Africa
9 Key Developments
- 9.1 Agreements, Partnerships, Collaborations and Joint Ventures
- 9.2 Acquisitions & Mergers
- 9.3 New Product Launch
- 9.4 Expansions
- 9.5 Other Key Strategies
10 Company Profiling
- 10.1 Accenture plc
- 10.2 Capgemini SE
- 10.3 Dell Technologies Inc.
- 10.4 DXC Technology Company
- 10.5 Fujitsu Limited
- 10.6 International Business Machines Corporation (IBM)
- 10.7 Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation (NTT)
- 10.8 Wipro Limited
- 10.9 Tata Consultancy Services (TCS)
- 10.10 Cognizant Technology Solutions
- 10.11 HCL Technologies
- 10.12 Infosys Limited
- 10.13 Atos SE
- 10.14 Tech Mahindra
- 10.15 Oracle Corporation
List of Tables
- Table 1 Global IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Region (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 2 Global IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Service (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 3 Global IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Managed Security Operations (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 4 Global IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Helpdesk Services (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 5 Global IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Emerging Technology Services (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 6 Global IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Network Operations (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 7 Global IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Infrastructure Capacity Services (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 8 Global IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Data Center Operations (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 9 Global IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Other Services (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 10 Global IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Location (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 11 Global IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Offshore (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 12 Global IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Onshore (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 13 Global IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By End User (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 14 Global IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Banking, Financial Services, and Insurance (BFSI) (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 15 Global IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Healthcare (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 16 Global IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Media and Telecommunications (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 17 Global IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Retail and E-commerce (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 18 Global IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Manufacturing (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 19 Global IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Other End Users (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 20 North America IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Country (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 21 North America IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Service (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 22 North America IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Managed Security Operations (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 23 North America IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Helpdesk Services (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 24 North America IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Emerging Technology Services (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 25 North America IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Network Operations (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 26 North America IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Infrastructure Capacity Services (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 27 North America IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Data Center Operations (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 28 North America IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Other Services (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 29 North America IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Location (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 30 North America IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Offshore (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 31 North America IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Onshore (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 32 North America IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By End User (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 33 North America IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Banking, Financial Services, and Insurance (BFSI) (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 34 North America IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Healthcare (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 35 North America IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Media and Telecommunications (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 36 North America IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Retail and E-commerce (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 37 North America IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Manufacturing (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 38 North America IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Other End Users (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 39 Europe IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Country (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 40 Europe IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Service (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 41 Europe IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Managed Security Operations (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 42 Europe IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Helpdesk Services (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 43 Europe IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Emerging Technology Services (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 44 Europe IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Network Operations (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 45 Europe IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Infrastructure Capacity Services (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 46 Europe IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Data Center Operations (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 47 Europe IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Other Services (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 48 Europe IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Location (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 49 Europe IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Offshore (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 50 Europe IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Onshore (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 51 Europe IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By End User (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 52 Europe IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Banking, Financial Services, and Insurance (BFSI) (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 53 Europe IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Healthcare (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 54 Europe IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Media and Telecommunications (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 55 Europe IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Retail and E-commerce (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 56 Europe IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Manufacturing (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 57 Europe IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Other End Users (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 58 Asia Pacific IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Country (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 59 Asia Pacific IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Service (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 60 Asia Pacific IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Managed Security Operations (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 61 Asia Pacific IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Helpdesk Services (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 62 Asia Pacific IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Emerging Technology Services (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 63 Asia Pacific IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Network Operations (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 64 Asia Pacific IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Infrastructure Capacity Services (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 65 Asia Pacific IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Data Center Operations (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 66 Asia Pacific IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Other Services (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 67 Asia Pacific IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Location (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 68 Asia Pacific IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Offshore (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 69 Asia Pacific IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Onshore (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 70 Asia Pacific IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By End User (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 71 Asia Pacific IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Banking, Financial Services, and Insurance (BFSI) (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 72 Asia Pacific IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Healthcare (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 73 Asia Pacific IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Media and Telecommunications (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 74 Asia Pacific IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Retail and E-commerce (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 75 Asia Pacific IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Manufacturing (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 76 Asia Pacific IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Other End Users (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 77 South America IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Country (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 78 South America IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Service (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 79 South America IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Managed Security Operations (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 80 South America IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Helpdesk Services (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 81 South America IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Emerging Technology Services (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 82 South America IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Network Operations (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 83 South America IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Infrastructure Capacity Services (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 84 South America IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Data Center Operations (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 85 South America IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Other Services (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 86 South America IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Location (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 87 South America IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Offshore (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 88 South America IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Onshore (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 89 South America IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By End User (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 90 South America IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Banking, Financial Services, and Insurance (BFSI) (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 91 South America IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Healthcare (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 92 South America IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Media and Telecommunications (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 93 South America IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Retail and E-commerce (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 94 South America IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Manufacturing (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 95 South America IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Other End Users (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 96 Middle East & Africa IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Country (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 97 Middle East & Africa IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Service (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 98 Middle East & Africa IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Managed Security Operations (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 99 Middle East & Africa IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Helpdesk Services (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 100 Middle East & Africa IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Emerging Technology Services (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 101 Middle East & Africa IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Network Operations (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 102 Middle East & Africa IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Infrastructure Capacity Services (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 103 Middle East & Africa IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Data Center Operations (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 104 Middle East & Africa IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Other Services (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 105 Middle East & Africa IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Location (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 106 Middle East & Africa IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Offshore (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 107 Middle East & Africa IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Onshore (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 108 Middle East & Africa IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By End User (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 109 Middle East & Africa IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Banking, Financial Services, and Insurance (BFSI) (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 110 Middle East & Africa IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Healthcare (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 111 Middle East & Africa IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Media and Telecommunications (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 112 Middle East & Africa IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Retail and E-commerce (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 113 Middle East & Africa IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Manufacturing (2022-2030) ($MN)
- Table 114 Middle East & Africa IT Services Outsourcing Market Outlook, By Other End Users (2022-2030) ($MN)
