PUBLISHER: Stratistics Market Research Consulting | PRODUCT CODE: 1476439
PUBLISHER: Stratistics Market Research Consulting | PRODUCT CODE: 1476439
Double Suction Pump Market Forecasts to 2030 - Global Analysis By Type (Horizontal Split and Vertical Split), Material, Application, End User and By Geography
According to Stratistics MRC, the Global Double Suction Pump Market is accounted for $23.3 billion in 2023 and is expected to reach $36.2 billion by 2030 growing at a CAGR of 6.5% during the forecast period. A double suction pump is a centrifugal pump design with two suction inlet ports, allowing fluid to enter from both sides simultaneously. This design enhances hydraulic balance, reducing axial thrust and improving pump efficiency. By evenly distributing the fluid intake, it minimizes vibrations and extends the pump's lifespan. Double suction pumps are often used in large-scale applications such as water supply systems, HVAC systems, and industrial processes where high flow rates are required. Their symmetrical design facilitates easy installation and maintenance.
Market Dynamics:
Driver:
Growing demand for clean water
Treating raw water to meet quality standards for drinking water requires various processes such as filtration, disinfection, and chemical treatment. Double suction pumps are utilized in these treatment processes to circulate water through filtration systems, transport chemicals for treatment, and maintain water flow rates. The increasing demand for clean water necessitates the use of more pumps in water treatment facilities, thereby boosting the market for double suction pumps.
Restraint:
High upfront costs
Customers may perceive the high upfront costs of double suction pumps as resulting in a long payback period before they can realize significant cost savings through energy efficiency and reduced maintenance. This perception can deter investment in high-efficiency pumping solutions, despite their potential long-term benefits. Decision-makers may opt for cheaper alternatives or postpone investments in pump upgrades or replacements, impacting overall project timelines and objectives.
Opportunity:
Rising demand for energy efficiency
The demand for energy efficiency stimulates innovation and product development within the double suction pump market. Manufacturers invest in research and development to improve pump designs, materials, and technologies aimed at enhancing efficiency and reducing energy consumption. This leads to the introduction of new and advanced double suction pump models tailored to meet the increasing demand for energy-efficient solutions.
Threat:
Limited applicability in low-flow applications
Customers with low-flow applications who mistakenly choose double suction pumps may experience dissatisfaction due to suboptimal pump performance. Double suction pumps are designed for high-flow conditions, and using them in low-flow scenarios can lead to inefficient operation, increased energy consumption, and higher maintenance costs. This may result in negative feedback, reduced customer loyalty, and potential damage to the brand reputation of manufacturers.
Covid-19 Impact
Initially, the market experienced disruptions due to supply chain challenges, labor shortages, and reduced demand caused by lockdowns and economic uncertainties. However, as industries gradually resumed operations and governments invested in infrastructure projects for pandemic recovery, the demand for double suction pumps increased in sectors such as water treatment, agriculture, and manufacturing. Additionally, heightened awareness of ventilation systems for indoor air quality improvement also drove demand. Overall, while the pandemic posed short-term challenges, the long-term outlook for the double suction pump market remains positive, driven by infrastructure investments and industrial activities.
The horizontal split segment is expected to be the largest during the forecast period
The horizontal split segment is estimated to have a lucrative growth, due to easier access to internal components for maintenance and repair, leading to reduced downtime and improved overall efficiency of double suction pumps. This improvement in reliability and ease of maintenance can make horizontal split casing pumps more attractive to customers, potentially increasing their demand in the market. Additionally By offering a horizontal split casing option alongside traditional vertical split casing designs, manufacturers can broaden their market reach and cater to a wider range of customer needs and preferences.
The water & wastewater segment is expected to have the highest CAGR during the forecast period
The water & wastewater segment is anticipated to witness the highest CAGR growth during the forecast period, Water and wastewater treatment plants require reliable and efficient pumps for processes such as raw water intake, circulation, filtration, and distribution. Double suction pumps are commonly used in these facilities due to their high flow rates and energy efficiency. As the demand for clean water and effective wastewater treatment continues to rise, so does the demand for double suction pumps.
Region with largest share:
Asia Pacific is projected to hold the largest market share during the forecast period owing to Factors influencing the Asia Pacific double suction pump market include economic growth, infrastructure development, industrialization, urbanization, and government initiatives for water management and environmental protection. Additionally, technological advancements leading to more efficient and durable pump designs, as well as increasing demand for energy-efficient solutions, also play a crucial role in shaping the market dynamics.
Region with highest CAGR:
North America is projected to have the highest CAGR over the forecast period. Double suction pumps are centrifugal pumps with a design that allows fluid to enter from both sides of the impeller, providing balanced hydraulic flow and reducing axial thrust. These pumps are commonly used in applications such as water supply, HVAC systems, irrigation, and industrial processes. Additionally, the adoption of digitalization and IoT technologies in pump systems is also impacting the market by enabling remote monitoring, predictive maintenance, and optimization of pump performance.
Key players in the market
Some of the key players in the Double Suction Pump Market include Andritz AG, Armstrong Fluid Technology, Calpeda S.p.A., Crompton Greaves Consumer Electricals Limited, Ebara Corporation, Flowserve Corporation, Grundfos, Kirloskar Brothers Limited, KSB SE & Co. KGaA, Pentair plc, Ruhrpumpen Group, Shanghai East Pump Group Co., Ltd., SPP Pumps, Sulzer Ltd., Tsurumi Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Wilo SE and Xylem Inc.
Key Developments:
In April 2024, Metsa Group collaborates with ANDRITZ on textile fiber mill pre-study. This new type of textile fiber, developed by Metsa Group's innovation company Metsa Spring, is made from Finnish wood.
In April 2024, ANDRITZ launches new intelligent instrument portfolio at Pulp & Beyond in Helsinki. They provide customers with an intelligent instrumentation foundation, paving the way for advanced process optimization.
In March 2024, to meet urgent water and sanitation needs, UNICEF and Xylemare partnering to deliver solutions to severely affected communities in Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan and Uganda with an emphasis on communities hosting refugees and those displaced by climate impacts.
Types Covered:
- Horizontal Split
- Vertical Split
Materials Covered:
- Cast Iron
- Steel
- Polymer & Composite
Applications Covered:
- Water & Wastewater
- Chemicals
- Irrigation
- Mining & Metals
- Oil & Gas
- Power Generation
- Other Applications
End Users Covered:
- Municipal
- Industrial
- Commercial
- Residential
Regions Covered:
- North America
- US
- Canada
- Mexico
- Europe
- Germany
- UK
- Italy
- France
- Spain
- Rest of Europe
- Asia Pacific
- Japan
- China
- India
- Australia
- New Zealand
- South Korea
- Rest of Asia Pacific
- South America
- Argentina
- Brazil
- Chile
- Rest of South America
- Middle East & Africa
- Saudi Arabia
- UAE
- Qatar
- South Africa
- Rest of Middle East & Africa
What our report offers:
- Market share assessments for the regional and country-level segments
- Strategic recommendations for the new entrants
- Covers Market data for the years 2021, 2022, 2023, 2026, and 2030
- Market Trends (Drivers, Constraints, Opportunities, Threats, Challenges, Investment Opportunities, and recommendations)
- Strategic recommendations in key business segments based on the market estimations
- Competitive landscaping mapping the key common trends
- Company profiling with detailed strategies, financials, and recent developments
- Supply chain trends mapping the latest technological advancements
Free Customization Offerings:
All the customers of this report will be entitled to receive one of the following free customization options:
- Company Profiling
- Comprehensive profiling of additional market players (up to 3)
- SWOT Analysis of key players (up to 3)
- Regional Segmentation
- Market estimations, Forecasts and CAGR of any prominent country as per the client's interest (Note: Depends on feasibility check)
- Competitive Benchmarking
- Benchmarking of key players based on product portfolio, geographical presence, and strategic alliances
Table of Contents
1 Executive Summary
2 Preface
- 2.1 Abstract
- 2.2 Stake Holders
- 2.3 Research Scope
- 2.4 Research Methodology
- 2.4.1 Data Mining
- 2.4.2 Data Analysis
- 2.4.3 Data Validation
- 2.4.4 Research Approach
- 2.5 Research Sources
- 2.5.1 Primary Research Sources
- 2.5.2 Secondary Research Sources
- 2.5.3 Assumptions
3 Market Trend Analysis
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Drivers
- 3.3 Restraints
- 3.4 Opportunities
- 3.5 Threats
- 3.6 Application Analysis
- 3.7 End User Analysis
- 3.8 Emerging Markets
- 3.9 Impact of Covid-19
4 Porters Five Force Analysis
- 4.1 Bargaining power of suppliers
- 4.2 Bargaining power of buyers
- 4.3 Threat of substitutes
- 4.4 Threat of new entrants
- 4.5 Competitive rivalry
5 Global Double Suction Pump Market, By Type
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Horizontal Split
- 5.3 Vertical Split
6 Global Double Suction Pump Market, By Material
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 Cast Iron
- 6.3 Steel
- 6.4 Polymer & Composite
7 Global Double Suction Pump Market, By Application
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 Water & Wastewater
- 7.3 Chemicals
- 7.4 Irrigation
- 7.5 Mining & Metals
- 7.6 Oil & Gas
- 7.7 Power Generation
- 7.8 Other Applications
8 Global Double Suction Pump Market, By End User
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 Municipal
- 8.3 Industrial
- 8.4 Commercial
- 8.5 Residential
9 Global Double Suction Pump Market, By Geography
- 9.1 Introduction
- 9.2 North America
- 9.2.1 US
- 9.2.2 Canada
- 9.2.3 Mexico
- 9.3 Europe
- 9.3.1 Germany
- 9.3.2 UK
- 9.3.3 Italy
- 9.3.4 France
- 9.3.5 Spain
- 9.3.6 Rest of Europe
- 9.4 Asia Pacific
- 9.4.1 Japan
- 9.4.2 China
- 9.4.3 India
- 9.4.4 Australia
- 9.4.5 New Zealand
- 9.4.6 South Korea
- 9.4.7 Rest of Asia Pacific
- 9.5 South America
- 9.5.1 Argentina
- 9.5.2 Brazil
- 9.5.3 Chile
- 9.5.4 Rest of South America
- 9.6 Middle East & Africa
- 9.6.1 Saudi Arabia
- 9.6.2 UAE
- 9.6.3 Qatar
- 9.6.4 South Africa
- 9.6.5 Rest of Middle East & Africa
10 Key Developments
- 10.1 Agreements, Partnerships, Collaborations and Joint Ventures
- 10.2 Acquisitions & Mergers
- 10.3 New Product Launch
- 10.4 Expansions
- 10.5 Other Key Strategies
11 Company Profiling
- 11.1 Andritz AG
- 11.2 Armstrong Fluid Technology
- 11.3 Calpeda S.p.A.
- 11.4 Crompton Greaves Consumer Electricals Limited
- 11.5 Ebara Corporation
- 11.6 Flowserve Corporation
- 11.7 Grundfos
- 11.8 Kirloskar Brothers Limited
- 11.9 KSB SE & Co. KGaA
- 11.10 Pentair plc
- 11.11 Ruhrpumpen Group
- 11.12 Shanghai East Pump Group Co., Ltd.
- 11.13 SPP Pumps
- 11.14 Sulzer Ltd.
- 11.15 Tsurumi Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
- 11.16 Wilo SE
- 11.17 Xylem Inc.
List of Tables
- Table 1 Global Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Region (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 2 Global Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Type (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 3 Global Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Horizontal Split (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 4 Global Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Vertical Split (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 5 Global Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Material (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 6 Global Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Cast Iron (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 7 Global Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Steel (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 8 Global Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Polymer & Composite (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 9 Global Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Application (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 10 Global Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Water & Wastewater (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 11 Global Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Chemicals (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 12 Global Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Irrigation (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 13 Global Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Mining & Metals (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 14 Global Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Oil & Gas (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 15 Global Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Power Generation (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 16 Global Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By OtherApplications (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 17 Global Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By End User (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 18 Global Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Municipal (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 19 Global Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Industrial (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 20 Global Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Commercial (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 21 Global Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Residential (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 22 North America Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Country (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 23 North America Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Type (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 24 North America Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Horizontal Split (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 25 North America Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Vertical Split (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 26 North America Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Material (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 27 North America Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Cast Iron (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 28 North America Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Steel (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 29 North America Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Polymer & Composite (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 30 North America Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Application (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 31 North America Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Water & Wastewater (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 32 North America Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Chemicals (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 33 North America Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Irrigation (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 34 North America Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Mining & Metals (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 35 North America Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Oil & Gas (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 36 North America Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Power Generation (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 37 North America Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By OtherApplications (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 38 North America Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By End User (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 39 North America Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Municipal (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 40 North America Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Industrial (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 41 North America Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Commercial (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 42 North America Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Residential (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 43 Europe Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Country (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 44 Europe Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Type (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 45 Europe Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Horizontal Split (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 46 Europe Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Vertical Split (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 47 Europe Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Material (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 48 Europe Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Cast Iron (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 49 Europe Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Steel (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 50 Europe Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Polymer & Composite (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 51 Europe Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Application (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 52 Europe Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Water & Wastewater (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 53 Europe Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Chemicals (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 54 Europe Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Irrigation (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 55 Europe Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Mining & Metals (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 56 Europe Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Oil & Gas (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 57 Europe Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Power Generation (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 58 Europe Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By OtherApplications (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 59 Europe Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By End User (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 60 Europe Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Municipal (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 61 Europe Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Industrial (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 62 Europe Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Commercial (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 63 Europe Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Residential (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 64 Asia Pacific Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Country (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 65 Asia Pacific Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Type (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 66 Asia Pacific Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Horizontal Split (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 67 Asia Pacific Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Vertical Split (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 68 Asia Pacific Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Material (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 69 Asia Pacific Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Cast Iron (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 70 Asia Pacific Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Steel (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 71 Asia Pacific Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Polymer & Composite (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 72 Asia Pacific Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Application (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 73 Asia Pacific Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Water & Wastewater (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 74 Asia Pacific Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Chemicals (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 75 Asia Pacific Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Irrigation (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 76 Asia Pacific Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Mining & Metals (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 77 Asia Pacific Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Oil & Gas (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 78 Asia Pacific Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Power Generation (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 79 Asia Pacific Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By OtherApplications (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 80 Asia Pacific Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By End User (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 81 Asia Pacific Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Municipal (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 82 Asia Pacific Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Industrial (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 83 Asia Pacific Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Commercial (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 84 Asia Pacific Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Residential (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 85 South America Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Country (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 86 South America Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Type (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 87 South America Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Horizontal Split (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 88 South America Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Vertical Split (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 89 South America Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Material (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 90 South America Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Cast Iron (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 91 South America Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Steel (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 92 South America Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Polymer & Composite (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 93 South America Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Application (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 94 South America Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Water & Wastewater (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 95 South America Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Chemicals (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 96 South America Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Irrigation (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 97 South America Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Mining & Metals (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 98 South America Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Oil & Gas (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 99 South America Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Power Generation (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 100 South America Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By OtherApplications (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 101 South America Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By End User (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 102 South America Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Municipal (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 103 South America Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Industrial (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 104 South America Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Commercial (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 105 South America Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Residential (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 106 Middle East & Africa Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Country (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 107 Middle East & Africa Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Type (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 108 Middle East & Africa Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Horizontal Split (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 109 Middle East & Africa Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Vertical Split (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 110 Middle East & Africa Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Material (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 111 Middle East & Africa Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Cast Iron (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 112 Middle East & Africa Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Steel (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 113 Middle East & Africa Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Polymer & Composite (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 114 Middle East & Africa Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Application (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 115 Middle East & Africa Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Water & Wastewater (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 116 Middle East & Africa Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Chemicals (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 117 Middle East & Africa Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Irrigation (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 118 Middle East & Africa Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Mining & Metals (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 119 Middle East & Africa Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Oil & Gas (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 120 Middle East & Africa Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Power Generation (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 121 Middle East & Africa Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By OtherApplications (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 122 Middle East & Africa Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By End User (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 123 Middle East & Africa Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Municipal (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 124 Middle East & Africa Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Industrial (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 125 Middle East & Africa Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Commercial (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 126 Middle East & Africa Double Suction Pump Market Outlook, By Residential (2021-2030) ($MN)
