Intelligent Transportation Systems - Towards Connected and Autonomous Cars: Technologies, Markets, Standardization, Industry

List of Tables

The goal of this report is:

Analyze current trends in the ITS development

Address the progress in ITS standardization

Estimate the ITS market

Present the current status of the Connected Car (CC) development

Analyze the CC technologies and marketing specifics; identify major industry players and their portfolios

Analyze two leading CC communications technologies - 5.9 GHz DSRC and C-V2X

Present the current status of driverless cars technologies and markets

Analyze the driverless car major industry players

Analyze driverless car standardization activities

Analyze the 3GPP related activity

Analyze the role of 5G technologies in creation the "ultimate" ITS.

This report addresses the current status of the ITS, their structure, major applications, standardization and markets. The ITS aim is to improve the economy by reducing the number of road accidents (making driving safer), the amount of car air pollutions and making smooth flow of the traffic.

The advances in the ITS are presently tied with the development of a "Connected Car" (CC) - a moving car that is wirelessly connected with surrounding cars and the infrastructure (as well as supporting connectivity inside of a car). Such a car opens a spectrum of new and exciting opportunities for automakers, service providers and users.

CC programs are now under development all around the globe. Though there are many technological choices to support CC communications, two technologies are leading:

5.9 GHz DSRC, and
C-V2X.

The report concentrates on those leaders; and analyzes their characteristics, parameters, marketing statistics, industries and the spectrum of applications. It also compares these technologies and their applicability to CC communications.

5.9 GHz DSRC technology is being tested and trialed in the U.S. for the last 25 years; and a rich collection of communications channels statistics has been gathered. This technology was considered for standardization of CC communications by the U.S. DOT. It has many attractions, such as the economies of scale based on the IEEE 802.11p standard, network simplicity and other. It also standardized and accepted in Europe.

Note that the 2020 FCC rulemaking regarding the 5.9 GHz spectrum sharing established a solid ground for C-V2X technologies to lead CC communications.

Utilization LTE-A and its modifications for C-V2X communications attracts users by longer reaches, higher speeds, possibility of low latency (1-3 ms), and utilization of the cellular infrastructure in which CC communications will be only one of many use cases. The standard was finalized in Release 14 of the 3GPP; and the technology is lately under extensive testing, trialing and initial commercialization. Two methods are being developed: a) D2D communications, and b) Broadcast communications. They are discussed in the report.

The report details specifics of 5.9 GHz DSRC and LTE-A for CC communications, their marketing aspects, and the related legislative work. It also concentrates on benefits and limitations of each technology and surveys related industries.

The industry concentrated attention on the design and production of electronics that can support both technologies in one package - this is the current trend in CC communications chipsets manufacturing.

This particular report also addresses the ITS progress in reaching its ultimate goal - to make a car "intelligent" enough to safely drive without a human participation. It also updates the status of a driverless car development in connection with transition to the 5G era: the industry identified driverless cars as most viable form of ITS, dominating the roadways by 2040 and sparking dramatic changes in vehicular travel. The report discusses the specifics of the 5G era as they are seen by the industry at the present time with emphasis on what 5G technologies can bring to the driverless car.

Such a car was considered by many as a scientists' dream only 10-15 years ago; now it is a reality and all predictions are that driverless cars will hit the roads in 6-8 years. A fully developed driverless car can function only in the 5G (or later generations) environments.

The report provides overview of the current status of the driverless car development, pictures the future steps, which the industry is planning, analyzes roadblocks, and emphasizes the importance of standardization - several organizations are working in this direction. The analysis concentrates on technological and marketing aspects of driverless cars and also on the status of the industry.

The survey of driverless cars projects currently underway is conducted. Initial marketing statistics are developed.

The report is intended for a wide audience of technical and managerial staff involved in the ITS development; and, particular, for specialists working on CC and driverless cars programs.

1.0. Introduction

1.1. Statistics
1.2. Goal
1.3. Scope
1.4. Research Methodology
1.5. Target Audience

2.0. ITS: Systems in Actions

2.1. General
2.2. Composition
- 2.2.1. Formation
- 2.2.2. Subsystems
- 2.2.3. Layers and Components-Roadways
2.3. Key Technologies
2.4. ITS Standardization: In Progress
- 2.4.1. Overview
- 2.4.2. ETSI- Europe
- 2.4.3. U.S.
  - 2.4.3.1. General
  - 2.4.3.2. National Transportation Communications for ITS Protocol (NTCIP)
    - 2.4.3.2.1. Scope
    - 2.4.3.2.2. Family
- 2.4.4. International
  - 2.4.4.1. General
  - 2.4.4.2. ITU
  - 2.4.4.3. 3GPP
- 2.4.5. Summary
2.5. ITS Functionalities
- 2.5.1. Intelligent Infrastructure
- 2.5.2. Intelligent Vehicles
2.6. ITS Market Statistics
- 2.6.1. General
- 2.6.2. Assumptions
- 2.6.3. Estimate

3.0. Connected Car Specifics

3.1. General
- 3.1.1. Types of Connectivity
3.2. Legislation
- 3.2.1. U.S.
  - 3.2.1.1. NHTSA Actions and Plans
- 3.2.2. Directions
  - 3.2.2.1. EU and England
  - 3.2.2.2. Varieties
3.3. Properties and Requirements
- 3.3.1. Methods
- 3.3.2. Network Requirements: 5G
- 3.3.3. Functional Technologies
  - 3.3.3.1. Wi-Fi (in addition to 802.11p)
  - 3.3.3.2. Bluetooth Smart
  - 3.3.3.3. Near Field Communication (NFC)
  - 3.3.3.4. Integrated GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System)
  - 3.3.3.5. Automotive Ethernet
  - 3.3.3.6. Fiber Connectivity
3.4. CC: Driving Forces
3.5. Major Use Cases
3.6. Market

4.0. 5.9 GHz DSRC

4.1. General
- 4.1.1. History- Spectrum
  - 4.1.1.1. Recent Developments-Spectrum Sharing
  - 4.1.1.2. Opinions
  - 4.1.1.3. FCC Ruling
4.2. Industry Efforts- Cooperation
4.3. Place
4.4. Structure and Protocols
- 4.4.1. Requirements
- 4.4.2. Milestones
- 4.4.3. IEEE 802.11p
  - 4.4.3.1. General
  - 4.4.3.2. Objectives and Status
  - 4.4.3.3. ASTM Contributions
  - 4.4.3.4. Characteristics
- 4.4.4. IEEE 1609
  - 4.4.4.1. General
  - 4.4.4.2. Overview
  - 4.4.4.3. IEEE 1609 in Use
- 4.4.5. ETSI ITS-G5-Major Features
- 4.4.6. ISO and DSRC
- 4.4.7. SAE and DSRC
4.5. Components and Procedures
- 4.5.1. Components
- 4.5.2. Procedures
4.6. Major Applications
- 4.6.1. EPS
4.7. Spectrum-DSRC- International
- 4.7.1. Channels Designation
4.8. Services
- 4.8.1. Major Services
- 4.8.2. Service Categories
- 4.8.3. Service Requirements
4.9. Summary: 5.9 GHz DSRC Characteristics
4.10. Benefits and Limitations-5.9 GHz DSRC
- 4.10.1. General
- 4.10.2. Toll Industry Benefits
- 4.10.3. Limitations
4.11. Comparison
- 4.11.1. 915 MHz DSRC and 5.9 GHz DSRC
- 4.11.2. CEN278 (5.8 GHz) DSRC and 5.9 GHz DSRC
4.12. Market Segment
- 4.12.1. Market Drivers
- 4.12.2. Market Requirements
- 4.12.3. Market Estimate
4.13. Industry
- 4.13.1. Industry Coalition
- 4.13.2. Recent Projects
- 4.13.3. Vendors
  - AutoTalks
  - Cohda Wireless
  - Delphi
  - Kapsch
  - NXP
  - Siemens
  - Qualcomm
  - u-blox
4.14. Views
4.15. Advancements: 802.11bd
- 4.15.1. Requirements-Advanced Vehicles Applications
- 4.15.2. 802.11p Evolution

5.0. Cellular Technologies and Connected Car

5.1. Two Groups
5.2. 3GPP Activities
- 5.2.1. Modes of Operations
  - 5.2.1.1. D2D Communications
    - 5.2.1.1.1. 3GPP Release 16 Additions
  - 5.2.1.2. C-V2X Broadcast
- 5.2.3. Performance Comparison
- 5.2.4. Further Steps
5.3. Industry
- Autotalks
- AT&T/Audi-Tesla
- Broadcom
- Commsignia
- Cohda Wireless
- Ficosa
- GM
- Qualcomm
- Veoneer

6.0. Comparison: DSRC-WAVE and C-V2X

6.1. General
6.2. Details
- 6.2.1. Readiness
- 6.2.2. Networking
- 6.2.3. Range
- 6.2.4. Response
- 6.2.5. Scalability
- 6.2.6. Economics
- 6.2.7. Speed of Transmission
- 6.2.8. Versatility
- 6.2.9. Telematics
6.3. 5G Vision
- 6.3.1. Potential Benefits of C- V2X
6.4. Trend

7.0. Connected Car-Trials, Groups and Alliances

7.1. Open Automotive Alliance
7.2. 4G Venture Forum for Connected Cars
7.3. Apple-iOS in the Car
7.4. Connected Vehicle to Everything of Tomorrow Consortium (ConVeX)
7.5. WWW Consortium
7.6. GSMA Connected Car Forum
7.7. Car Connectivity Consortium
7.8. Towards 5G Partnership
7.9. 5GAA

8.0. Evolving of Driverless Car

8.1. Growing Together
8.2. Directions and Issues
8.3. ADAS
8.4. Current Status-Legislation and Insurance
- 8.4.1. The U.S.
- 8.4.2. The GB
  - 8.4.2.1. Details
- 8.4.3. China
- 8.4.4. Germany
8.5. Major Benefits
8.6. Solutions
8.7. Market Projections and Price
8.8. Phases
- 8.8.1. Required Characteristics
8.9. Industry and R&D
- 8.9.1. Automakers
  - 8.9.1.1. Audi
    - 8.9.1.1.1. First Level 3 Car
    - 8.9.1.1.2. Progress
  - 8.9.1.2. Ford
  - 8.9.1.3. GM
  - 8.9.1.4. Nissan
    - 8.9.1.4.1. Getting Closer
  - 8.9.1.5. Daimler/Mercedes
    - 8.9.1.5.1. Autonomous Truck
    - 8.9.1.5.2. Developments
  - 8.9.1.6. VW and AdaptIVe Consortium
    - 8.9.1.6.1. AdaptIVe Consortium
    - 8.9.1.6.2. Activity
  - 8.9.1.7. Volvo Cars
  - 8.9.1.8. Tesla Motors
  - 8.9.1.9. SAIC
  - 8.9.1.10. BMW
  - 8.9.1.11. Other
- 8.9.2. R&D and Competitors
  - 8.9.2.1. Alphabet/Google-ProjectX-Waymo
  - 8.9.2.2. Baidu
  - 8.9.2.3. DOTs
  - 8.9.2.4. Telecom Readiness: Driverless Car- 5G Communications
    - 8.9.2.4.1. Huawei
    - 8.9.2.4.2. Swisscom
  - 8.9.2.5. QNX
  - 8.9.2.6. Continental Automotive
  - 8.9.2.7. Nvidia
- 8.9.3. Start-ups
  - 8.9.3.1. Cruise Automotive
  - 8.9.3.2. Induct Technologies
  - 8.9.3.3. Uber/Aurora
  - 8.9.3.4. Lyft/Toyota
  - 8.9.3.5. Nuro
  - 8.9.3.6. Aurora
  - 8.9.3.7. Poni.ai
  - 8.9.3.8. TuSimple
  - 8.9.3.9. Beep
  - 8.9.3.10. Jidu
8.10. Standardization
- 8.10.1. NHTSA
  - 8.10.1.1. Levels
- 8.10.2. SAE International
  - 8.10.2.1. USA Preparedness
- 8.10.3. IEEE
- 8.10.4. Chinese Standards
  - 8.10.4.1. General
  - 8.10.4.2. AV classification
- 8.10.5. AECC
- 8.10.6. Summary
8.11. COVID-19: Impact on Driverless Car Development
- 8.11.1. Major Changes

8.0. Conclusions

List of Figures

Figure 1: Wireless Communications: ITS Environment
Figure 2: Europe - Standardization Organizations
Figure 3: Standardization Organizations - ITS U.S.
Figure 4: NTCIP Structure
Figure 5: International - ITS Standardization Bodies
Figure 6: Estimate: Global ITS Market ($B)
Figure 7: Estimate: ITS WICT- Global Market ($B)
Figure 8: ITS Equipment Sales by Regions ($B)
Figure 9: NHTSA DSRC Project - Prior 2015
Figure 10: NHTSA - Further DSRC Project Development
Figure 11: Connected Car: Network Requirements
Figure 12: Connected Car: Communications Technologies
Figure 13: Estimate - Connected Car Market Value - Global ($B)
Figure 14: Estimate - Global - Service Providers Revenue - Connected Car ($B)
Figure 15: 5.9 GHz DSRC - Frequencies Allocation and Channelization
Figure 16: Modified Spectrum
Figure 17: Industry Cooperation
Figure 18: ITS-5.9 GHz DSRC - Illustration
Figure 19: Communications Model - 5.9 GHz DSRC
Figure 20: 802.11p - Communications
Figure 21: 1609 Protocols - Illustration
Figure 22: Signals Logical Flow - 5.9 GHz DSRC
Figure 23: Collision Detection/Avoidance System
Figure 24: Work Zone Warning
Figure 25: "Smart" Car
Figure 26: DSRC Worldwide - Spectrum Allocation
Figure 27: DSRC: Spectrum Allocation Details (Global)
Figure 28: Channel Assignment - 5.9 GHz DSRC U.S.
Figure 29: 5.9 GHz DSRC Transmission Characteristics and Channelization
Figure 30: Spectrum Details - Overlapping Wi-Fi
Figure 31: Major Categories-DSRC Services
Figure 32: 5.9 GHz DSRC Rate vs. Distance
Figure 33: 5.9 GHz DSRC Protocols - Summary
Figure 34: Estimate: Market Value - U.S. - 5.9 GHz DSRC ($B)
Figure 35: Comparison - 802.11p and 802.11bd
Figure 36: C-V2X Modes of Communications
Figure 37: 3GPP Schedule - LTE Communications (V2X)
Figure 38: D2D Communications - Evolution
Figure 39: LTE ProSe Functions - Discovery and Communications
Figure 40: Evolution - C-V2X
Figure 41: Networking
Figure 42: Global Trials
Figure 43: C-V2X Development Time Schedule
Figure 44: U.S. - Driverless Car Legislative Status (as of 2020)
Figure 45: Estimate: Driverless Cars Sold - Global (%)
Figure 46: Evolution Path - Driverless Car
Figure 47: USA - Car Automation Levels

List of Tables

Table 1: Road Crashes Statistics
Table 2: 5G Network Characteristics
Table 3: ETSI ITS-G5 Channels and Services
Table 4: Service Categories - DSRC
Table 5: Users Service Requirements
Table 6: Summary: 5.9 GHz DSRC Characteristics
Table 7: 5.9 GHz DSRC Benefits
Table 8: 915 MHz and 5.9 GHz DSRC Differences
Table 9: Requirements - Advanced Vehicular Applications
Table 10: LTE - D2D and Broadcast Modes - Features
Table 11: Major Features - Comparison
Table 12: Revisions
Table 13: Driverless Car Development - Covid-19 Impact
Table 14: Projections

Intelligent Transportation Systems - Towards Connected and Autonomous Cars: Technologies, Markets, Standardization, Industry

Description

Table of Contents

List of Tables

The goal of this report is:

Table of Contents

1.0. Introduction

2.0. ITS: Systems in Actions

3.0. Connected Car Specifics

4.0. 5.9 GHz DSRC

5.0. Cellular Technologies and Connected Car

6.0. Comparison: DSRC-WAVE and C-V2X

7.0. Connected Car-Trials, Groups and Alliances

8.0. Evolving of Driverless Car

8.0. Conclusions

List of Figures

List of Tables