PUBLISHER: Persistence Market Research | PRODUCT CODE: 1652746
PUBLISHER: Persistence Market Research | PRODUCT CODE: 1652746
Algae-based Animal Feed Market: Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends, and Forecast, 2025 - 2032
Persistence Market Research has recently published an extensive report on the global Algae-based Animal Feed Market. This report offers a comprehensive analysis of the key market dynamics, including drivers, trends, opportunities, and challenges, providing deep insights into the market structure.
Key Insights:
- Algae-based Animal Feed Market Size (2025E): USD 4832.5 Mn
- Projected Market Value (2032F): USD 6544.8 Mn
- Global Market Growth Rate (CAGR 2025 to 2032): 4.4%
Algae-based Animal Feed Market - Report Scope:
The Algae-based Animal Feed Market encompasses various types of algae, such as spirulina, chlorella, and seaweed, used as feed ingredients for livestock, poultry, aquaculture, and pets. Algae-based feed is rich in proteins, omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, and essential minerals, making it a highly nutritious alternative to traditional feed sources. The market serves diverse segments such as dairy cattle, poultry, fish farming, and pet nutrition. Growth is driven by the increasing demand for sustainable and nutrient-rich feed, advancements in algae cultivation technologies, and the expanding applications of algae-based feed across industries.
Market Growth Drivers:
Several key factors are driving the global Algae-based Animal Feed Market. The rising awareness about the nutritional benefits of algae-based feed is significantly contributing to market growth. Algae are rich in essential nutrients, promoting better animal health, increased productivity, and improved immune function. The shift towards sustainable feed alternatives due to the depletion of traditional feed resources, such as fishmeal and soy, has fueled the adoption of algae-based animal feed.
The aquaculture industry, in particular, is a significant driver of the market. The demand for omega-3-rich fish products has led to the increased use of microalgae as a direct feed supplement or as an alternative to fishmeal. Additionally, the livestock and poultry industries are adopting algae-based feed to enhance animal growth and improve feed conversion efficiency.
Technological advancements in algae cultivation, including photobioreactors and open-pond systems, have improved production efficiency, making algae-based feed more cost-effective. Government initiatives supporting sustainable agriculture and reducing carbon footprints further bolster market growth. Enhanced research and development activities, along with the introduction of innovative algae-based feed products, contribute to market expansion by offering eco-friendly and cost-effective solutions for animal nutrition.
Market Restraints:
Despite promising growth prospects, the Algae-based Animal Feed Market faces challenges related to high production costs and scalability issues. The cultivation of algae requires significant investments in infrastructure, including controlled growing environments and specialized harvesting techniques. The cost of production is still relatively high compared to conventional feed ingredients like corn and soybean meal, which may limit widespread adoption.
Additionally, there are concerns regarding the consistency and quality of algae-based feed products. Variations in algae strain composition, contamination risks, and potential regulatory restrictions on algae-derived products can pose hurdles for market players. Limited consumer awareness and reluctance to switch from traditional feed sources to algae-based alternatives also act as barriers to growth.
The availability of alternative protein sources, such as insect-based feed and fermented protein solutions, creates competition in the market. Addressing these challenges requires continuous investment in research and technological advancements to enhance production efficiency, improve cost-effectiveness, and establish regulatory frameworks to ensure product safety and quality.
Market Opportunities:
The market presents significant opportunities driven by the increasing adoption of sustainable animal nutrition practices and the rising demand for functional feed ingredients. The development of advanced algae cultivation techniques, including genetic engineering and closed-loop production systems, is expected to enhance algae yield and nutritional value, catering to the growing need for high-performance animal feed.
The expansion of aquaculture and livestock farming in emerging economies provides new growth avenues for algae-based feed manufacturers. The rising trend of organic and natural feed solutions among pet owners further contributes to market expansion. Strategic collaborations between algae producers, feed manufacturers, and research institutions can facilitate market penetration and drive innovation in algae-based animal feed products.
Governments and industry stakeholders are increasingly investing in research initiatives to promote the use of algae-based feed for reducing environmental impact and improving food security. The integration of automation, AI-based monitoring systems, and large-scale algae biorefineries will further enhance production capabilities, making algae-based feed a mainstream option for the global animal feed industry.
Key Questions Answered in the Report:
- What are the primary factors driving the growth of the Algae-based Animal Feed Market globally?
- Which algae types and processing techniques are leading the adoption in various applications?
- How are technological advancements influencing the competitive landscape of the Algae-based Animal Feed Market?
- Who are the key players in the Algae-based Animal Feed Market, and what strategies are they employing to stay competitive?
- What are the emerging trends and future prospects in the global Algae-based Animal Feed Market?
Competitive Intelligence and Business Strategy:
Leading players in the global Algae-based Animal Feed Market, including Corbion, Cargill, Alltech, and AlgaEnergy, focus on innovation, product differentiation, and strategic collaborations to gain a competitive edge. These companies invest in R&D to develop advanced algae-based feed solutions and explore new algae strains with enhanced nutritional profiles. Collaborations with livestock producers, aquaculture farms, and research institutions facilitate market access and promote new technology adoption.
Emphasis on sustainability, regulatory compliance, and large-scale production capabilities fosters market growth and enhances brand reputation in the evolving Algae-based Animal Feed Market landscape. Companies are increasingly integrating sustainable farming techniques, such as closed-loop algae systems and bio-based fertilizers, to improve algae cultivation efficiency and minimize environmental impact.
Key Companies Profiled:
- Cargill Inc.
- Archer Daniels Midland Company
- DIC Corporation
- Koninklijke DSM NV.
- Roquette Freres
- Sun Chlorella
- Cellana LLC.
- Fuji Chemical Industries Co. Ltd.
- Algama Foods
- Corbin (Terra Via Holdings)
- HOWND
Algae-based Animal Feed Market Research Segmentation
By Additive Type:
- Feed Preservatives
- Feed Emulsifiers
- Feed Acidifiers
- Feed Additives
- Feed Probiotics
- Feed Enzyme
- Feed Colorants
- Feed Flavors
- Feed Sweeteners
- Nutritional Additives
- Other Feed Additives
By Form:
- Liquid
- Dry
- Granules
By Livestock:
- Ruminants
- Poultry
- Swine
- Aquaculture
- Other Livestock
By Region:
- North America
- Europe
- East Asia
- South Asia & Oceania
- Latin America
- Middle East & Africa
Table of Contents
1. Executive Summary
- 1.1. Global Algae-based Animal Feed Market Snapshot, 2025 - 2032
- 1.2. Market Opportunity Assessment, 2025 - 2032, US$ Mn
- 1.3. Key Market Trends
- 1.4. Future Market Projections
- 1.5. Premium Market Insights
- 1.6. Industry Developments and Key Market Events
- 1.7. PMR Analysis and Recommendations
2. Market Overview
- 2.1. Market Scope and Definition
- 2.2. Market Dynamics
- 2.2.1. Drivers
- 2.2.2. Restraints
- 2.2.3. Opportunity
- 2.2.4. Challenges
- 2.2.5. Key Trends
- 2.3. Additive Type Lifecycle Analysis
- 2.4. Algae-based Animal Feed Market: Value Chain
- 2.4.1. List of Raw Material Supplier
- 2.4.2. List of Manufacturers
- 2.4.3. List of Distributors
- 2.4.4. List of Applications
- 2.4.5. Profitability Analysis
- 2.5. Porter Five Force's Analysis
- 2.6. Geopolitical Tensions: Market Impact
- 2.7. Macro-Economic Factors
- 2.7.1. Global Sectorial Outlook
- 2.7.2. Global GDP Growth Outlook
- 2.7.3. Global Parent Market Overview
- 2.8. Forecast Factors - Relevance and Impact
- 2.9. Regulatory and Form Landscape
3. Global Algae-based Animal Feed Market Outlook: Historical (2019 - 2023) and Forecast (2025 - 2032)
- 3.1. Key Highlights
- 3.1.1. Market Volume (Units) Projections
- 3.1.2. Market Size and Y-o-Y Growth
- 3.1.3. Absolute $ Opportunity
- 3.2. Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast
- 3.2.1. Historical Market Size Analysis, 2019 - 2023
- 3.2.2. Current Market Size Forecast, 2025 - 2032
- 3.3. Global Algae-based Animal Feed Market Outlook: Additive Type
- 3.3.1. Introduction / Key Findings
- 3.3.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Analysis By Additive Type, 2019 - 2023
- 3.3.3. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Additive Type, 2025 - 2032
- 3.3.3.1. Feed Preservatives
- 3.3.3.2. Feed Emulsifiers
- 3.3.3.3. Feed Acidifiers
- 3.3.3.4. Feed Additives
- 3.3.3.5. Feed Probiotics
- 3.3.3.6. Feed Enzyme
- 3.3.3.7. Feed Colorants
- 3.3.3.8. Feed Flavors
- 3.3.3.9. Feed Sweeteners
- 3.3.3.10. Nutritional Additives
- 3.3.3.11. Other Feed Additives
- 3.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Additive Type
- 3.5. Global Algae-based Animal Feed Market Outlook: Form
- 3.5.1. Introduction / Key Findings
- 3.5.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Analysis By Form, 2019 - 2023
- 3.5.3. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Form, 2025 - 2032
- 3.5.3.1. Liquid
- 3.5.3.2. Dry
- 3.5.3.3. Granules
- 3.6. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Form
- 3.7. Global Algae-based Animal Feed Market Outlook: Livestock
- 3.7.1. Introduction / Key Findings
- 3.7.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Analysis By Livestock, 2019 - 2023
- 3.7.3. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Livestock, 2025 - 2032
- 3.7.3.1. Ruminants
- 3.7.3.2. Poultry
- 3.7.3.3. Swine
- 3.7.3.4. Aquaculture
- 3.7.3.5. Other Livestocks
- 3.8. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Livestock
4. Global Algae-based Animal Feed Market Outlook: Region
- 4.1. Key Highlights
- 4.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Analysis By Region, 2019 - 2023
- 4.3. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Region, 2025 - 2032
- 4.3.1. North America
- 4.3.2. Europe
- 4.3.3. East Asia
- 4.3.4. South Asia and Oceania
- 4.3.5. Latin America
- 4.3.6. Middle East & Africa (MEA)
- 4.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Region
5. North America Algae-based Animal Feed Market Outlook: Historical (2019 - 2023) and Forecast (2025 - 2032)
- 5.1. Key Highlights
- 5.2. Pricing Analysis
- 5.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Analysis By Market, 2019 - 2023
- 5.3.1. By Country
- 5.3.2. By Additive Type
- 5.3.3. By Form
- 5.3.4. By Livestock
- 5.4. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Country, 2025 - 2032
- 5.4.1. U.S.
- 5.4.2. Canada
- 5.5. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Additive Type, 2025 - 2032
- 5.5.1. Feed Preservatives
- 5.5.2. Feed Emulsifiers
- 5.5.3. Feed Acidifiers
- 5.5.4. Feed Additives
- 5.5.5. Feed Probiotics
- 5.5.6. Feed Enzyme
- 5.5.7. Feed Colorants
- 5.5.8. Feed Flavors
- 5.5.9. Feed Sweeteners
- 5.5.10. Nutritional Additives
- 5.5.11. Other Feed Additives
- 5.6. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Form, 2025 - 2032
- 5.6.1. Liquid
- 5.6.2. Dry
- 5.6.3. Granules
- 5.7. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Livestock, 2025 - 2032
- 5.7.1. Ruminants
- 5.7.2. Poultry
- 5.7.3. Swine
- 5.7.4. Aquaculture
- 5.7.5. Other Livestocks
- 5.8. Market Attractiveness Analysis
6. Europe Algae-based Animal Feed Market Outlook: Historical (2019 - 2023) and Forecast (2025 - 2032)
- 6.1. Key Highlights
- 6.2. Pricing Analysis
- 6.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Analysis By Market, 2019 - 2023
- 6.3.1. By Country
- 6.3.2. By Additive Type
- 6.3.3. By Form
- 6.3.4. By Livestock
- 6.4. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Country, 2025 - 2032
- 6.4.1. Germany
- 6.4.2. France
- 6.4.3. U.K.
- 6.4.4. Italy
- 6.4.5. Spain
- 6.4.6. Russia
- 6.4.7. Turkey
- 6.4.8. Rest of Europe
- 6.5. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Additive Type, 2025 - 2032
- 6.5.1. Feed Preservatives
- 6.5.2. Feed Emulsifiers
- 6.5.3. Feed Acidifiers
- 6.5.4. Feed Additives
- 6.5.5. Feed Probiotics
- 6.5.6. Feed Enzyme
- 6.5.7. Feed Colorants
- 6.5.8. Feed Flavors
- 6.5.9. Feed Sweeteners
- 6.5.10. Nutritional Additives
- 6.5.11. Other Feed Additives
- 6.6. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Form, 2025 - 2032
- 6.6.1. Liquid
- 6.6.2. Dry
- 6.6.3. Granules
- 6.7. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Livestock, 2025 - 2032
- 6.7.1. Ruminants
- 6.7.2. Poultry
- 6.7.3. Swine
- 6.7.4. Aquaculture
- 6.7.5. Other Livestocks
- 6.8. Market Attractiveness Analysis
7. East Asia Algae-based Animal Feed Market Outlook: Historical (2019 - 2023) and Forecast (2025 - 2032)
- 7.1. Key Highlights
- 7.2. Pricing Analysis
- 7.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Analysis By Market, 2019 - 2023
- 7.3.1. By Country
- 7.3.2. By Additive Type
- 7.3.3. By Form
- 7.3.4. By Livestock
- 7.4. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Country, 2025 - 2032
- 7.4.1. China
- 7.4.2. Japan
- 7.4.3. South Korea
- 7.5. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Additive Type, 2025 - 2032
- 7.5.1. Feed Preservatives
- 7.5.2. Feed Emulsifiers
- 7.5.3. Feed Acidifiers
- 7.5.4. Feed Additives
- 7.5.5. Feed Probiotics
- 7.5.6. Feed Enzyme
- 7.5.7. Feed Colorants
- 7.5.8. Feed Flavors
- 7.5.9. Feed Sweeteners
- 7.5.10. Nutritional Additives
- 7.5.11. Other Feed Additives
- 7.6. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Form, 2025 - 2032
- 7.6.1. Liquid
- 7.6.2. Dry
- 7.6.3. Granules
- 7.7. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Livestock, 2025 - 2032
- 7.7.1. Ruminants
- 7.7.2. Poultry
- 7.7.3. Swine
- 7.7.4. Aquaculture
- 7.7.5. Other Livestocks
- 7.8. Market Attractiveness Analysis
8. South Asia & Oceania Algae-based Animal Feed Market Outlook: Historical (2019 - 2023) and Forecast (2025 - 2032)
- 8.1. Key Highlights
- 8.2. Pricing Analysis
- 8.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Analysis By Market, 2019 - 2023
- 8.3.1. By Country
- 8.3.2. By Additive Type
- 8.3.3. By Form
- 8.3.4. By Livestock
- 8.4. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Country, 2025 - 2032
- 8.4.1. India
- 8.4.2. Southeast Asia
- 8.4.3. ANZ
- 8.4.4. Rest of South Asia & Oceania
- 8.5. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Additive Type, 2025 - 2032
- 8.5.1. Feed Preservatives
- 8.5.2. Feed Emulsifiers
- 8.5.3. Feed Acidifiers
- 8.5.4. Feed Additives
- 8.5.5. Feed Probiotics
- 8.5.6. Feed Enzyme
- 8.5.7. Feed Colorants
- 8.5.8. Feed Flavors
- 8.5.9. Feed Sweeteners
- 8.5.10. Nutritional Additives
- 8.5.11. Other Feed Additives
- 8.6. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Form, 2025 - 2032
- 8.6.1. Liquid
- 8.6.2. Dry
- 8.6.3. Granules
- 8.7. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Livestock, 2025 - 2032
- 8.7.1. Ruminants
- 8.7.2. Poultry
- 8.7.3. Swine
- 8.7.4. Aquaculture
- 8.7.5. Other Livestocks
- 8.8. Market Attractiveness Analysis
9. Latin America Algae-based Animal Feed Market Outlook: Historical (2019 - 2023) and Forecast (2025 - 2032)
- 9.1. Key Highlights
- 9.2. Pricing Analysis
- 9.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Analysis By Market, 2019 - 2023
- 9.3.1. By Country
- 9.3.2. By Additive Type
- 9.3.3. By Form
- 9.3.4. By Livestock
- 9.4. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Country, 2025 - 2032
- 9.4.1. Brazil
- 9.4.2. Mexico
- 9.4.3. Rest of Latin America
- 9.5. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Additive Type, 2025 - 2032
- 9.5.1. Feed Preservatives
- 9.5.2. Feed Emulsifiers
- 9.5.3. Feed Acidifiers
- 9.5.4. Feed Additives
- 9.5.5. Feed Probiotics
- 9.5.6. Feed Enzyme
- 9.5.7. Feed Colorants
- 9.5.8. Feed Flavors
- 9.5.9. Feed Sweeteners
- 9.5.10. Nutritional Additives
- 9.5.11. Other Feed Additives
- 9.6. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Form, 2025 - 2032
- 9.6.1. Liquid
- 9.6.2. Dry
- 9.6.3. Granules
- 9.7. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Livestock, 2025 - 2032
- 9.7.1. Ruminants
- 9.7.2. Poultry
- 9.7.3. Swine
- 9.7.4. Aquaculture
- 9.7.5. Other Livestocks
- 9.8. Market Attractiveness Analysis
10. Middle East & Africa Algae-based Animal Feed Market Outlook: Historical (2019 - 2023) and Forecast (2025 - 2032)
- 10.1. Key Highlights
- 10.2. Pricing Analysis
- 10.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Analysis By Market, 2019 - 2023
- 10.3.1. By Country
- 10.3.2. By Additive Type
- 10.3.3. By Form
- 10.3.4. By Livestock
- 10.4. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Country, 2025 - 2032
- 10.4.1. GCC
- 10.4.2. Egypt
- 10.4.3. South Africa
- 10.4.4. Northern Africa
- 10.4.5. Rest of Middle East & Africa
- 10.5. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Additive Type, 2025 - 2032
- 10.5.1. Feed Preservatives
- 10.5.2. Feed Emulsifiers
- 10.5.3. Feed Acidifiers
- 10.5.4. Feed Additives
- 10.5.5. Feed Probiotics
- 10.5.6. Feed Enzyme
- 10.5.7. Feed Colorants
- 10.5.8. Feed Flavors
- 10.5.9. Feed Sweeteners
- 10.5.10. Nutritional Additives
- 10.5.11. Other Feed Additives
- 10.6. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Form, 2025 - 2032
- 10.6.1. Liquid
- 10.6.2. Dry
- 10.6.3. Granules
- 10.7. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Livestock, 2025 - 2032
- 10.7.1. Ruminants
- 10.7.2. Poultry
- 10.7.3. Swine
- 10.7.4. Aquaculture
- 10.7.5. Other Livestocks
- 10.8. Market Attractiveness Analysis
11. Competition Landscape
- 11.1. Market Share Analysis, 2024
- 11.2. Market Structure
- 11.2.1. Competition Intensity Mapping By Market
- 11.2.2. Competition Liquid
- 11.2.3. Apparent Product Capacity
- 11.3. Company Profiles (Details - Overview, Financials, Strategy, Recent Developments)
- 11.3.1. Cargill Inc.
- 11.3.1.1. Overview
- 11.3.1.2. Segments and Product
- 11.3.1.3. Key Financials
- 11.3.1.4. Market Developments
- 11.3.1.5. Market Strategy
- 11.3.2. Archer Daniels Midland Company
- 11.3.2.1. Overview
- 11.3.2.2. Segments and Product
- 11.3.2.3. Key Financials
- 11.3.2.4. Market Developments
- 11.3.2.5. Market Strategy
- 11.3.3. DIC Corporation
- 11.3.3.1. Overview
- 11.3.3.2. Segments and Product
- 11.3.3.3. Key Financials
- 11.3.3.4. Market Developments
- 11.3.3.5. Market Strategy
- 11.3.4. Koninklijke DSM NV.
- 11.3.4.1. Overview
- 11.3.4.2. Segments and Product
- 11.3.4.3. Key Financials
- 11.3.4.4. Market Developments
- 11.3.4.5. Market Strategy
- 11.3.5. Roquette Freres
- 11.3.5.1. Overview
- 11.3.5.2. Segments and Product
- 11.3.5.3. Key Financials
- 11.3.5.4. Market Developments
- 11.3.5.5. Market Strategy
- 11.3.6. Sun Chlorella
- 11.3.6.1. Overview
- 11.3.6.2. Segments and Product
- 11.3.6.3. Key Financials
- 11.3.6.4. Market Developments
- 11.3.6.5. Market Strategy
- 11.3.7. Cellana LLC.
- 11.3.7.1. Overview
- 11.3.7.2. Segments and Product
- 11.3.7.3. Key Financials
- 11.3.7.4. Market Developments
- 11.3.7.5. Market Strategy
- 11.3.8. Fuji Chemical Industries Co. Ltd.
- 11.3.8.1. Overview
- 11.3.8.2. Segments and Product
- 11.3.8.3. Key Financials
- 11.3.8.4. Market Developments
- 11.3.8.5. Market Strategy
- 11.3.9. Algama Foods
- 11.3.9.1. Overview
- 11.3.9.2. Segments and Product
- 11.3.9.3. Key Financials
- 11.3.9.4. Market Developments
- 11.3.9.5. Market Strategy
- 11.3.10. Corbin (Terra Via Holdings)
- 11.3.10.1. Overview
- 11.3.10.2. Segments and Product
- 11.3.10.3. Key Financials
- 11.3.10.4. Market Developments
- 11.3.10.5. Market Strategy
- 11.3.11. HOWND
- 11.3.11.1. Overview
- 11.3.11.2. Segments and Product
- 11.3.11.3. Key Financials
- 11.3.11.4. Market Developments
- 11.3.11.5. Market Strategy
- 11.3.12. Yunnan Green-A-Bio-engineering Co Ltd.
- 11.3.12.1. Overview
- 11.3.12.2. Segments and Product
- 11.3.12.3. Key Financials
- 11.3.12.4. Market Developments
- 11.3.12.5. Market Strategy
- 11.3.1. Cargill Inc.
12. Appendix
- 12.1. Research Methodology
- 12.2. Research Assumptions
- 12.3. Acronyms and Abbreviations
