Field Service Management Market: Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends, and Forecast, 2024-2031

Description

Persistence Market Research has recently released a comprehensive report on the global Field Service Management (FSM) Market, offering an in-depth analysis of key market dynamics, including driving forces, emerging trends, opportunities, and challenges. This report provides a detailed understanding of the FSM market landscape, helping stakeholders make informed decisions for future growth.

Key Insights:

Global Field Service Management Market Size (2024E): US$ 4.85 Bn
Projected Market Value (2031F): US$ 10.31 Bn
Market Growth Rate (CAGR 2024 to 2031): 12.3%

Field Service Management Market - Report Scope:

The global Field Service Management market refers to the software solutions and technologies designed to help businesses manage their field operations efficiently, including workforce scheduling, dispatching, inventory management, and customer support. With the increasing reliance on mobile and cloud-based solutions, FSM software has become essential for businesses in industries such as utilities, manufacturing, healthcare, and telecommunications. The market is driven by the need for real-time visibility, improved customer satisfaction, and operational efficiency.

Market Growth Drivers:

Several factors are driving the growth of the global Field Service Management market. The increasing demand for improved operational efficiency and reduced costs is prompting organizations to adopt FSM solutions. The growing trend of digital transformation and the need for real-time tracking of field service operations have fueled the adoption of FSM software across industries. Additionally, the increasing use of mobile and cloud-based solutions is enhancing service delivery and customer engagement, thus driving market growth. The push for automation and integration of IoT and AI technologies in FSM solutions also contributes to market expansion, enabling predictive maintenance and data-driven decision-making.

Market Restraints:

Despite its strong growth prospects, the global FSM market faces certain challenges. One of the key obstacles is the high initial implementation cost and the complexity of integrating FSM solutions with existing enterprise systems. Many businesses, particularly SMEs, may hesitate to adopt FSM technology due to budget constraints. Furthermore, data privacy and cybersecurity concerns are significant barriers to the widespread adoption of FSM solutions, especially in sectors dealing with sensitive information. Additionally, businesses may face resistance from employees who are accustomed to traditional service management practices, which can hinder the successful deployment of FSM software.

Market Opportunities:

The FSM market presents substantial opportunities, particularly driven by the rapid adoption of IoT and AI technologies. The rise in demand for remote service delivery, predictive maintenance, and real-time service optimization creates significant growth potential for FSM solutions. As more industries embrace smart devices and connected equipment, the need for FSM software that integrates seamlessly with IoT devices becomes critical. There is also an increasing demand for mobile-first solutions, especially for field technicians, to streamline their work processes. Furthermore, FSM software developers can explore opportunities in emerging markets where digital adoption is accelerating, such as Asia-Pacific and Latin America.

Key Questions Answered in the Report:

What are the primary factors driving the growth of the global Field Service Management market?
How are technological advancements, such as AI, IoT, and cloud computing, influencing the FSM market?
Which industries are adopting FSM solutions the fastest, and why?
What are the key challenges faced by businesses in implementing FSM software?
Who are the leading players in the global FSM market, and what strategies are they using to stay competitive?
What are the emerging trends in the FSM market, and how can companies capitalize on them?

Competitive Intelligence and Business Strategy:

Leading companies in the global Field Service Management market, including ServiceTitan, IFS, Salesforce, and Microsoft, are focusing on innovation and technology enhancements to stay competitive. These companies are incorporating AI, machine learning, and IoT capabilities into their FSM platforms to offer predictive maintenance, automated scheduling, and improved customer insights. Strategic partnerships with other software providers and vertical-specific solution offerings are also common strategies employed to increase market reach. Additionally, there is a growing emphasis on offering scalable, cloud-based FSM solutions to cater to businesses of various sizes. The increasing focus on mobile-first applications and user-friendly interfaces is also a key competitive advantage in a market that values seamless customer and technician experiences.

Key Companies Profiled:

Comarch SA
FieldAware Group Ltd.
GEOCONCEPT SAS
IFS AB
Infor, Inc.
Oracle Corporation
OverIT S.p.A.
PRAXEDO
Salesforce.com, Inc
ServiceMax, Inc.

Field Service Management Market Segmentation

By Component

Software
Services

By Application

Work Order Management
Schedule, Dispatch, and Route Optimization
Customer Management
Inventory Management
Service Contract Management
Reporting and Analytics

By Deployment

On-premises
Cloud

By Enterprise Size

Large Enterprises
Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs)

By Vertical

Banking, Financial Services and Insurance (BFSI)
IT and Telecom
Healthcare and Life Sciences
Manufacturing
Transportation and Logistics
Construction and Heavy Equipment
Energy and Utilities

By Region

North America
Europe
East Asia
South Asia and Oceania
Latin America
Middle East and Africa

Product Code: PMRREP34984

1. Executive Summary

1.1. Global Field Service Management (FSM) Market Snapshot, 2024 and 2031
1.2. Market Opportunity Assessment, 2024 - 2031, US$ Bn
1.3. Key Market Trends
1.4. Future Market Projections
1.5. Premium Market Insights
1.6. Industry Developments and Key Market Events
1.7. PMR Analysis and Recommendations

2. Market Overview

2.1. Market Scope and Definition
2.2. Market Dynamics
- 2.2.1. Drivers
- 2.2.2. Restraints
- 2.2.3. Opportunity
- 2.2.4. Challenges
- 2.2.5. Key Trends
2.3. Macro-Economic Factors
- 2.3.1. Global Sectorial Outlook
- 2.3.2. Global GDP Growth Outlook
- 2.3.3. Global Management Spending Outlook
2.4. COVID-19 Impact Analysis
2.5. Forecast Factors - Relevance and Impact

3. Value Added Insights

3.1. Product Adoption Analysis
3.2. Epidemiology - Deafness and Hearing Loss
3.3. Technology Assessment
3.4. Regulatory Landscape
3.5. Value Chain Analysis
- 3.5.1. List of Distribution Channel/Marketplaces
- 3.5.2. List of End Use (Industry)
3.6. Key Deals and Mergers
3.7. PESTLE Analysis
3.8. Porter's Five Force Analysis

4. Price Trend Analysis, 2019 - 2031

4.1. Key Highlights
4.2. Key Factors Impacting Product Prices
4.3. Pricing Analysis, By Component
4.4. Regional Prices and Product Preferences

5. Global Field Service Management (FSM) Market Outlook: Historical (2019 - 2023) and Forecast (2024 - 2031)

5.1. Key Highlights
- 5.1.1. Market Volume (Units) Projections
- 5.1.2. Market Size (US$ Bn) and Y-o-Y Growth
- 5.1.3. Absolute $ Opportunity
5.2. Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast
- 5.2.1. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis, 2019 - 2023
- 5.2.2. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, 2024 - 2031
5.3. Global Field Service Management (FSM) Market Outlook: Component
- 5.3.1. Introduction / Key Findings
- 5.3.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis, By Component, 2019 - 2023
- 5.3.3. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Component, 2024 - 2031
  - 5.3.3.1. Software
  - 5.3.3.2. Services
5.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Product
5.5. Global Field Service Management (FSM) Market Outlook: Application
- 5.5.1. Introduction / Key Findings
- 5.5.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis, By Application, 2019 - 2023
- 5.5.3. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Application, 2024 - 2031
  - 5.5.3.1. Work Order Management
  - 5.5.3.2. Schedule, Dispatch, and Route Optimization
  - 5.5.3.3. Customer Management
  - 5.5.3.4. Inventory Management
  - 5.5.3.5. Service Contract Management
  - 5.5.3.6. Reporting & Analytics
  - 5.5.3.7. Others (Resource Management, Technician and vehicle Tracking, Etc.)
5.6. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Application
5.7. Global Field Service Management (FSM) Market Outlook: Deployment
- 5.7.1. Introduction / Key Findings
- 5.7.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis, By Deployment, 2019 - 2023
- 5.7.3. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Deployment, 2024 - 2031
  - 5.7.3.1. On-premises
  - 5.7.3.2. Cloud
5.8. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Deployment
5.9. Global Field Service Management (FSM) Market Outlook: Enterprise Size
- 5.9.1. Introduction / Key Findings
- 5.9.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis, By Enterprise Size, 2019 - 2023
- 5.9.3. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Enterprise Size, 2024 - 2031
  - 5.9.3.1. Large Enterprises
  - 5.9.3.2. Small & Medium Enterprises (SMEs)
5.10. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Enterprise Size
5.11. Global Field Service Management (FSM) Market Outlook: Vertical
- 5.11.1. Introduction / Key Findings
- 5.11.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis, By Vertical, 2019 - 2023
- 5.11.3. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Vertical, 2024 - 2031
  - 5.11.3.1. Banking, Financial Services and Insurance (BFSI)
  - 5.11.3.2. IT & Telecom
  - 5.11.3.3. Healthcare & Life Sciences
  - 5.11.3.4. Manufacturing
  - 5.11.3.5. Transportation & Logistics
  - 5.11.3.6. Construction & Heavy Equipment
  - 5.11.3.7. Energy & Utilities
  - 5.11.3.8. Others (Government, Media & Entertainment, Education, Etc.)
5.12. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Vertical

6. Global Field Service Management (FSM) Market Outlook: Region

6.1. Key Highlights
6.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis, By Region, 2019 - 2023
6.3. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Region, 2024 - 2031
- 6.3.1. North America
- 6.3.2. Europe
- 6.3.3. East Asia
- 6.3.4. South Asia and Oceania
- 6.3.5. Latin America
- 6.3.6. Middle East & Africa
6.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Region

7. North America Field Service Management (FSM) Market Outlook: Historical (2019 - 2023) and Forecast (2024 - 2031)

7.1. Key Highlights
7.2. Pricing Analysis
7.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis, By Market, 2019 - 2023
- 7.3.1. By Country
- 7.3.2. By Component
- 7.3.3. By Application
- 7.3.4. By Deployment
- 7.3.5. By Enterprise Size
- 7.3.6. By Vertical
7.4. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2024 - 2031
- 7.4.1. U.S.
- 7.4.2. Canada
7.5. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Component, 2024 - 2031
- 7.5.1. Software
- 7.5.2. Services
7.6. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Application, 2024 - 2031
- 7.6.1. Work Order Management
- 7.6.2. Schedule, Dispatch, and Route Optimization
- 7.6.3. Customer Management
- 7.6.4. Inventory Management
- 7.6.5. Service Contract Management
- 7.6.6. Reporting & Analytics
- 7.6.7. Others (Resource Management, Technician and vehicle Tracking, Etc.)
7.7. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Deployment, 2024 - 2031
- 7.7.1. On-Premise
- 7.7.2. Cloud
7.8. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Enterprise Size, 2024 - 2031
- 7.8.1. Large Enterprises
- 7.8.2. Small & Medium Enterprises (SMEs)
7.9. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Vertical, 2024 - 2031
- 7.9.1. Banking, Financial Services and Insurance (BFSI)
- 7.9.2. IT & Telecom
- 7.9.3. Healthcare & Life Sciences
- 7.9.4. Manufacturing
- 7.9.5. Transportation & Logistics
- 7.9.6. Construction & Heavy Equipment
- 7.9.7. Energy & Utilities
- 7.9.8. Others (Government, Media & Entertainment, Education, Etc.)
7.10. Market Attractiveness Analysis

8. Europe Field Service Management (FSM) Market Outlook: Historical (2019 - 2023) and Forecast (2024 - 2031)

8.1. Key Highlights
8.2. Pricing Analysis
8.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis, By Market, 2019 - 2023
- 8.3.1. By Country
- 8.3.2. By Component
- 8.3.3. By Application
- 8.3.4. By Deployment
- 8.3.5. By Enterprise Size
- 8.3.6. By Vertical
8.4. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2024 - 2031
- 8.4.1. Germany
- 8.4.2. France
- 8.4.3. U.K.
- 8.4.4. Italy
- 8.4.5. Spain
- 8.4.6. Russia
- 8.4.7. Turkey
- 8.4.8. Rest of Europe
8.5. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Component, 2024 - 2031
- 8.5.1. Software
- 8.5.2. Services
8.6. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Application, 2024 - 2031
- 8.6.1. Work Order Management
- 8.6.2. Schedule, Dispatch, and Route Optimization
- 8.6.3. Customer Management
- 8.6.4. Inventory Management
- 8.6.5. Service Contract Management
- 8.6.6. Reporting & Analytics
- 8.6.7. Others (Resource Management, Technician and vehicle Tracking, Etc.)
8.7. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Deployment, 2024 - 2031
- 8.7.1. On-Premise
- 8.7.2. Cloud
8.8. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Enterprise Size, 2024 - 2031
- 8.8.1. Large Enterprises
- 8.8.2. Small & Medium Enterprises (SMEs)
8.9. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Vertical, 2024 - 2031
- 8.9.1. Banking, Financial Services and Insurance (BFSI)
- 8.9.2. IT & Telecom
- 8.9.3. Healthcare & Life Sciences
- 8.9.4. Manufacturing
- 8.9.5. Transportation & Logistics
- 8.9.6. Construction & Heavy Equipment
- 8.9.7. Energy & Utilities
- 8.9.8. Others (Government, Media & Entertainment, Education, Etc.)
8.10. Market Attractiveness Analysis

9. East Asia Field Service Management (FSM) Market Outlook: Historical (2019 - 2023) and Forecast (2024 - 2031)

9.1. Key Highlights
9.2. Pricing Analysis
9.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis, By Market, 2019 - 2023
- 9.3.1. By Country
- 9.3.2. By Component
- 9.3.3. By Application
- 9.3.4. By Deployment
- 9.3.5. By Enterprise Size
- 9.3.6. By Vertical
9.4. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2024 - 2031
- 9.4.1. China
- 9.4.2. Japan
- 9.4.3. South Korea
9.5. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Component, 2024 - 2031
- 9.5.1. Software
- 9.5.2. Services
9.6. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Application, 2024 - 2031
- 9.6.1. Work Order Management
- 9.6.2. Schedule, Dispatch, and Route Optimization
- 9.6.3. Customer Management
- 9.6.4. Inventory Management
- 9.6.5. Service Contract Management
- 9.6.6. Reporting & Analytics
- 9.6.7. Others (Resource Management, Technician and vehicle Tracking, Etc.)
9.7. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Deployment, 2024 - 2031
- 9.7.1. On-Premise
- 9.7.2. Cloud
9.8. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Enterprise Size, 2024 - 2031
- 9.8.1. Large Enterprises
- 9.8.2. Small & Medium Enterprises (SMEs)
9.9. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Vertical, 2024 - 2031
- 9.9.1. Banking, Financial Services and Insurance (BFSI)
- 9.9.2. IT & Telecom
- 9.9.3. Healthcare & Life Sciences
- 9.9.4. Manufacturing
- 9.9.5. Transportation & Logistics
- 9.9.6. Construction & Heavy Equipment
- 9.9.7. Energy & Utilities
- 9.9.8. Others (Government, Media & Entertainment, Education, Etc.)
9.10. Market Attractiveness Analysis

10. South Asia & Oceania Field Service Management (FSM) Market Outlook: Historical (2019 - 2023) and Forecast (2024 - 2031)

10.1. Key Highlights
10.2. Pricing Analysis
10.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis, By Market, 2019 - 2023
- 10.3.1. By Country
- 10.3.2. By Component
- 10.3.3. By Application
- 10.3.4. By Deployment
- 10.3.5. By Enterprise Size
- 10.3.6. By Vertical
10.4. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2024 - 2031
- 10.4.1. India
- 10.4.2. Southeast Asia
- 10.4.3. ANZ
- 10.4.4. Rest of South Asia & Oceania
10.5. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Component, 2024 - 2031
- 10.5.1. Software
- 10.5.2. Services
10.6. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Application, 2024 - 2031
- 10.6.1. Work Order Management
- 10.6.2. Schedule, Dispatch, and Route Optimization
- 10.6.3. Customer Management
- 10.6.4. Inventory Management
- 10.6.5. Service Contract Management
- 10.6.6. Reporting & Analytics
- 10.6.7. Others (Resource Management, Technician and vehicle Tracking, Etc.)
10.7. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Deployment, 2024 - 2031
- 10.7.1. On-Premise
- 10.7.2. Cloud
10.8. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Enterprise Size, 2024 - 2031
- 10.8.1. Large Enterprises
- 10.8.2. Small & Medium Enterprises (SMEs)
10.9. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Vertical, 2024 - 2031
- 10.9.1. Banking, Financial Services and Insurance (BFSI)
- 10.9.2. IT & Telecom
- 10.9.3. Healthcare & Life Sciences
- 10.9.4. Manufacturing
- 10.9.5. Transportation & Logistics
- 10.9.6. Construction & Heavy Equipment
- 10.9.7. Energy & Utilities
- 10.9.8. Others (Government, Media & Entertainment, Education, Etc.)
10.10. Market Attractiveness Analysis

11. Latin America Field Service Management (FSM) Market Outlook: Historical (2019 - 2023) and Forecast (2024 - 2031)

11.1. Key Highlights
11.2. Pricing Analysis
11.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis, By Market, 2019 - 2023
- 11.3.1. By Country
- 11.3.2. By Component
- 11.3.3. By Application
- 11.3.4. By Deployment
- 11.3.5. By Enterprise Size
- 11.3.6. By Vertical
11.4. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2024 - 2031
- 11.4.1. Brazil
- 11.4.2. Mexico
- 11.4.3. Rest of Latin America
11.5. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Component, 2024 - 2031
- 11.5.1. Software
- 11.5.2. Services
11.6. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Application, 2024 - 2031
- 11.6.1. Work Order Management
- 11.6.2. Schedule, Dispatch, and Route Optimization
- 11.6.3. Customer Management
- 11.6.4. Inventory Management
- 11.6.5. Service Contract Management
- 11.6.6. Reporting & Analytics
- 11.6.7. Others (Resource Management, Technician and vehicle Tracking, Etc.)
11.7. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Deployment, 2024 - 2031
- 11.7.1. On-Premise
- 11.7.2. Cloud
11.8. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Enterprise Size, 2024 - 2031
- 11.8.1. Large Enterprises
- 11.8.2. Small & Medium Enterprises (SMEs)
11.9. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Vertical, 2024 - 2031
- 11.9.1. Banking, Financial Services and Insurance (BFSI)
- 11.9.2. IT & Telecom
- 11.9.3. Healthcare & Life Sciences
- 11.9.4. Manufacturing
- 11.9.5. Transportation & Logistics
- 11.9.6. Construction & Heavy Equipment
- 11.9.7. Energy & Utilities
- 11.9.8. Others (Government, Media & Entertainment, Education, Etc.)
11.10. Market Attractiveness Analysis

12. Middle East & Africa Field Service Management (FSM) Market Outlook: Historical (2019 - 2023) and Forecast (2024 - 2031)

12.1. Key Highlights
12.2. Pricing Analysis
12.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis, By Market, 2019 - 2023
- 12.3.1. By Country
- 12.3.2. By Component
- 12.3.3. By Application
- 12.3.4. By Deployment
- 12.3.5. By Enterprise Size
- 12.3.6. By Vertical
12.4. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2024 - 2031
- 12.4.1. GCC Countries
- 12.4.2. Egypt
- 12.4.3. South Africa
- 12.4.4. Northern Africa
- 12.4.5. Rest of Middle East & Africa
12.5. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Component, 2024 - 2031
- 12.5.1. Software
- 12.5.2. Services
12.6. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Application, 2024 - 2031
- 12.6.1. Work Order Management
- 12.6.2. Schedule, Dispatch, and Route Optimization
- 12.6.3. Customer Management
- 12.6.4. Inventory Management
- 12.6.5. Service Contract Management
- 12.6.6. Reporting & Analytics
- 12.6.7. Others (Resource Management, Technician and vehicle Tracking, Etc.)
12.7. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Deployment, 2024 - 2031
- 12.7.1. On-Premise
- 12.7.2. Cloud
12.8. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Enterprise Size, 2024 - 2031
- 12.8.1. Large Enterprises
- 12.8.2. Small & Medium Enterprises (SMEs)
12.9. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Vertical, 2024 - 2031
- 12.9.1. Banking, Financial Services and Insurance (BFSI)
- 12.9.2. IT & Telecom
- 12.9.3. Healthcare & Life Sciences
- 12.9.4. Manufacturing
- 12.9.5. Transportation & Logistics
- 12.9.6. Construction & Heavy Equipment
- 12.9.7. Energy & Utilities
- 12.9.8. Others (Government, Media & Entertainment, Education, Etc.)
12.10. Market Attractiveness Analysis

13. Competition Landscape

13.1. Market Share Analysis, 2023
13.2. Market Structure
- 13.2.1. Competition Intensity Mapping By Market
- 13.2.2. Competition Dashboard
13.3. Company Profiles (Details - Overview, Financials, Strategy, Recent Developments)
- 13.3.1. Comarch SA
  - 13.3.1.1. Overview
  - 13.3.1.2. Segments and Products
  - 13.3.1.3. Key Financials
  - 13.3.1.4. Market Developments
  - 13.3.1.5. Market Strategy
- 13.3.2. FieldAware Group Ltd.
- 13.3.3. GEOCONCEPT SAS
- 13.3.4. IFS AB
- 13.3.5. Infor, Inc.
- 13.3.6. Oracle Corporation
- 13.3.7. OverIT S.p.A.
- 13.3.8. PRAXEDO
- 13.3.9. Salesforce.com, Inc
- 13.3.10. ServiceMax, Inc.

14. Appendix

14.1. Research Methodology
14.2. Research Assumptions
14.3. Acronyms and Abbreviations