Charging as a Service Market by Charger Type, End Use, Fleet service type

List of Tables

The global Charging as a service market is projected to grow from USD 169.5 million in 2025 to USD 2,135.0 million in 2035, at a CAGR of 29.1%.

Scope of the Report
Years Considered for the Study	2020-2035
Base Year	2024
Forecast Period	2025-2035
Units Considered	Value (USD Million/Billion)
Segments	By Charger Type, By End Use, By Fleet Service Type, By Region
Regions covered	Asia Pacific, Europe, and North America

The Charging as a Service market is expanding as fleet operators prioritize decarbonization, cost efficiency, and operational optimization. Businesses are advancing EV adoption due to tough emissions rules and corporate net-zero goals, but high infrastructure costs and complexity remain barriers. Charging as a Service addresses these issues by removing upfront capital costs, providing predictable OPEX-based pricing, and combining hardware, software, maintenance, and upgrades into a single subscription. This concept improves cost effectiveness by helping fleets avoid unexpected repair expenditures while also benefiting from proactive maintenance and remote monitoring, resulting in reduced downtime. Further, scalability and flexibility enable fleets to increase charging capacity as acceptance rises, facilitating fleet electrification strategies while avoiding long-term infrastructure ownership costs. As a result, Charging as a Service is emerging as a preferred solution for logistics, public transport, and corporate fleets aiming for sustainable and cost-effective EV operations.

"By Charger Type, AC Charger segment is expected to hold a significant share of Charging as a Service market during the forecast period."

AC charger segment is expected to be the largest market over the forecast period compared to DC chargers, driven by lower installation costs, ease of deployment, and suitability for residential and commercial settings. Unlike DC charger AC Chargers require significant infrastructure upgrades and high-power connections, AC chargers are more affordable and can be integrated into existing electrical grids with minimal modifications. Their widespread adoption is further supported by strategic partnerships, such as the partnership between EV Candi and SunFuel in 2024 to expand AC charging networks across residential and commercial properties. For instance, EV Connect's EV Charging-as-a-Service (EV CaaS) offers Level 2 (AC) charging under a monthly subscription model (starting at USD 100 per port), bundling equipment, installation, software, and maintenance. The service includes certified Level 2 chargers (Powercharge, EVoCharge, BTC), remote monitoring, automated alerts, and real-time performance management, ensuring seamless operation. Targeting businesses, fleets, and workplaces, it minimizes upfront costs, offers scalability, and keeps stations updated with firmware upgrades and proactive maintenance. The demand for AC chargers in the Charging as a Service market is increasing due to their cost-effectiveness, ease of installation, and feasibility for long-duration charging. AC chargers, especially Level 2 chargers, are widely adopted in residential complexes, workplaces, retail locations, and fleet depots, where vehicles remain parked for extended periods. Companies such as Blink Charging, ChargePoint, and Wallbox are expanding these expanded their AC charging networks across shopping malls, office buildings, and apartment complexes. These chargers offer cost-efficient and scalable charging solutions. AC chargers are preferred in workplace charging programs in which the company offered by companies such as Tesla and Siemens, where employees can charge their vehicles during work hours, leveraging time-of-use pricing to reduce electricity costs. Moreover, the fleet operators, including Amazon and FedEx, are integrating AC charging for overnight fleet charging to optimize costs and grid efficiency. Although there is a growing need for DC fast chargers in high-turnover locations, AC charging remains the preferred choice for semi-public (semi-commercial) applications, given its lower infrastructure investment and operational flexibility.

"Europe is expected to be the second largest market during the forecast period."

Europe is expected to be the second-largest market during the forecast period. This growth rate can be attributed to the rapidly evolving ecosystem driven by infrastructure expansion and subscription-based models. Leading local charging service providers such as Allego, Wallbox, ChargePoint, Compleo, Blink, and Efacec are investing in new charging networks, high-power charging corridors, and innovative subscription plans to enhance accessibility. Engie offers turnkey EV charging solutions with no upfront investment, covering installation, maintenance, and energy management for businesses, municipalities, and fleets. Allego provides charging-as-a-service with zero capital expenditure, offering DC and ultra-fast charging along with smart network management for retail, corporate, and logistics hubs. ChargePoint's CPaaS model delivers subscription-based EV charging, including hardware, software, and fleet energy management for commercial real estate, workplaces, and hospitality. Blink Charging's BaaS plan features zero-cost installation and revenue-sharing models, bundling hardware, software, and maintenance for municipalities, property owners, and fleets. Companies such as Ionity and Plugsurfing are expanding roaming agreements which allows seamless access to multiple charging operators with a single subscription. The advancements in SaaS technology are facilitating the payment processing and eliminating the need for physical cards or apps. With growing regulatory support, European charging service providers are focusing on scalability of EV Charging infrastructure, seamless payment integration, and subscription-based flexibility to drive EV adoption and enhance user convenience.

In-depth interviews were conducted with CEOs, marketing directors, other innovation and technology directors, and executives from various key organizations operating in this market.

By Company Type: OEMs - 24%, Tier I - 67%, and Tier II & III- 9%,
By Designation: CXO - 33%, Directors - 52%, and Others - 15%
By Region: North America - 26%, Europe - 36%, and Asia Pacific - 38%

The Charging as a service market is dominated by major players including like ChargePoint, Inc. (US), Tesla (US), TGOOD Global Ltd. (China), ENGIE (France), and State Grid Corporation of China (China). These companies are expanding their operations in EV Charging infrastructure to strengthen their CaaS ecosystem.

Research Coverage:

The report covers the CaaS market, in terms of Charger Type (AC Charger, DC Charger), Fleet Service Type (Company Vehicles & Motor Pools, Delivery & Logistics, Passenger Fleets), End Use (Private/Semi-Public Charging Setup - Shared Apartment Spaces, Convenience Retail, Restaurants, Auto Dealerships/OEM Operated Charging Spaces, Business, Fleet Charging Space, Public Charging Setup), and Region (Asia Pacific, Europe, and North America). It covers the competitive landscape and company profiles of the major players in the charging as a service market ecosystem.

The study also includes an in-depth competitive analysis of the key market players, along with their company profiles, key observations related to product and business offerings, recent developments, and key market strategies.

Key Benefits of Buying the Report:

The report will help market leaders/new entrants with information on the closest approximations of revenue and volume numbers for the overall charging as a service market and its subsegments.
This report will help stakeholders understand the competitive landscape and gain more insights to position their businesses better and plan suitable go-to-market strategies.
The report also helps stakeholders understand the market pulse and provides information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.
The report also helps stakeholders understand the current and future pricing trends of charging as a service.

The report provides insight on the following pointers:

Analysis of key drivers (Growing EV Adoption, Government Initiatives, Collaboration of local companies with large CPOs, Public-private partnerships (PPPs) for Charging Infrastructure, Minimal upfront costs), restraints (Grid Capacity Constraints), opportunities (Multi-Unit Dwellings (MUDs) Charging Solutions, Integration of Renewable Sources, Corporate and fleet electrification), and challenges (Standardization & Protocols, Cybersecurity Risks).
Product Development/Innovation: Detailed insights on upcoming technologies, research & development activities, and new service offerings in the charging as a service market.
Market Development: Comprehensive information about lucrative markets - the report analyses the charging as a service market across varied regions.
Market Diversification: Exhaustive information about new products & services, untapped geographies, recent developments, and investments in the charging as a service market.
Competitive Assessment: In-depth assessment of market ranking, growth strategies, and service offerings of leading players like ChargePoint, Inc. (US), Tesla (US), TGOOD Global Ltd. (China), ENGIE (France), and State Grid Corporation of China (China) among others in Charging as a Service market.

Product Code: AT 9328

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 STUDY OBJECTIVES
1.2 MARKET DEFINITION
1.3 STUDY SCOPE
- 1.3.1 MARKETS COVERED
- 1.3.2 INCLUSIONS AND EXCLUSIONS
- 1.3.3 YEARS CONSIDERED
1.4 CURRENCY CONSIDERED
1.5 STAKEHOLDERS

2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

2.1 RESEARCH DATA
- 2.1.1 SECONDARY DATA
  - 2.1.1.1 Secondary sources
  - 2.1.1.2 Key data from secondary sources
- 2.1.2 PRIMARY DATA
  - 2.1.2.1 Primary interviewees
  - 2.1.2.2 Breakdown of primary interviews
  - 2.1.2.3 Primary participants
  - 2.1.2.4 Key industry insights
2.2 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION
- 2.2.1 BOTTOM-UP APPROACH
- 2.2.2 TOP-DOWN APPROACH
2.3 DATA TRIANGULATION
2.4 FACTOR ANALYSIS
2.5 RESEARCH ASSUMPTIONS
2.6 RESEARCH LIMITATIONS
2.7 RISK ANALYSIS

3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

4 PREMIUM INSIGHTS

4.1 ATTRACTIVE OPPORTUNITIES FOR PLAYERS IN CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET
4.2 CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY END USE
4.3 CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY CHARGER TYPE
4.4 CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION

5 MARKET OVERVIEW

5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 MARKET DYNAMICS
- 5.2.1 DRIVERS
  - 5.2.1.1 Minimal upfront costs
  - 5.2.1.2 Rapid EV adoption
  - 5.2.1.3 Favorable government initiatives
  - 5.2.1.4 Collaborations between local companies and large charge point operators
  - 5.2.1.5 Rise in public-private partnerships for charging infrastructure
- 5.2.2 RESTRAINTS
  - 5.2.2.1 Grid capacity constraints
- 5.2.3 OPPORTUNITIES
  - 5.2.3.1 Need for shared charging solutions in multi-unit dwellings
  - 5.2.3.2 Integration of renewable sources
  - 5.2.3.3 Trend of corporate and fleet electrification
- 5.2.4 CHALLENGES
  - 5.2.4.1 Lack of standardization and protocols
  - 5.2.4.2 Cybersecurity risks
5.3 TRENDS AND DISRUPTIONS IMPACTING CONSUMER BUSINESS
5.4 ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS
5.5 VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS
5.6 USE CASE ANALYSIS
- 5.6.1 JET CHARGE+ POWERS OFFICEMAX'S TRANSITION TO SUSTAINABILITY
- 5.6.2 JET CHARGE+ SUPPORTS IAG'S FLEET ELECTRIFICATION
- 5.6.3 RVE'S DCC-9-BOX SIMPLIFIES EV CHARGING IN RENTAL BUILDING
- 5.6.4 CHARGEPOINT AS A SERVICE FACILITATES EV CHARGING IN ROBINSON PARK
- 5.6.5 RVE'S DCC-9-3R ENSURES STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY IN 7-UNIT CONDO BUILDING
5.7 INSIGHTS ON EV CHARGING PLANS BY CHARGING POINT OPERATORS
5.8 BUSINESS MODELS
- 5.8.1 SUBSCRIPTION SERVICE
- 5.8.2 PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP
5.9 CHARGING AS A SERVICE REVENUE ANALYSIS
5.10 CHARGING POINT REVENUE ANALYSIS
- 5.10.1 BY CHARGE POINT OPERATOR
- 5.10.2 BY COUNTRY
- 5.10.3 BY LEVEL OF CHARGING
5.11 ROI OF AC 22 KW EV CHARGING STATION SETUP AND OPERATION
5.12 CHARGING AS A SERVICE DYNAMIC PRICING STRATEGIES
- 5.12.1 TOTALENERGIES (FRANCE)
- 5.12.2 TESLA (US)
- 5.12.3 CHARGEPOINT (CALIFORNIA)
5.13 IMPACT OF INTEGRATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN EV CHARGING STATIONS ON CHARGE POINT OPERATORS
5.14 PATENT ANALYSIS
5.15 IMPACT OF AI/GEN AI
5.16 TECHNOLOGY ANALYSIS
- 5.16.1 KEY TECHNOLOGIES
  - 5.16.1.1 Ultra-fast charging
  - 5.16.1.2 Smart charging system
  - 5.16.1.3 Wireless power transfer
  - 5.16.1.4 Bidirectional charger
  - 5.16.1.5 Megawatt charging system
- 5.16.2 COMPLEMENTARY TECHNOLOGIES
  - 5.16.2.1 IoT-enabled EV charging station
  - 5.16.2.2 Crypto & blockchain-based charging payment
- 5.16.3 ADJACENT TECHNOLOGIES
  - 5.16.3.1 Plug-and-play charging
  - 5.16.3.2 Overhead charging or pantograph charging
  - 5.16.3.3 Autonomous EV charging
  - 5.16.3.4 Robotic and mobile charging unit
5.17 REGULATORY LANDSCAPE
5.18 INVESTMENT AND FUNDING SCENARIO
5.19 KEY CONFERENCES AND EVENTS, 2025-2026

6 CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY CHARGER TYPE

6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.2 AC CHARGERS
- 6.2.1 ACCESSIBILITY AND COST EFFICIENCY TO DRIVE MARKET
6.3 DC CHARGERS
- 6.3.1 NEED FOR QUICKER CHARGING AT PUBLIC STATIONS TO DRIVE MARKET
6.4 INDUSTRY INSIGHTS

7 CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY END USE

7.1 INTRODUCTION
7.2 SEMI-PUBLIC CHARGING SETUP
- 7.2.1 SURGE IN DEMAND FOR DEDICATED CHARGING INFRASTRUCTURE TO DRIVE MARKET
- 7.2.2 SHARED APARTMENT SPACES
- 7.2.3 CONVENIENCE STORES
- 7.2.4 RESTAURANTS
- 7.2.5 AUTO DEALERSHIPS/OEM-OPERATED CHARGING SPACES
- 7.2.6 BUSINESSES
- 7.2.7 FLEET CHARGING SPACES
7.3 PUBLIC CHARGING SETUP
- 7.3.1 REGULATORY MANDATES AND FINANCIAL INCENTIVES TO DRIVE MARKET
7.4 INDUSTRY INSIGHTS

8 CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY FLEET SERVICE TYPE

8.1 INTRODUCTION
8.2 COMPANY VEHICLES & MOTOR POOLS
8.3 DELIVERY & LOGISTICS
8.4 PASSENGER FLEETS
8.5 INDUSTRY INSIGHTS

9 CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION

9.1 INTRODUCTION
9.2 ASIA PACIFIC
- 9.2.1 MACROECONOMIC OUTLOOK
- 9.2.2 CHINA
  - 9.2.2.1 Rapid expansion of EV charging infrastructure to drive market
- 9.2.3 INDIA
  - 9.2.3.1 Strategic collaborations between CPOs, fleet operators, and restaurants to drive market
- 9.2.4 JAPAN
  - 9.2.4.1 Push toward sustainability and electrification to drive market
- 9.2.5 SOUTH KOREA
  - 9.2.5.1 Government subsidies and incentives for EV charger installation to drive market
9.3 EUROPE
- 9.3.1 MACROECONOMIC OUTLOOK
- 9.3.2 GERMANY
  - 9.3.2.1 Emphasis on enhancing public and semi-public EV charging infrastructure to drive market
- 9.3.3 FRANCE
  - 9.3.3.1 Rise of charging station deployment to drive market
- 9.3.4 ITALY
  - 9.3.4.1 Increasing demand from businesses looking for cost-effective charging solutions to drive market
- 9.3.5 SPAIN
  - 9.3.5.1 Subsidies and tax benefits promoting charging infrastructure development to drive market
- 9.3.6 UK
  - 9.3.6.1 Elevated demand for cost-effective EV charging infrastructure to drive market
9.4 NORTH AMERICA
- 9.4.1 MACROECONOMIC OUTLOOK
- 9.4.2 US
  - 9.4.2.1 Growth in demand for electric vehicles to drive market
- 9.4.3 CANADA
  - 9.4.3.1 Favorable government policies to drive market

10 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE

10.1 INTRODUCTION
10.2 KEY PLAYER STRATEGIES/RIGHT TO WIN, 2021-2024
10.3 MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS, 2024
10.4 REVENUE ANALYSIS, 2019-2023
10.5 COMPANY VALUATION AND FINANCIAL METRICS
10.6 BRAND/PRODUCT COMPARISON
10.7 COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX: KEY PLAYERS, 2024
- 10.7.1 STARS
- 10.7.2 EMERGING LEADERS
- 10.7.3 PERVASIVE PLAYERS
- 10.7.4 PARTICIPANTS
- 10.7.5 COMPANY FOOTPRINT
  - 10.7.5.1 Company footprint
  - 10.7.5.2 Region footprint
  - 10.7.5.3 End use footprint
  - 10.7.5.4 Charger type footprint
10.8 COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX: START-UPS/SMES, 2024
- 10.8.1 PROGRESSIVE COMPANIES
- 10.8.2 RESPONSIVE COMPANIES
- 10.8.3 DYNAMIC COMPANIES
- 10.8.4 STARTING BLOCKS
- 10.8.5 COMPETITIVE BENCHMARKING
  - 10.8.5.1 List of start-ups/SMEs
  - 10.8.5.2 Competitive benchmarking of start-ups/SMEs
10.9 COMPETITIVE SCENARIO
- 10.9.1 PRODUCT/SERVICE LAUNCHES
- 10.9.2 DEALS
- 10.9.3 OTHERS

11 COMPANY PROFILES

11.1 KEY PLAYERS
- 11.1.1 CHARGEPOINT, INC.
  - 11.1.1.1 Business overview
  - 11.1.1.2 Business model analysis
    - 11.1.1.2.1 Hardware sales
    - 11.1.1.2.2 Networked subscription services
    - 11.1.1.2.3 Charging as a Service & fleet solutions
    - 11.1.1.2.4 Transaction revenue (pay-per-use)
    - 11.1.1.2.5 Energy management & grid services
  - 11.1.1.3 ChargePoint essential cloud plan
  - 11.1.1.4 Services offered
  - 11.1.1.5 Recent developments
    - 11.1.1.5.1 Product/Service launches
    - 11.1.1.5.2 Deals
    - 11.1.1.5.3 Expansions
  - 11.1.1.6 MnM view
    - 11.1.1.6.1 Key strengths
    - 11.1.1.6.2 Strategic choices
    - 11.1.1.6.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats
- 11.1.2 TESLA
  - 11.1.2.1 Business overview
  - 11.1.2.2 Tesla V3 vs. V4 superchargers
  - 11.1.2.3 Tesla's upcoming plans of NACS
  - 11.1.2.4 Business model analysis
  - 11.1.2.5 Services offered
  - 11.1.2.6 Recent developments
    - 11.1.2.6.1 Product/Service launches
    - 11.1.2.6.2 Deals
    - 11.1.2.6.3 Expansions
    - 11.1.2.6.4 Others
  - 11.1.2.7 MnM view
    - 11.1.2.7.1 Key strengths
    - 11.1.2.7.2 Strategic choices
    - 11.1.2.7.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats
- 11.1.3 TGOOD GLOBAL LTD.
  - 11.1.3.1 Business overview
  - 11.1.3.2 Business model analysis
  - 11.1.3.3 TGOOD microgrid system
  - 11.1.3.4 TGOOD stereo garage charging system
  - 11.1.3.5 Services offered
  - 11.1.3.6 Recent developments
    - 11.1.3.6.1 Deals
  - 11.1.3.7 MnM view
    - 11.1.3.7.1 Key strengths
    - 11.1.3.7.2 Strategic choices
    - 11.1.3.7.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats
- 11.1.4 ENGIE
  - 11.1.4.1 Business overview
  - 11.1.4.2 Business model analysis
  - 11.1.4.3 EVBox care
  - 11.1.4.4 ENGIE as e-mobility service provider
  - 11.1.4.5 Services offered
  - 11.1.4.6 Recent developments
    - 11.1.4.6.1 Product/Service launches
    - 11.1.4.6.2 Deals
    - 11.1.4.6.3 Expansions
    - 11.1.4.6.4 Others
  - 11.1.4.7 MnM view
    - 11.1.4.7.1 Key strengths
    - 11.1.4.7.2 Strategic choices
    - 11.1.4.7.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats
- 11.1.5 STATE GRID CORPORATION OF CHINA
  - 11.1.5.1 Business overview
  - 11.1.5.2 Business model analysis
  - 11.1.5.3 Largest state-owned charging network across China
  - 11.1.5.4 Recent developments
    - 11.1.5.4.1 Product/Service launches
    - 11.1.5.4.2 Deals
    - 11.1.5.4.3 Expansions
  - 11.1.5.5 MnM view
    - 11.1.5.5.1 Key strengths
    - 11.1.5.5.2 Strategic choices
    - 11.1.5.5.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats
- 11.1.6 STARCHARGE
  - 11.1.6.1 Business overview
  - 11.1.6.2 Services offered
  - 11.1.6.3 Recent developments
    - 11.1.6.3.1 Deals
    - 11.1.6.3.2 Others
- 11.1.7 SHELL PLC
  - 11.1.7.1 Business overview
  - 11.1.7.2 Services offered
  - 11.1.7.3 Recent developments
    - 11.1.7.3.1 Deals
    - 11.1.7.3.2 Expansions
    - 11.1.7.3.3 Others
- 11.1.8 BP P.L.C.
  - 11.1.8.1 Business overview
  - 11.1.8.2 Services offered
  - 11.1.8.3 Recent developments
    - 11.1.8.3.1 Deals
    - 11.1.8.3.2 Expansions
    - 11.1.8.3.3 Others
- 11.1.9 TOTALENERGIES
  - 11.1.9.1 Business overview
  - 11.1.9.2 Services offered
  - 11.1.9.3 Recent developments
    - 11.1.9.3.1 Product/Service launches
    - 11.1.9.3.2 Deals
    - 11.1.9.3.3 Expansions
    - 11.1.9.3.4 Others
- 11.1.10 ENEL X S.R.L.
  - 11.1.10.1 Business overview
  - 11.1.10.2 Services offered
  - 11.1.10.3 Recent developments
    - 11.1.10.3.1 Deals
    - 11.1.10.3.2 Expansions
    - 11.1.10.3.3 Others
- 11.1.11 VIRTA GLOBAL
  - 11.1.11.1 Business overview
  - 11.1.11.2 Services offered
  - 11.1.11.3 Recent developments
    - 11.1.11.3.1 Deals
    - 11.1.11.3.2 Others
- 11.1.12 ALLEGO B.V.
  - 11.1.12.1 Business overview
  - 11.1.12.2 Services offered
  - 11.1.12.3 Recent developments
    - 11.1.12.3.1 Deals
    - 11.1.12.3.2 Expansions
    - 11.1.12.3.3 Others
11.2 OTHER PLAYERS
- 11.2.1 PLENTITUDE
- 11.2.2 THREEFORCE
- 11.2.3 MER
- 11.2.4 POWERDOT
- 11.2.5 ELECTRIFY AMERICA
- 11.2.6 EVGO SERVICES LLC
- 11.2.7 EV CONNECT
- 11.2.8 VATTENFALL AB
- 11.2.9 FRESHMILE
- 11.2.10 BLINK CHARGING CO.
- 11.2.11 POWERFLEX
- 11.2.12 OPCONNECT
- 11.2.13 FLO SERVICES USA INC.

12 RECOMMENDATIONS BY MARKETSANDMARKETS

12.1 STRATEGIC FOCUS ON ASIA PACIFIC CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET
12.2 EMPHASIS ON USER EXPERIENCE (UX) THROUGH DIGITAL INTEGRATION
12.3 ADOPTION OF SUBSCRIPTION-BASED AND VALUE-ADDED MODELS
12.4 INTEGRATION OF DATA AND SMART TECHNOLOGY FOR OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY
12.5 BUILDING PARTNERSHIPS AND ECOSYSTEMS FOR SCALABILITY
12.6 CONCLUSION

13 APPENDIX

13.1 INSIGHTS FROM INDUSTRY EXPERTS
13.2 DISCUSSION GUIDE
13.3 KNOWLEDGESTORE: MARKETSANDMARKETS' SUBSCRIPTION PORTAL
13.4 CUSTOMIZATION OPTIONS
- 13.4.1 FURTHER BREAKDOWN OF CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY LEVEL OF CHARGING, AT COUNTRY LEVEL
- 13.4.2 FURTHER BREAKDOWN OF CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REVENUE MODEL, AT COUNTRY LEVEL
- 13.4.3 COMPANY PROFILES OF UP TO FIVE ADDITIONAL PLAYERS
13.5 RELATED REPORTS
13.6 AUTHOR DETAILS

Product Code: AT 9328

List of Tables

TABLE 1 CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET DEFINITION, BY CHARGER TYPE
TABLE 2 CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET DEFINITION, BY FLEET SERVICE TYPE
TABLE 3 CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET DEFINITION, BY END USE
TABLE 4 INCLUSIONS AND EXCLUSIONS
TABLE 5 USD EXCHANGE RATES, 2019-2024
TABLE 6 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR EV CHARGING IN MAJOR COUNTRIES
TABLE 7 PRIVATE INVESTMENT FOR EV CHARGING IN US
TABLE 8 ROLE OF COMPANIES IN ECOSYSTEM
TABLE 9 EV CHARGING PLANS, BY CHARGING POINT OPERATOR
TABLE 10 CHARGING AS A SERVICE REVENUE ANALYSIS, 2024
TABLE 11 CHARGING POINT REVENUE ANALYSIS, BY CHARGE POINT OPERATOR, 2024
TABLE 12 CHARGING POINT REVENUE ANALYSIS, BY COUNTRY, 2024
TABLE 13 CHARGING POINT REVENUE ANALYSIS, BY LEVEL OF CHARGING, 2024
TABLE 14 ASSUMPTIONS FOR ROI ON AC 22 KW CHARGING STATION
TABLE 15 DYNAMIC PRICING OF EV CHARGING
TABLE 16 TOTALENERGIES: VARIATIONS IN PRICING THROUGHOUT DAY
TABLE 17 TESLA: MECHANISM OF SUPERCHARGER PRICING
TABLE 18 TESLA: SUPERCHARGER IDLE FEE, BY COUNTRY
TABLE 19 CHARGEPOINT: PRICING MODELS
TABLE 20 CHARGEPOINT: STAGES OF CHARGING STATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
TABLE 21 PARAMETERS OF SOLAR ENERGY INTEGRATION IN EV CHARGING STATION
TABLE 22 PATENT ANALYSIS
TABLE 23 GLOBAL EV CHARGING STATION INCENTIVES
TABLE 24 NORTH AMERICA: REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS
TABLE 25 EUROPE: REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS
TABLE 26 ASIA PACIFIC: REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS
TABLE 27 KEY CONFERENCES AND EVENTS, 2025-2026
TABLE 28 CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY CHARGER TYPE, 2021-2024 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 29 CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY CHARGER TYPE, 2025-2035 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 30 AC CHARGERS: CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2021-2024 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 31 AC CHARGERS: CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2025-2035 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 32 DC CHARGERS: CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2021-2024 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 33 DC CHARGERS: CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2025-2035 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 34 CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY END USE, 2021-2024 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 35 CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY END USE, 2025-2035 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 36 SEMI-PUBLIC CHARGING SETUP: CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2021-2024 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 37 SEMI-PUBLIC CHARGING SETUP: CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2025-2035 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 38 PUBLIC CHARGING SETUP: CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2021-2024 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 39 PUBLIC CHARGING SETUP: CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2025-2035 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 40 NEW CHARGER SETUP THROUGH CHARGING AS A SERVICE MODEL, BY REGION, 2021-2024 (THOUSAND UNITS)
TABLE 41 NEW CHARGER SETUP THROUGH CHARGING AS A SERVICE MODEL, BY REGION, 2025-2035 (THOUSAND UNITS)
TABLE 42 CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2021-2024 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 43 CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2025-2035 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 44 ASIA PACIFIC: CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2021-2024 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 45 ASIA PACIFIC: CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2035 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 46 CHINA: CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY CHARGER TYPE, 2021-2024 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 47 CHINA: CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY CHARGER TYPE, 2025-2035 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 48 INDIA: CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY CHARGER TYPE, 2021-2024 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 49 INDIA: CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY CHARGER TYPE, 2025-2035 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 50 JAPAN: CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY CHARGER TYPE, 2021-2024 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 51 JAPAN: CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY CHARGER TYPE, 2025-2035 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 52 SOUTH KOREA: CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY CHARGER TYPE, 2021-2024 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 53 SOUTH KOREA: CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY CHARGER TYPE, 2025-2035 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 54 EUROPE: CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2021-2024 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 55 EUROPE: CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2035 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 56 GERMANY: CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY CHARGER TYPE, 2021-2024 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 57 GERMANY: CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY CHARGER TYPE, 2025-2035 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 58 FRANCE: CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY CHARGER TYPE, 2021-2024 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 59 FRANCE: CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY CHARGER TYPE, 2025-2035 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 60 ITALY: CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY CHARGER TYPE, 2021-2024 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 61 ITALY: CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY CHARGER TYPE, 2025-2035 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 62 SPAIN: CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY CHARGER TYPE, 2021-2024 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 63 SPAIN: CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY CHARGER TYPE, 2025-2035 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 64 UK: CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY CHARGER TYPE, 2021-2024 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 65 UK: CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY CHARGER TYPE, 2025-2035 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 66 NORTH AMERICA: CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2021-2024 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 67 NORTH AMERICA: CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2035 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 68 US: CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY CHARGER TYPE, 2021-2024 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 69 US: CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY CHARGER TYPE, 2025-2035 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 70 CANADA: CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY CHARGER TYPE, 2021-2024 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 71 CANADA: CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY CHARGER TYPE, 2025-2035 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 72 KEY PLAYER STRATEGIES/RIGHT TO WIN, 2021-2024
TABLE 73 MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS OF KEY PLAYERS, 2024
TABLE 74 REGION FOOTPRINT
TABLE 75 END USE FOOTPRINT
TABLE 76 CHARGER TYPE FOOTPRINT
TABLE 77 LIST OF START-UPS/SMES
TABLE 78 COMPETITIVE BENCHMARKING OF START-UPS/SMES
TABLE 79 CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET: PRODUCT/SERVICE LAUNCHES, 2021-2025
TABLE 80 CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET: DEALS, 2021-2025
TABLE 81 CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET: OTHERS, 2021-2025
TABLE 82 CHARGEPOINT, INC.: COMPANY OVERVIEW
TABLE 83 CHARGEPOINT, INC.: SERVICES OFFERED
TABLE 84 CHARGEPOINT, INC.: PRODUCT/SERVICE LAUNCHES
TABLE 85 CHARGEPOINT, INC.: DEALS
TABLE 86 CHARGEPOINT, INC.: EXPANSIONS
TABLE 87 TESLA: COMPANY OVERVIEW
TABLE 88 TESLA: SERVICES OFFERED
TABLE 89 TESLA: PRODUCT LAUNCHES
TABLE 90 TESLA: DEALS
TABLE 91 TESLA: EXPANSIONS
TABLE 92 TESLA: OTHERS
TABLE 93 TGOOD GLOBAL LTD.: COMPANY OVERVIEW
TABLE 94 TGOOD GLOBAL LTD.: SERVICES OFFERED
TABLE 95 TGOOD GLOBAL LTD.: DEALS
TABLE 96 ENGIE: COMPANY OVERVIEW
TABLE 97 ENGIE: SERVICES OFFERED
TABLE 98 ENGIE: PRODUCT/SERVICE LAUNCHES
TABLE 99 ENGIE: DEALS
TABLE 100 ENGIE: EXPANSIONS
TABLE 101 ENGIE: OTHERS
TABLE 102 STATE GRID CORPORATION OF CHINA: COMPANY OVERVIEW
TABLE 103 STATE GRID CORPORATION OF CHINA: PRODUCT/SERVICE LAUNCHES
TABLE 104 STATE GRID CORPORATION OF CHINA: DEALS
TABLE 105 STATE GRID CORPORATION OF CHINA: EXPANSIONS
TABLE 106 STARCHARGE: COMPANY OVERVIEW
TABLE 107 STARCHARGE: SERVICES OFFERED
TABLE 108 STARCHARGE: DEALS
TABLE 109 STARCHARGE: OTHERS
TABLE 110 SHELL PLC: COMPANY OVERVIEW
TABLE 111 SHELL PLC: SERVICES OFFERED
TABLE 112 SHELL PLC: DEALS
TABLE 113 SHELL PLC: EXPANSIONS
TABLE 114 SHELL PLC.: OTHERS
TABLE 115 BP P.L.C.: COMPANY OVERVIEW
TABLE 116 BP P.L.C.: SERVICES OFFERED
TABLE 117 BP P.L.C.: DEALS
TABLE 118 BP P.L.C.: EXPANSIONS
TABLE 119 BP P.L.C.: OTHERS
TABLE 120 TOTALENERGIES: COMPANY OVERVIEW
TABLE 121 TOTALENERGIES: SERVICES OFFERED
TABLE 122 TOTALENERGIES: PRODUCT/SERVICE LAUNCHES
TABLE 123 TOTALENERGIES: DEALS
TABLE 124 TOTALENERGIES: EXPANSIONS
TABLE 125 TOTALENERGIES: OTHERS
TABLE 126 ENEL X S.R.L.: COMPANY OVERVIEW
TABLE 127 ENEL X S.R.L.: SERVICES OFFERED
TABLE 128 ENEL X S.R.L.: DEALS
TABLE 129 ENEL X S.R.L.: EXPANSIONS
TABLE 130 ENEL X S.R.L.: OTHERS
TABLE 131 VIRTA GLOBAL: COMPANY OVERVIEW
TABLE 132 VIRTA GLOBAL: SERVICES OFFERED
TABLE 133 VIRTA GLOBAL: DEALS
TABLE 134 VIRTA GLOBAL: OTHERS
TABLE 135 ALLEGO B.V.: COMPANY OVERVIEW
TABLE 136 ALLEGO B.V.: SERVICES OFFERED
TABLE 137 ALLEGO B.V.: DEALS
TABLE 138 ALLEGO B.V.: EXPANSIONS
TABLE 139 ALLEGO B.V.: OTHERS
TABLE 140 PLENTITUDE: COMPANY OVERVIEW
TABLE 141 THREEFORCE: COMPANY OVERVIEW
TABLE 142 MER: COMPANY OVERVIEW
TABLE 143 POWERDOT: COMPANY OVERVIEW
TABLE 144 ELECTRIFY AMERICA: COMPANY OVERVIEW
TABLE 145 EVGO SERVICES LLC: COMPANY OVERVIEW
TABLE 146 EV CONNECT: COMPANY OVERVIEW
TABLE 147 VATTENFALL AB: COMPANY OVERVIEW
TABLE 148 FRESHMILE: COMPANY OVERVIEW
TABLE 149 BLINK CHARGING CO.: COMPANY OVERVIEW
TABLE 150 POWERFLEX: COMPANY OVERVIEW
TABLE 151 OPCONNECT: COMPANY OVERVIEW
TABLE 152 FLO SERVICES USA INC.: COMPANY OVERVIEW

List of Figures

FIGURE 1 MARKET SEGMENTATION AND REGIONAL SCOPE
FIGURE 2 RESEARCH DESIGN
FIGURE 3 RESEARCH DESIGN MODEL
FIGURE 4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: HYPOTHESIS BUILDING
FIGURE 5 BOTTOM-UP APPROACH
FIGURE 6 TOP-DOWN APPROACH
FIGURE 7 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION NOTES
FIGURE 8 DATA TRIANGULATION
FIGURE 9 DEMAND AND SUPPLY-SIDE FACTOR ANALYSIS
FIGURE 10 REPORT SUMMARY
FIGURE 11 ASIA PACIFIC TO BE LARGEST MARKET DURING FORECAST PERIOD
FIGURE 12 AC CHARGERS SEGMENT TO SECURE LEADING POSITION DURING FORECAST PERIOD
FIGURE 13 PUBLIC CHARGING SETUP SEGMENT TO EXHIBIT HIGHER GROWTH DURING FORECAST PERIOD
FIGURE 14 KEY PLAYERS IN CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET
FIGURE 15 SURGE IN FLEET ELECTRIFICATION TO DRIVE MARKET
FIGURE 16 PUBLIC CHARGING SETUP SEGMENT TO BE DOMINANT DURING FORECAST PERIOD
FIGURE 17 AC CHARGERS TO BE LARGER SEGMENT THAN DC CHARGERS DURING FORECAST PERIOD
FIGURE 18 EUROPE TO BE FASTEST-GROWING MARKET DURING FORECAST PERIOD
FIGURE 19 CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET DYNAMICS
FIGURE 20 TURNKEY SOLUTIONS AND JOINT VENTURE MODELS REDUCE UPFRONT COST
FIGURE 21 EV ADOPTION IN MAJOR COUNTRIES
FIGURE 22 DEMAND FOR GRID CAPACITY IN EUROPE
FIGURE 23 INTEGRATION OF RENEWABLE RESOURCES FOR EV CHARGING
FIGURE 24 TRENDS AND DISRUPTIONS IMPACTING CONSUMER BUSINESS
FIGURE 25 ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS
FIGURE 26 VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS
FIGURE 27 BUSINESS MODELS IN CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET
FIGURE 28 CHARGING POINT REVENUE ANALYSIS, BY CHARGE POINT OPERATOR, 2024
FIGURE 29 CHARGING POINT REVENUE ANALYSIS, BY COUNTRY, 2024
FIGURE 30 CHARGING POINT REVENUE ANALYSIS, BY LEVEL OF CHARGING, 2024
FIGURE 31 ROI OF AC 22 KW CHARGING STATION FOR 10 YEARS
FIGURE 32 HOURLY GRID ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION
FIGURE 33 PATENT ANALYSIS
FIGURE 34 SMART EV CHARGING SYSTEM
FIGURE 35 WIRELESS EV CHARGING SYSTEM
FIGURE 36 BIDIRECTIONAL EV CHARGING ENERGY FLOW CYCLE
FIGURE 37 REGION-WISE MEGAWATT CHARGING PROJECTS
FIGURE 38 ROLE OF IOT IN EV CHARGING SYSTEM
FIGURE 39 CRYPTO & BLOCKCHAIN-BASED CHARGING PAYMENTS
FIGURE 40 PLUG-AND-PLAY CONNECTIVITY FOR EV CHARGING
FIGURE 41 SIEMENS' EHIGHWAY SYSTEM
FIGURE 42 ZIGGY ROBOTIC MOBILE EV CHARGING PLATFORM
FIGURE 43 INVESTMENT AND FUNDING SCENARIO, 2021-2024
FIGURE 44 CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY CHARGER TYPE, 2025-2035 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 45 CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY END USE, 2025-2035 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 46 CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2025-2035 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 47 ASIA PACIFIC: CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET SNAPSHOT
FIGURE 48 ASIA PACIFIC: REAL GDP GROWTH RATE, BY COUNTRY, 2024-2026
FIGURE 49 ASIA PACIFIC: GDP PER CAPITA, BY COUNTRY, 2024-2026
FIGURE 50 ASIA PACIFIC: INFLATION RATE AVERAGE CONSUMER PRICES, BY COUNTRY, 2024-2026
FIGURE 51 ASIA PACIFIC: MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY'S CONTRIBUTION TO GDP, 2024 (USD TRILLION)
FIGURE 52 EUROPE: CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2035 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 53 EUROPE: REAL GDP GROWTH RATE, BY COUNTRY, 2024-2026
FIGURE 54 EUROPE: GDP PER CAPITA, BY COUNTRY, 2024-2026
FIGURE 55 EUROPE: INFLATION RATE AVERAGE CONSUMER PRICES, BY COUNTRY, 2024-2026
FIGURE 56 EUROPE: MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY'S CONTRIBUTION TO GDP, 2024 (USD TRILLION)
FIGURE 57 NORTH AMERICA: CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET SNAPSHOT
FIGURE 58 NORTH AMERICA: REAL GDP GROWTH RATE, BY COUNTRY, 2024-2026
FIGURE 59 NORTH AMERICA: GDP PER CAPITA, BY COUNTRY, 2024-2026
FIGURE 60 NORTH AMERICA: CPI INFLATION RATE, BY COUNTRY, 2024-2026
FIGURE 61 NORTH AMERICA: MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY'S CONTRIBUTION TO GDP, 2024
FIGURE 62 MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS OF KEY PLAYERS, 2024
FIGURE 63 REVENUE ANALYSIS OF TOP FOUR PLAYERS, 2019-2023
FIGURE 64 COMPANY VALUATION OF KEY MANUFACTURERS
FIGURE 65 FINANCIAL METRICS OF KEY MANUFACTURERS
FIGURE 66 BRAND/PRODUCT COMPARISON
FIGURE 67 COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX (KEY PLAYERS), 2024
FIGURE 68 COMPANY FOOTPRINT
FIGURE 69 COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX (START-UPS/SMES), 2024
FIGURE 70 CHARGEPOINT, INC.: COMPANY SNAPSHOT
FIGURE 71 CHARGEPOINT, INC.: CHARGEPOINT AS A SERVICE SUBSCRIPTION
FIGURE 72 CHARGEPOINT, INC.: CHARGEPOINT AS A SERVICE OPTIONS
FIGURE 73 CHARGEPOINT, INC.: CHARGEPOINT ESSENTIAL CLOUD PLAN
FIGURE 74 TESLA: COMPANY SNAPSHOT
FIGURE 75 TESLA: CHARGE SPEED, BY CONNECTOR TYPE
FIGURE 76 TESLA: CHARGING FOR ALL
FIGURE 77 TESLA: SUPERCHARGER NETWORK
FIGURE 78 TESLA: V3 VS. V4 SUPERCHARGERS
FIGURE 79 TESLA: UPCOMING PLANS OF NACS
FIGURE 80 TGOOD GLOBAL LTD.: COMPANY SNAPSHOT
FIGURE 81 TGOOD GLOBAL LTD.: MICROGRID SYSTEM
FIGURE 82 TGOOD GLOBAL LTD.: STEREO GARAGE CHARGING SYSTEM
FIGURE 83 ENGIE: COMPANY SNAPSHOT
FIGURE 84 ENGIE: EVBOX CARE
FIGURE 85 ENGIE AS E-MOBILITY SERVICE PROVIDER
FIGURE 86 STARCHARGE: EV CHARGING SOLUTION
FIGURE 87 SHELL PLC: COMPANY SNAPSHOT
FIGURE 88 BP P.L.C.: COMPANY SNAPSHOT
FIGURE 89 TOTALENERGIES: COMPANY SNAPSHOT
FIGURE 90 ENEL X S.R.L.: COMPANY SNAPSHOT
FIGURE 91 ENEL X S.R.L.: EV CHARGING STATIONS
FIGURE 92 ENEL X S.R.L.: CHARGING SOLUTIONS AND SERVICES
FIGURE 93 VIRTA GLOBAL: END-TO-END CHARGING SOLUTION
FIGURE 94 ALLEGO B.V.: COMPANY CHARGING FOOTPRINT
FIGURE 95 ALLEGO B.V.: EV CHARGING SERVICE OFFERINGS
FIGURE 96 ALLEGO B.V.: COMPANY SNAPSHOT

Charging as a Service Market by Charger Type (AC Charger, DC Charger), End Use [Private Charging Setup (Semi-Commercial), Public Charging Setup (Commercial)], Fleet Service Type (Company Vehicles & Motor Pools) - Global Forecast to 2035

Description

Table of Contents

List of Tables

Research Coverage:

Key Benefits of Buying the Report:

The report provides insight on the following pointers:

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION

2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

4 PREMIUM INSIGHTS

5 MARKET OVERVIEW

6 CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY CHARGER TYPE

7 CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY END USE

8 CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY FLEET SERVICE TYPE

9 CHARGING AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION

10 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE

11 COMPANY PROFILES

12 RECOMMENDATIONS BY MARKETSANDMARKETS

13 APPENDIX

List of Tables

List of Figures