Digital Signature Market - Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends, and Forecast 2031 - By Product, Technology, Grade, Application, End-user, Region: (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America and Middle East and Africa)

Description

The digital signature market is experiencing significant growth as the demand for secure and efficient electronic transactions continues to rise across various industries.Valued at USD 7 billion in 2024, the market is expected to soar to USD 37.8 billion by 2031, growing at a remarkable CAGR of 27.20% during this period. Digital signatures, a type of electronic signature, are used to verify the identity of the sender or signer of a document, ensuring that the content of the document has not been altered. They utilize a combination of public key cryptography and hashing functions to authenticate digital documents and transactions.

Digital signatures are widely applied across sectors such as finance, healthcare, government, and legal, where the verification of electronic documents is essential. These signatures can be used to authenticate a wide range of digital documents, including contracts, invoices, legal documents, and electronic transactions like online purchases and banking operations. Additionally, they play a crucial role in securing government services, such as tax filings and visa applications, by ensuring the authenticity and integrity of the documents involved.

The growing reliance on digital signatures is driven by the increasing need for secure, paperless transactions, which offer convenience and efficiency. Digital signatures help organizations streamline their processes, reduce paper usage, and lower transaction costs, all while ensuring that documents remain tamper-proof and secure.

The adoption of digital signatures has become a key trend in industries that prioritize security and efficiency in handling sensitive information. This includes industries such as BFSI (banking, financial services, and insurance), healthcare, and government, where regulatory compliance is a major concern. As digital signatures provide a secure and tamper-proof way to sign and verify electronic documents, they help organizations comply with strict regulatory requirements while protecting against potential threats such as fraud and data breaches.

The increased adoption of digital signatures is further supported by advancements in technology, including their integration with cloud-based and mobile technologies. These advancements have made digital signatures more accessible and convenient, allowing users to sign documents remotely from any device. As more organizations embrace digital transformation, the demand for digital signatures is expected to grow even further.

Several factors are driving the growth of the digital signature market. One of the key drivers is the growing awareness of the benefits of digital signatures, such as cost savings and improved operational efficiency. Organizations are increasingly recognizing the value of transitioning to paperless processes, as digital signatures eliminate the need for printing, scanning, and physically signing documents. This not only saves time and resources but also contributes to a more environmentally sustainable approach by reducing paper consumption.

In addition to cost savings, digital signatures provide a level of security that is crucial for industries handling sensitive information. The ability to authenticate and verify documents electronically offers protection against fraud, tampering, and unauthorized access. As cyber threats become more sophisticated, the need for secure electronic transactions has never been greater, and digital signatures are playing a pivotal role in mitigating these risks.

Another factor contributing to the growth of the digital signature market is the increasing number of regulations mandating their use. For instance, the European Union's eIDAS regulation has established legal requirements for electronic identification and trust services, including digital signatures. This regulation has spurred the adoption of digital signatures across Europe, with many organizations now required to implement them for legally binding electronic transactions.

In the United States, digital signatures are also gaining traction due to government initiatives aimed at promoting electronic transactions and document management systems. The shift towards paperless processes in the U.S. has driven the demand for secure and efficient ways to complete transactions, and digital signatures are increasingly being seen as the solution. As a result, the U.S. is emerging as a major market for digital signature solutions.

Across South Asia, countries like India are witnessing rapid growth in the adoption of digital signatures, particularly in the e-commerce industry. As online shopping continues to expand, digital signatures offer a secure and convenient way for consumers to sign for purchases and deliveries. With the rise in cyber-attacks and concerns about data security, the demand for digital signatures in the region is expected to continue growing as businesses and individuals seek reliable solutions for secure online transactions.

In Europe, the United Kingdom has been a prominent market for digital signatures, largely due to government initiatives that encourage the adoption of electronic document management and digital signature solutions. The high penetration of digital devices, such as smartphones and computers, has also made it easier for individuals and organizations to adopt digital signatures. Additionally, the increasing need for secure processes in response to growing cyber threats has further boosted the demand for digital signatures in the U.K.

In terms of market segments, the software component of digital signatures holds the largest share of the market. Digital signature software provides organizations with a convenient and efficient way to electronically sign and verify documents, streamlining document management processes. By reducing the need for physical signatures and paper-based processes, digital signature software offers significant time and cost savings. Moreover, many industries are subject to regulatory requirements that mandate the use of electronic signatures for legally binding documents, making digital signature software an essential tool for maintaining compliance.

The BFSI industry is one of the largest consumers of digital signature solutions. The sector's demand for digital signatures is driven by strict regulatory compliance requirements, such as Know Your Customer (KYC) and Anti-Money Laundering (AML) regulations. These regulations require secure and tamper-proof methods of document authentication and verification, which digital signatures provide. By using digital signatures, BFSI companies can ensure that sensitive financial information is protected from cyber threats and fraudulent activities, while also improving the efficiency of their operations.

The competitive Analysis of the digital signature market is dynamic, with numerous established companies and start-ups offering a wide range of solutions. As the adoption of digital signatures continues to grow, the competitive Analysis is expected to evolve, with new players entering the market and existing companies enhancing their offerings to meet the changing demands of customers. Several key companies are actively involved in the development and expansion of digital signature solutions, offering innovative products and services to address the growing need for secure, efficient digital transactions.

Key Companies Profiled

OneSpan
Adobe Inc.
Zoho Corporation
RightSignature
SERTIFI Inc.
IdenTrust, Inc.
Entrust Datacard Corporation
Nitro Software, Inc.
ePillars Systems L.L.C
Sectigo Limited
Avaali Solutions Pvt Ltd.

Key Segments of Digital Signature Market Research

By Component:

Software
Services

By End-user:

Consumer
Enterprise

By Industry:

BFSI
Defense
Government
Retail & Consumer Goods
Healthcare
Education
IT & Telecom
Others

By Region:

North America
Latin America
Europe
East Asia
South Asia & Pacific
Middle East and Africa (MEA)

1. Executive Summary

1.1. Global Digital Signature Market Snapshot
1.2. Future Projections
1.3. Key Market Trends
1.4. Regional Snapshot, by Value, 2023
1.5. Analyst Recommendations

2. Market Overview

2.1. Market Definitions and Segmentations
2.2. Market Dynamics
- 2.2.1. Drivers
- 2.2.2. Restraints
- 2.2.3. Market Opportunities
2.3. Value Chain Analysis
2.4. Porter's Five Forces Analysis
2.5. COVID-19 Impact Analysis
- 2.5.1. Supply
- 2.5.2. Demand
2.6. PESTLE Analysis

3. Global Digital Signature Market Outlook, 2019 - 2031

3.1. Global Digital Signature Market Outlook, by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
- 3.1.1. Key Highlights
  - 3.1.1.1. Software
  - 3.1.1.2. Services
3.2. Global Digital Signature Market Outlook, by End-user, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
- 3.2.1. Key Highlights
  - 3.2.1.1. Consumer
  - 3.2.1.2. Enterprise
3.3. Global Digital Signature Market Outlook, by Industry, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
- 3.3.1. Key Highlights
  - 3.3.1.1. BFSI
  - 3.3.1.2. Defense
  - 3.3.1.3. Government
  - 3.3.1.4. Retail & Consumer Goods
  - 3.3.1.5. Healthcare
  - 3.3.1.6. Education
  - 3.3.1.7. IT & Telecom
  - 3.3.1.8. Others
3.4. Global Digital Signature Market Outlook, by Region, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
- 3.4.1. Key Highlights
  - 3.4.1.1. North America
  - 3.4.1.2. Europe
  - 3.4.1.3. Asia Pacific
  - 3.4.1.4. Latin America
  - 3.4.1.5. Middle East & Africa

4. North America Digital Signature Market Outlook, 2019 - 2031

4.1. North America Digital Signature Market Outlook, by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
- 4.1.1. Key Highlights
  - 4.1.1.1. Software
  - 4.1.1.2. Services
4.2. North America Digital Signature Market Outlook, by End-user, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
- 4.2.1. Key Highlights
  - 4.2.1.1. Consumer
  - 4.2.1.2. Enterprise
4.3. North America Digital Signature Market Outlook, by Industry, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
- 4.3.1. Key Highlights
  - 4.3.1.1. BFSI
  - 4.3.1.2. Defense
  - 4.3.1.3. Government
  - 4.3.1.4. Retail & Consumer Goods
  - 4.3.1.5. Healthcare
  - 4.3.1.6. Education
  - 4.3.1.7. IT & Telecom
  - 4.3.1.8. Others
- 4.3.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
4.4. North America Digital Signature Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
- 4.4.1. Key Highlights
  - 4.4.1.1. U.S. Digital Signature Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 4.4.1.2. U.S. Digital Signature Market by End-user, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 4.4.1.3. U.S. Digital Signature Market by Industry, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 4.4.1.4. Canada Digital Signature Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 4.4.1.5. Canada Digital Signature Market by End-user, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 4.4.1.6. Canada Digital Signature Market by Industry, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
- 4.4.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis

5. Europe Digital Signature Market Outlook, 2019 - 2031

5.1. Europe Digital Signature Market Outlook, by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
- 5.1.1. Key Highlights
  - 5.1.1.1. Software
  - 5.1.1.2. Services
5.2. Europe Digital Signature Market Outlook, by End-user, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
- 5.2.1. Key Highlights
  - 5.2.1.1. Consumer
  - 5.2.1.2. Enterprise
5.3. Europe Digital Signature Market Outlook, by Industry, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
- 5.3.1. Key Highlights
  - 5.3.1.1. BFSI
  - 5.3.1.2. Defense
  - 5.3.1.3. Government
  - 5.3.1.4. Retail & Consumer Goods
  - 5.3.1.5. Healthcare
  - 5.3.1.6. Education
  - 5.3.1.7. IT & Telecom
  - 5.3.1.8. Others
- 5.3.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
5.4. Europe Digital Signature Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
- 5.4.1. Key Highlights
  - 5.4.1.1. Germany Digital Signature Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 5.4.1.2. Germany Digital Signature Market by End-user, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 5.4.1.3. Germany Digital Signature Market by Industry, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 5.4.1.4. U.K. Digital Signature Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 5.4.1.5. U.K. Digital Signature Market by End-user, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 5.4.1.6. U.K. Digital Signature Market by Industry, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 5.4.1.7. France Digital Signature Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 5.4.1.8. France Digital Signature Market by End-user, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 5.4.1.9. France Digital Signature Market by Industry, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 5.4.1.10. Italy Digital Signature Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 5.4.1.11. Italy Digital Signature Market by End-user, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 5.4.1.12. Italy Digital Signature Market by Industry, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 5.4.1.13. Turkey Digital Signature Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 5.4.1.14. Turkey Digital Signature Market by End-user, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 5.4.1.15. Turkey Digital Signature Market by Industry, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 5.4.1.16. Russia Digital Signature Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 5.4.1.17. Russia Digital Signature Market by End-user, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 5.4.1.18. Russia Digital Signature Market by Industry, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 5.4.1.19. Rest of Europe Digital Signature Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 5.4.1.20. Rest of Europe Digital Signature Market by End-user, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 5.4.1.21. Rest of Europe Digital Signature Market by Industry, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
- 5.4.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis

6. Asia Pacific Digital Signature Market Outlook, 2019 - 2031

6.1. Asia Pacific Digital Signature Market Outlook, by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
- 6.1.1. Key Highlights
  - 6.1.1.1. Software
  - 6.1.1.2. Services
6.2. Asia Pacific Digital Signature Market Outlook, by End-user, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
- 6.2.1. Key Highlights
  - 6.2.1.1. Consumer
  - 6.2.1.2. Enterprise
6.3. Asia Pacific Digital Signature Market Outlook, by Industry, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
- 6.3.1. Key Highlights
  - 6.3.1.1. BFSI
  - 6.3.1.2. Defense
  - 6.3.1.3. Government
  - 6.3.1.4. Retail & Consumer Goods
  - 6.3.1.5. Healthcare
  - 6.3.1.6. Education
  - 6.3.1.7. IT & Telecom
  - 6.3.1.8. Others
- 6.3.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
6.4. Asia Pacific Digital Signature Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
- 6.4.1. Key Highlights
  - 6.4.1.1. China Digital Signature Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 6.4.1.2. China Digital Signature Market by End-user, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 6.4.1.3. China Digital Signature Market by Industry, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 6.4.1.4. Japan Digital Signature Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 6.4.1.5. Japan Digital Signature Market by End-user, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 6.4.1.6. Japan Digital Signature Market by Industry, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 6.4.1.7. South Korea Digital Signature Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 6.4.1.8. South Korea Digital Signature Market by End-user, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 6.4.1.9. South Korea Digital Signature Market by Industry, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 6.4.1.10. India Digital Signature Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 6.4.1.11. India Digital Signature Market by End-user, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 6.4.1.12. India Digital Signature Market by Industry, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 6.4.1.13. Southeast Asia Digital Signature Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 6.4.1.14. Southeast Asia Digital Signature Market by End-user, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 6.4.1.15. Southeast Asia Digital Signature Market by Industry, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 6.4.1.16. Rest of Asia Pacific Digital Signature Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 6.4.1.17. Rest of Asia Pacific Digital Signature Market by End-user, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 6.4.1.18. Rest of Asia Pacific Digital Signature Market by Industry, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
- 6.4.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis

7. Latin America Digital Signature Market Outlook, 2019 - 2031

7.1. Latin America Digital Signature Market Outlook, by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
- 7.1.1. Key Highlights
  - 7.1.1.1. Software
  - 7.1.1.2. Services
7.2. Latin America Digital Signature Market Outlook, by End-user, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
- 7.2.1. Key Highlights
  - 7.2.1.1. Consumer
  - 7.2.1.2. Enterprise
7.3. Latin America Digital Signature Market Outlook, by Industry, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
- 7.3.1. Key Highlights
  - 7.3.1.1. BFSI
  - 7.3.1.2. Defense
  - 7.3.1.3. Government
  - 7.3.1.4. Retail & Consumer Goods
  - 7.3.1.5. Healthcare
  - 7.3.1.6. Education
  - 7.3.1.7. IT & Telecom
  - 7.3.1.8. Others
- 7.3.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
7.4. Latin America Digital Signature Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
- 7.4.1. Key Highlights
  - 7.4.1.1. Brazil Digital Signature Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 7.4.1.2. Brazil Digital Signature Market by End-user, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 7.4.1.3. Brazil Digital Signature Market by Industry, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 7.4.1.4. Mexico Digital Signature Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 7.4.1.5. Mexico Digital Signature Market by End-user, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 7.4.1.6. Mexico Digital Signature Market by Industry, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 7.4.1.7. Argentina Digital Signature Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 7.4.1.8. Argentina Digital Signature Market by End-user, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 7.4.1.9. Argentina Digital Signature Market by Industry, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 7.4.1.10. Rest of Latin America Digital Signature Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 7.4.1.11. Rest of Latin America Digital Signature Market by End-user, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 7.4.1.12. Rest of Latin America Digital Signature Market by Industry, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
- 7.4.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis

8. Middle East & Africa Digital Signature Market Outlook, 2019 - 2031

8.1. Middle East & Africa Digital Signature Market Outlook, by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
- 8.1.1. Key Highlights
  - 8.1.1.1. Software
  - 8.1.1.2. Services
8.2. Middle East & Africa Digital Signature Market Outlook, by End-user, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
- 8.2.1. Key Highlights
  - 8.2.1.1. Consumer
  - 8.2.1.2. Enterprise
8.3. Middle East & Africa Digital Signature Market Outlook, by Industry, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
- 8.3.1. Key Highlights
  - 8.3.1.1. BFSI
  - 8.3.1.2. Defense
  - 8.3.1.3. Government
  - 8.3.1.4. Retail & Consumer Goods
  - 8.3.1.5. Healthcare
  - 8.3.1.6. Education
  - 8.3.1.7. IT & Telecom
  - 8.3.1.8. Others
- 8.3.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
8.4. Middle East & Africa Digital Signature Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
- 8.4.1. Key Highlights
  - 8.4.1.1. GCC Digital Signature Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 8.4.1.2. GCC Digital Signature Market by End-user, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 8.4.1.3. GCC Digital Signature Market by Industry, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 8.4.1.4. South Africa Digital Signature Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 8.4.1.5. South Africa Digital Signature Market by End-user, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 8.4.1.6. South Africa Digital Signature Market by Industry, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 8.4.1.7. Egypt Digital Signature Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 8.4.1.8. Egypt Digital Signature Market by End-user, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 8.4.1.9. Egypt Digital Signature Market by Industry, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 8.4.1.10. Nigeria Digital Signature Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 8.4.1.11. Nigeria Digital Signature Market by End-user, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 8.4.1.12. Nigeria Digital Signature Market by Industry, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 8.4.1.13. Rest of Middle East & Africa Digital Signature Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 8.4.1.14. Rest of Middle East & Africa Digital Signature Market by End-user, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
  - 8.4.1.15. Rest of Middle East & Africa Digital Signature Market by Industry, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
- 8.4.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis

9. Competitive Landscape

9.1. Software vs Indication Heatmap
9.2. Company Market Share Analysis, 2023
9.3. Competitive Dashboard
9.4. Company Profiles
- 9.4.1. OneSpan
  - 9.4.1.1. Company Overview
  - 9.4.1.2. Product Portfolio
  - 9.4.1.3. Financial Overview
  - 9.4.1.4. Business Strategies and Development
- 9.4.2. Adobe Inc.
  - 9.4.2.1. Company Overview
  - 9.4.2.2. Product Portfolio
  - 9.4.2.3. Financial Overview
  - 9.4.2.4. Business Strategies and Development
- 9.4.3. Zoho Corporation
  - 9.4.3.1. Company Overview
  - 9.4.3.2. Product Portfolio
  - 9.4.3.3. Financial Overview
  - 9.4.3.4. Business Strategies and Development
- 9.4.4. RightSignature
  - 9.4.4.1. Company Overview
  - 9.4.4.2. Product Portfolio
  - 9.4.4.3. Financial Overview
  - 9.4.4.4. Business Strategies and Development
- 9.4.5. SERTIFI Inc.
  - 9.4.5.1. Company Overview
  - 9.4.5.2. Product Portfolio
  - 9.4.5.3. Financial Overview
  - 9.4.5.4. Business Strategies and Development
- 9.4.6. IdenTrust, Inc.
  - 9.4.6.1. Company Overview
  - 9.4.6.2. Product Portfolio
  - 9.4.6.3. Financial Overview
  - 9.4.6.4. Business Strategies and Development
- 9.4.7. Entrust Datacard Corporation
  - 9.4.7.1. Company Overview
  - 9.4.7.2. Product Portfolio
  - 9.4.7.3. Financial Overview
  - 9.4.7.4. Business Strategies and Development
- 9.4.8. Nitro Software, Inc.
  - 9.4.8.1. Company Overview
  - 9.4.8.2. Product Portfolio
  - 9.4.8.3. Financial Overview
  - 9.4.8.4. Business Strategies and Development
- 9.4.9. Nitro Software, Inc.
  - 9.4.9.1. Company Overview
  - 9.4.9.2. Product Portfolio
  - 9.4.9.3. Financial Overview
  - 9.4.9.4. Business Strategies and Development
- 9.4.10. Others
  - 9.4.10.1. Company Overview
  - 9.4.10.2. Product Portfolio
  - 9.4.10.3. Financial Overview
  - 9.4.10.4. Business Strategies and Development

10. Appendix

10.1. Research Methodology
10.2. Report Assumptions
10.3. Acronyms and Abbreviations