Antibody Library Technology Market - Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends, and Forecast 2031 - By Product, Technology, Grade, Application, End-user, Region: (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America and Middle East and Africa)

Description

The global Antibody Library Technology Market is set for steady growth over the coming years. With an anticipated revenue of approximately US$ 165.7 million in 2024, the market is projected to expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.98%, reaching an estimated valuation of US$ 217.8 million by the end of 2031.

Significance of Antibody Library Technology in Modern Medicine

Antibody library technology plays a crucial role in generating recombinant, highly specific, humanized, or fully human monoclonal antibodies. This technology employs in vitro methods for target screening, utilizing various display technologies to enhance the specificity and affinity of antigen-binding residues on the antibody or its fragment. As technological advancements continue, significant improvements are expected in all aspects of antibody libraries, including library size, affinity maturation, and selection techniques.

Rising Demand for Targeted Therapies

The Growing Need for Precision Medicine

The increasing demand for antibodies is driven by the need for highly focused medicines to treat conditions such as cancer, rare diseases, and neurological disorders. Antibodies are the preferred therapeutic agents in these areas due to their targeted action. The need for greater precision in antibody therapy, particularly in drug discovery, is expanding the use of antibodies. The drug discovery process begins with target identification and validation, with antibodies serving as the industry standard for identifying specific biomolecules or biological pathways.

Technological Advancements Propel Market Growth

Adoption of New "Display-Less" Technologies

New "display-less" technologies are being developed to address the limitations of traditional molecular display technologies. Approaches such as periplasmic expression and cytometric screening (PECS) technology, developed by the University of Texas, have successfully separated antibodies with affinities as low as subnanomolar. Further technological advancements are expected to facilitate the rapid and automated selection of high-affinity binders, promoting the widespread adoption of antibody library technologies for discovering and developing therapeutic and diagnostic antibodies.

Integration of Multiple Display Methods

Researchers are increasingly utilizing different display methods at various development stages. For example, many lead discovery programs begin with a large phage display library, followed by cell-surface display for final affinity maturation. Monoclonal antibodies (MABs) are extensively used in basic research, biomedical research, and therapeutic, diagnostic, prophylactic, and analytical applications. Many biotechnology companies prefer subscribing to in vitro antibody library platforms over in-house in vivo generation of MABs, driving the demand for antibody library technology.

Potential Challenges to Market Growth

Issues Related to Specificities of Molecular Display Systems

Despite the extensive use of phage display systems for protein and antibody engineering, the technology is highly biased and labor-intensive. Phage display technology often involves excessive redundancy, complicating candidate identification. Another significant issue with molecular display systems is the background binding between the display system and the target antibody or protein.

Furthermore, most MABs produced using these methods are research-grade and unsuitable for clinical studies. This has led to a lack of awareness regarding regulatory pathways for the therapeutic use of MABs produced in vitro. This presents a significant challenge for small biotechnology companies with potential therapeutic MAB candidates that cannot be commercialized due to incomplete knowledge of regulatory procedures.

Competitive Landscape

Strategic Collaborations and Market Expansion

Leading companies in the antibody library technologies market are focusing on various promotional strategies to increase revenue and expand their sales footprint in emerging markets. Strategic collaborations, agreements, and research sponsorships are key strategies manufacturers use to boost product sales across different geographies.

Notable Industry Developments

Prominent Collaborations and Research Sponsorships

Several key players are forming strategic collaborations to enhance their market presence. These collaborations aim to leverage the strengths of each partner, ensuring broader reach and more effective market penetration. For instance, companies are engaging in research sponsorships to drive innovation and maintain a competitive edge.

Innovative Product Launches

Leading manufacturers are also focusing on launching innovative products to meet the evolving needs of the market. By introducing advanced antibody library technologies, these companies are positioning themselves to capture a larger market share and cater to the growing demand for targeted therapies.

Key Market Players Include:

Creative-biolabs
XOMA Corporation
AvantGen Inc.
MorphoSys AG
Philogen S.p.A.
AnaptysBio, Inc.
Invenra Inc.
Adimab LLC
AxioMx Inc.
Abgent Inc. (WuXi AppTec company)
Vaccinex Inc.
Abzena Plc

Global Antibody Library Technology Market Segmentation:

By Technology:

Phage Display
Ribosome Display
Yeast Display
Mammalian Cell Display

By Application:

Research Applications
Drug discovery and development
Others

By End User:

Biopharmaceutical Companies
Academic and Research Institutes
Contract Research Organizations

By Region:

North America
Latin America
Europe
South Asia
East Asia
Oceania
Middle East and Africa (MEA)

1. Executive Summary

1.1. Global Antibody Library Technology Market Snapshot
1.2. Future Projections
1.3. Key Market Trends
1.4. Regional Snapshot, by Value, 2023
1.5. Analyst Recommendations

2. Market Overview

2.1. Market Definitions and Segmentations
2.2. Market Dynamics
- 2.2.1. Drivers
- 2.2.2. Restraints
- 2.2.3. Market Opportunities
2.3. Value Chain Analysis
2.4. Porter's Five Forces Analysis
2.5. COVID-19 Impact Analysis
- 2.5.1. Supply
- 2.5.2. Demand
2.6. Impact of Ukraine-Russia Conflict
2.7. Economic Overview
- 2.7.1. World Economic Projections
2.8. PESTLE Analysis

3. Global Antibody Library Technology Market Outlook, 2018 - 2031

3.1. Global Antibody Library Technology Market Outlook, by Technology, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
- 3.1.1. Key Highlights
  - 3.1.1.1. Phage Display
  - 3.1.1.2. Ribosome Display
  - 3.1.1.3. Yeast Display
  - 3.1.1.4. Mammalian Cell Display
3.2. Global Antibody Library Technology Market Outlook, by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
- 3.2.1. Key Highlights
  - 3.2.1.1. Research Applications
  - 3.2.1.2. Drug discovery and development
  - 3.2.1.3. Others
3.3. Global Antibody Library Technology Market Outlook, by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
- 3.3.1. Key Highlights
  - 3.3.1.1. Biopharmaceutical Companies
  - 3.3.1.2. Academic and Research Institutes
  - 3.3.1.3. Contract Research Organizations
3.4. Global Antibody Library Technology Market Outlook, by Region, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
- 3.4.1. Key Highlights
  - 3.4.1.1. North America
  - 3.4.1.2. Europe
  - 3.4.1.3. Asia Pacific
  - 3.4.1.4. Latin America
  - 3.4.1.5. Middle East & Africa

4. North America Antibody Library Technology Market Outlook, 2018 - 2031

4.1. North America Antibody Library Technology Market Outlook, by Technology, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
- 4.1.1. Key Highlights
  - 4.1.1.1. Phage Display
  - 4.1.1.2. Ribosome Display
  - 4.1.1.3. Yeast Display
  - 4.1.1.4. Mammalian Cell Display
4.2. North America Antibody Library Technology Market Outlook, by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
- 4.2.1. Key Highlights
  - 4.2.1.1. Research Applications
  - 4.2.1.2. Drug discovery and development
  - 4.2.1.3. Others
4.3. North America Antibody Library Technology Market Outlook, by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
- 4.3.1. Key Highlights
  - 4.3.1.1. Biopharmaceutical Companies
  - 4.3.1.2. Academic and Research Institutes
  - 4.3.1.3. Contract Research Organizations
- 4.3.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
4.4. North America Antibody Library Technology Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
- 4.4.1. Key Highlights
  - 4.4.1.1. U.S. Antibody Library Technology Market by Technology, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 4.4.1.2. U.S. Antibody Library Technology Market by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 4.4.1.3. U.S. Antibody Library Technology Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 4.4.1.4. Canada Antibody Library Technology Market by Technology, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 4.4.1.5. Canada Antibody Library Technology Market by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 4.4.1.6. Canada Antibody Library Technology Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
- 4.4.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis

5. Europe Antibody Library Technology Market Outlook, 2018 - 2031

5.1. Europe Antibody Library Technology Market Outlook, by Technology, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
- 5.1.1. Key Highlights
  - 5.1.1.1. Phage Display
  - 5.1.1.2. Ribosome Display
  - 5.1.1.3. Yeast Display
  - 5.1.1.4. Mammalian Cell Display
5.2. Europe Antibody Library Technology Market Outlook, by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
- 5.2.1. Key Highlights
  - 5.2.1.1. Research Applications
  - 5.2.1.2. Drug discovery and development
  - 5.2.1.3. Others
5.3. Europe Antibody Library Technology Market Outlook, by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
- 5.3.1. Key Highlights
  - 5.3.1.1. Biopharmaceutical Companies
  - 5.3.1.2. Academic and Research Institutes
  - 5.3.1.3. Contract Research Organizations
- 5.3.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
5.4. Europe Antibody Library Technology Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
- 5.4.1. Key Highlights
  - 5.4.1.1. Germany Antibody Library Technology Market by Technology, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 5.4.1.2. Germany Antibody Library Technology Market by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 5.4.1.3. Germany Antibody Library Technology Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 5.4.1.4. U.K. Antibody Library Technology Market by Technology, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 5.4.1.5. U.K. Antibody Library Technology Market by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 5.4.1.6. U.K. Antibody Library Technology Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 5.4.1.7. France Antibody Library Technology Market by Technology, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 5.4.1.8. France Antibody Library Technology Market by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 5.4.1.9. France Antibody Library Technology Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 5.4.1.10. Italy Antibody Library Technology Market by Technology, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 5.4.1.11. Italy Antibody Library Technology Market by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 5.4.1.12. Italy Antibody Library Technology Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 5.4.1.13. Turkey Antibody Library Technology Market by Technology, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 5.4.1.14. Turkey Antibody Library Technology Market by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 5.4.1.15. Turkey Antibody Library Technology Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 5.4.1.16. Russia Antibody Library Technology Market by Technology, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 5.4.1.17. Russia Antibody Library Technology Market by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 5.4.1.18. Russia Antibody Library Technology Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 5.4.1.19. Rest of Europe Antibody Library Technology Market by Technology, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 5.4.1.20. Rest of Europe Antibody Library Technology Market by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 5.4.1.21. Rest of Europe Antibody Library Technology Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
- 5.4.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis

6. Asia Pacific Antibody Library Technology Market Outlook, 2018 - 2031

6.1. Asia Pacific Antibody Library Technology Market Outlook, by Technology, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
- 6.1.1. Key Highlights
  - 6.1.1.1. Phage Display
  - 6.1.1.2. Ribosome Display
  - 6.1.1.3. Yeast Display
  - 6.1.1.4. Mammalian Cell Display
6.2. Asia Pacific Antibody Library Technology Market Outlook, by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
- 6.2.1. Key Highlights
  - 6.2.1.1. Research Applications
  - 6.2.1.2. Drug discovery and development
  - 6.2.1.3. Others
6.3. Asia Pacific Antibody Library Technology Market Outlook, by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
- 6.3.1. Key Highlights
  - 6.3.1.1. Biopharmaceutical Companies
  - 6.3.1.2. Academic and Research Institutes
  - 6.3.1.3. Contract Research Organizations
- 6.3.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
6.4. Asia Pacific Antibody Library Technology Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
- 6.4.1. Key Highlights
  - 6.4.1.1. China Antibody Library Technology Market by Technology, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 6.4.1.2. China Antibody Library Technology Market by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 6.4.1.3. China Antibody Library Technology Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 6.4.1.4. Japan Antibody Library Technology Market by Technology, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 6.4.1.5. Japan Antibody Library Technology Market by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 6.4.1.6. Japan Antibody Library Technology Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 6.4.1.7. South Korea Antibody Library Technology Market by Technology, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 6.4.1.8. South Korea Antibody Library Technology Market by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 6.4.1.9. South Korea Antibody Library Technology Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 6.4.1.10. India Antibody Library Technology Market by Technology, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 6.4.1.11. India Antibody Library Technology Market by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 6.4.1.12. India Antibody Library Technology Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 6.4.1.13. Southeast Asia Antibody Library Technology Market by Technology, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 6.4.1.14. Southeast Asia Antibody Library Technology Market by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 6.4.1.15. Southeast Asia Antibody Library Technology Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 6.4.1.16. Rest of Asia Pacific Antibody Library Technology Market by Technology, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 6.4.1.17. Rest of Asia Pacific Antibody Library Technology Market by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 6.4.1.18. Rest of Asia Pacific Antibody Library Technology Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
- 6.4.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis

7. Latin America Antibody Library Technology Market Outlook, 2018 - 2031

7.1. Latin America Antibody Library Technology Market Outlook, by Technology, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
- 7.1.1. Key Highlights
  - 7.1.1.1. Phage Display
  - 7.1.1.2. Ribosome Display
  - 7.1.1.3. Yeast Display
  - 7.1.1.4. Mammalian Cell Display
7.2. Latin America Antibody Library Technology Market Outlook, by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
- 7.2.1. Key Highlights
  - 7.2.1.1. Research Applications
  - 7.2.1.2. Drug discovery and development
  - 7.2.1.3. Others
7.3. Latin America Antibody Library Technology Market Outlook, by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
- 7.3.1. Key Highlights
  - 7.3.1.1. Biopharmaceutical Companies
  - 7.3.1.2. Academic and Research Institutes
  - 7.3.1.3. Contract Research Organizations
- 7.3.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
7.4. Latin America Antibody Library Technology Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
- 7.4.1. Key Highlights
  - 7.4.1.1. Brazil Antibody Library Technology Market by Technology, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 7.4.1.2. Brazil Antibody Library Technology Market by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 7.4.1.3. Brazil Antibody Library Technology Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 7.4.1.4. Mexico Antibody Library Technology Market by Technology, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 7.4.1.5. Mexico Antibody Library Technology Market by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 7.4.1.6. Mexico Antibody Library Technology Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 7.4.1.7. Argentina Antibody Library Technology Market by Technology, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 7.4.1.8. Argentina Antibody Library Technology Market by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 7.4.1.9. Argentina Antibody Library Technology Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 7.4.1.10. Rest of Latin America Antibody Library Technology Market by Technology, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 7.4.1.11. Rest of Latin America Antibody Library Technology Market by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 7.4.1.12. Rest of Latin America Antibody Library Technology Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
- 7.4.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis

8. Middle East & Africa Antibody Library Technology Market Outlook, 2018 - 2031

8.1. Middle East & Africa Antibody Library Technology Market Outlook, by Technology, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
- 8.1.1. Key Highlights
  - 8.1.1.1. Phage Display
  - 8.1.1.2. Ribosome Display
  - 8.1.1.3. Yeast Display
  - 8.1.1.4. Mammalian Cell Display
8.2. Middle East & Africa Antibody Library Technology Market Outlook, by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
- 8.2.1. Key Highlights
  - 8.2.1.1. Research Applications
  - 8.2.1.2. Drug discovery and development
  - 8.2.1.3. Others
8.3. Middle East & Africa Antibody Library Technology Market Outlook, by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
- 8.3.1. Key Highlights
  - 8.3.1.1. Biopharmaceutical Companies
  - 8.3.1.2. Academic and Research Institutes
  - 8.3.1.3. Contract Research Organizations
- 8.3.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
8.4. Middle East & Africa Antibody Library Technology Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
- 8.4.1. Key Highlights
  - 8.4.1.1. GCC Antibody Library Technology Market by Technology, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 8.4.1.2. GCC Antibody Library Technology Market by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 8.4.1.3. GCC Antibody Library Technology Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 8.4.1.4. South Africa Antibody Library Technology Market by Technology, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 8.4.1.5. South Africa Antibody Library Technology Market by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 8.4.1.6. South Africa Antibody Library Technology Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 8.4.1.7. Egypt Antibody Library Technology Market by Technology, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 8.4.1.8. Egypt Antibody Library Technology Market by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 8.4.1.9. Egypt Antibody Library Technology Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 8.4.1.10. Nigeria Antibody Library Technology Market by Technology, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 8.4.1.11. Nigeria Antibody Library Technology Market by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 8.4.1.12. Nigeria Antibody Library Technology Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 8.4.1.13. Rest of Middle East & Africa Antibody Library Technology Market by Technology, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 8.4.1.14. Rest of Middle East & Africa Antibody Library Technology Market by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
  - 8.4.1.15. Rest of Middle East & Africa Antibody Library Technology Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
- 8.4.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis

9. Competitive Landscape

9.1. By Technology vs by Application Heat map
9.2. Company Market Share Analysis, 2023
9.3. Competitive Dashboard
9.4. Company Profiles
- 9.4.1. Creative-biolabs
  - 9.4.1.1. Company Overview
  - 9.4.1.2. Product Portfolio
  - 9.4.1.3. Financial Overview
  - 9.4.1.4. Business Strategies and Development
- 9.4.2. XOMA Corporation
  - 9.4.2.1. Company Overview
  - 9.4.2.2. Product Portfolio
  - 9.4.2.3. Financial Overview
  - 9.4.2.4. Business Strategies and Development
- 9.4.3. AvantGen Inc.
  - 9.4.3.1. Company Overview
  - 9.4.3.2. Product Portfolio
  - 9.4.3.3. Financial Overview
  - 9.4.3.4. Business Strategies and Development
- 9.4.4. MorphoSys AG
  - 9.4.4.1. Company Overview
  - 9.4.4.2. Product Portfolio
  - 9.4.4.3. Financial Overview
  - 9.4.4.4. Business Strategies and Development
- 9.4.5. Philogen S.p.A.
  - 9.4.5.1. Company Overview
  - 9.4.5.2. Product Portfolio
  - 9.4.5.3. Financial Overview
  - 9.4.5.4. Business Strategies and Development
- 9.4.6. AnaptysBio, Inc.
  - 9.4.6.1. Company Overview
  - 9.4.6.2. Product Portfolio
  - 9.4.6.3. Financial Overview
  - 9.4.6.4. Business Strategies and Development
- 9.4.7. Invenra Inc.
  - 9.4.7.1. Company Overview
  - 9.4.7.2. Product Portfolio
  - 9.4.7.3. Financial Overview
  - 9.4.7.4. Business Strategies and Development
- 9.4.8. Adimab LLC
  - 9.4.8.1. Company Overview
  - 9.4.8.2. Product Portfolio
  - 9.4.8.3. Financial Overview
  - 9.4.8.4. Business Strategies and Development
- 9.4.9. AxioMx Inc.
  - 9.4.9.1. Company Overview
  - 9.4.9.2. Product Portfolio
  - 9.4.9.3. Financial Overview
  - 9.4.9.4. Business Strategies and Development
- 9.4.10. Abgent Inc. (WuXi AppTec company)
  - 9.4.10.1. Company Overview
  - 9.4.10.2. Product Portfolio
  - 9.4.10.3. Financial Overview
  - 9.4.10.4. Business Strategies and Development
- 9.4.11. Vaccinex Inc.
  - 9.4.11.1. Company Overview
  - 9.4.11.2. Product Portfolio
  - 9.4.11.3. Financial Overview
  - 9.4.11.4. Business Strategies and Development
- 9.4.12. Abzena Plc.
  - 9.4.12.1. Company Overview
  - 9.4.12.2. Product Portfolio
  - 9.4.12.3. Financial Overview
  - 9.4.12.4. Business Strategies and Development

10. Appendix

10.1.Research Methodology
10.2.Report Assumptions
10.3.Acronyms and Abbreviations