The Global Market for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS), PFAS Alternatives and PFAS Treatment 2025-2035

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

• 1.1. Introduction to PFAS
• 1.2. Definition and Overview of PFAS
  • 1.2.1. Chemical Structure and Properties
  • 1.2.2. Historical Development and Use
• 1.3. Types of PFAS
  • 1.3.1. Non-polymeric PFAS
    • 1.3.1.1. Long-Chain PFAS
    • 1.3.1.2. Short-Chain PFAS
    • 1.3.1.3. Other non-polymeric PFAS
  • 1.3.2. Polymeric PFAS
    • 1.3.2.1. Fluoropolymers (FPs)
    • 1.3.2.2. Side-chain fluorinated polymers:
    • 1.3.2.3. Perfluoropolyethers
• 1.4. Properties and Applications of PFAS
  • 1.4.1. Water and Oil Repellency
  • 1.4.2. Thermal and Chemical Stability
  • 1.4.3. Surfactant Properties
  • 1.4.4. Low Friction
  • 1.4.5. Electrical Insulation
  • 1.4.6. Film-Forming Abilities
  • 1.4.7. Atmospheric Stability
• 1.5. Environmental and Health Concerns
  • 1.5.1. Persistence in the Environment
  • 1.5.2. Bioaccumulation
  • 1.5.3. Toxicity and Health Effects
  • 1.5.4. Environmental Contamination
• 1.6. PFAS Alternatives
• 1.7. Analytical techniques
• 1.8. Manufacturing/handling/import/export
• 1.9. Storage/disposal/treatment/purification
• 1.10. Water quality management
• 1.11. Alternative technologies and supply chains

2. GLOBAL REGULATORY LANDSCAPE

• 2.1. Impact of growing PFAS regulation
• 2.2. International Agreements
• 2.3. European Union Regulations
• 2.4. United States Regulations
  • 2.4.1. Federal regulations
  • 2.4.2. State-Level Regulations
• 2.5. Asian Regulations
  • 2.5.1. Japan
    • 2.5.1.1. Chemical Substances Control Law (CSCL)
    • 2.5.1.2. Water Quality Standards
  • 2.5.2. China
    • 2.5.2.1. List of New Contaminants Under Priority Control
    • 2.5.2.2. Catalog of Toxic Chemicals Under Severe Restrictions
    • 2.5.2.3. New Pollutants Control Action Plan
  • 2.5.3. Taiwan
    • 2.5.3.1. Toxic and Chemical Substances of Concern Act
  • 2.5.4. Australia and New Zealand
  • 2.5.5. Canada
  • 2.5.6. South Korea
• 2.6. Global Regulatory Trends and Outlook

3. INDUSTRY-SPECIFIC PFAS USAGE

• 3.1. Semiconductors
  • 3.1.1. Importance of PFAS
  • 3.1.2. Front-end processes
    • 3.1.2.1. Lithography
    • 3.1.2.2. Wet etching solutions
    • 3.1.2.3. Chiller coolants for dry etchers
    • 3.1.2.4. Piping and valves
  • 3.1.3. Back-end processes
    • 3.1.3.1. Interconnects and Packaging Materials
    • 3.1.3.2. Molding materials
    • 3.1.3.3. Die attach materials
    • 3.1.3.4. Interlayer film for package substrates
    • 3.1.3.5. Thermal management
  • 3.1.4. Product life cycle and impact of PFAS
    • 3.1.4.1. Manufacturing Stage (Raw Materials)
    • 3.1.4.2. Usage Stage (Semiconductor Factory)
    • 3.1.4.3. Disposal Stage
  • 3.1.5. Environmental and Human Health Impacts
  • 3.1.6. Regulatory Trends Related to Semiconductors
  • 3.1.7. Exemptions
  • 3.1.8. Future Regulatory Trends
  • 3.1.9. Alternatives to PFAS
    • 3.1.9.1. Alkyl Polyglucoside and Polyoxyethylene Surfactants
    • 3.1.9.2. Non-PFAS Etching Solutions
    • 3.1.9.3. PTFE-Free Sliding Materials
    • 3.1.9.4. Metal oxide-based materials
    • 3.1.9.5. Fluoropolymer Alternatives
    • 3.1.9.6. Silicone-based Materials
    • 3.1.9.7. Hydrocarbon-based Surfactants
    • 3.1.9.8. Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene
    • 3.1.9.9. Engineered Polymers
    • 3.1.9.10. Supercritical CO2 Technology
    • 3.1.9.11. Plasma Technologies
    • 3.1.9.12. Sol-Gel Materials
    • 3.1.9.13. Biodegradable Polymers
• 3.2. Textiles and Clothing
  • 3.2.1. Overview
  • 3.2.2. PFAS in Water-Repellent Materials
  • 3.2.3. Stain-Resistant Treatments
  • 3.2.4. Regulatory Impact on Water-Repellent Clothing
  • 3.2.5. Industry Initiatives and Commitments
  • 3.2.6. Alternatives to PFAS
    • 3.2.6.1. Enhanced surface treatments
    • 3.2.6.2. Non-fluorinated treatments
    • 3.2.6.3. Biomimetic approaches
    • 3.2.6.4. Nano-structured surfaces
    • 3.2.6.5. Wax-based additives
    • 3.2.6.6. Plasma treatments
    • 3.2.6.7. Sol-gel coatings
    • 3.2.6.8. Superhydrophobic coatings
    • 3.2.6.9. Biodegradable Polymer Coatings
    • 3.2.6.10. Graphene-based Coatings
    • 3.2.6.11. Enzyme-based Treatments
    • 3.2.6.12. Companies
• 3.3. Food Packaging
  • 3.3.1. Sustainable packaging
    • 3.3.1.1. PFAS in Grease-Resistant Packaging
    • 3.3.1.2. Other applications
    • 3.3.1.3. Regulatory Trends in Food Contact Materials
  • 3.3.2. Alternatives to PFAS
    • 3.3.2.1. Biobased materials
      • 3.3.2.1.1. Polylactic Acid (PLA)
      • 3.3.2.1.2. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)
      • 3.3.2.1.3. Cellulose-based materials
        • 3.3.2.1.3.1. Nano-fibrillated cellulose (NFC)
        • 3.3.2.1.3.2. Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)
      • 3.3.2.1.4. Silicon-based Alternatives
      • 3.3.2.1.5. Natural Waxes and Resins
      • 3.3.2.1.6. Engineered Paper and Board
      • 3.3.2.1.7. Nanocomposites
      • 3.3.2.1.8. Plasma Treatments
      • 3.3.2.1.9. Biodegradable Polymer Blends
      • 3.3.2.1.10. Chemically Modified Natural Polymers
      • 3.3.2.1.11. Molded Fiber
    • 3.3.2.2. PFAS-free coatings for food packaging
      • 3.3.2.2.1. Silicone-based Coatings:
      • 3.3.2.2.2. Bio-based Barrier Coatings
      • 3.3.2.2.3. Nanocellulose Coatings
      • 3.3.2.2.4. Superhydrophobic and Omniphobic Coatings
      • 3.3.2.2.5. Clay-based Nanocomposite Coatings
      • 3.3.2.2.6. Coated Papers
    • 3.3.2.3. Companies
• 3.4. Paints and Coatings
  • 3.4.1. Overview
  • 3.4.2. Applications
  • 3.4.3. Alternatives to PFAS
    • 3.4.3.1. Silicon-Based Alternatives:
    • 3.4.3.2. Hydrocarbon-Based Alternatives:
    • 3.4.3.3. Nanomaterials
    • 3.4.3.4. Plasma-Based Surface Treatments
    • 3.4.3.5. Inorganic Alternatives
    • 3.4.3.6. Bio-based Polymers:
    • 3.4.3.7. Dendritic Polymers
    • 3.4.3.8. Zwitterionic Polymers
    • 3.4.3.9. Graphene-based Coatings
    • 3.4.3.10. Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Coatings
    • 3.4.3.11. Companies
• 3.5. Ion Exchange membranes
  • 3.5.1. Overview
    • 3.5.1.1. PFAS in Ion Exchange Membranes
  • 3.5.2. Proton Exchange Membranes
    • 3.5.2.1. Overview
    • 3.5.2.2. Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyzers (PEMELs)
    • 3.5.2.3. Membrane Degradation
    • 3.5.2.4. Nafion
    • 3.5.2.5. Membrane electrode assembly (MEA)
  • 3.5.3. Manufacturing PFSA Membranes
  • 3.5.4. Enhancing PFSA Membranes
  • 3.5.5. Commercial PFSA membranes
  • 3.5.6. Catalyst Coated Membranes
    • 3.5.6.1. Alternatives to PFAS
  • 3.5.7. Membranes in Redox Flow Batteries
    • 3.5.7.1. Alternative Materials for RFB Membranes
  • 3.5.8. Alternatives to PFAS
    • 3.5.8.1. Alternative Polymer Materials
    • 3.5.8.2. Anion Exchange Membrane Technology (AEM) fuel cells
    • 3.5.8.3. Nanocellulose
    • 3.5.8.4. Boron-containing membranes
    • 3.5.8.5. Hydrocarbon-based membranes
    • 3.5.8.6. Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
      • 3.5.8.6.1. MOF Composite Membranes
    • 3.5.8.7. Graphene
    • 3.5.8.8. Companies
• 3.6. Energy (excluding fuel cells)
  • 3.6.1. Overview
  • 3.6.2. Solar Panels
  • 3.6.3. Wind Turbines
    • 3.6.3.1. Blade Coatings
    • 3.6.3.2. Lubricants and Greases
    • 3.6.3.3. Electrical and Electronic Components
    • 3.6.3.4. Seals and Gaskets
  • 3.6.4. Lithium-Ion Batteries
    • 3.6.4.1. Electrode Binders
    • 3.6.4.2. Electrolyte Additives
    • 3.6.4.3. Separator Coatings
    • 3.6.4.4. Current Collector Coatings
    • 3.6.4.5. Gaskets and Seals
    • 3.6.4.6. Fluorinated Solvents in Electrode Manufacturing
    • 3.6.4.7. Surface Treatments
  • 3.6.5. Alternatives to PFAS
    • 3.6.5.1. Solar
      • 3.6.5.1.1. Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) Encapsulants
      • 3.6.5.1.2. Polyolefin Encapsulants
      • 3.6.5.1.3. Glass-Glass Module Design
      • 3.6.5.1.4. Bio-based Backsheets
    • 3.6.5.2. Wind Turbines
      • 3.6.5.2.1. Silicone-Based Coatings
      • 3.6.5.2.2. Nanocoatings
      • 3.6.5.2.3. Thermal De-icing Systems
      • 3.6.5.2.4. Polyurethane-Based Coatings
    • 3.6.5.3. Lithium-Ion Batteries
      • 3.6.5.3.1. Water-Soluble Binders
      • 3.6.5.3.2. Polyacrylic Acid (PAA) Based Binders
      • 3.6.5.3.3. Alginate-Based Binders
      • 3.6.5.3.4. Ionic Liquid Electrolytes
    • 3.6.5.4. Companies
• 3.7. Low-loss materials for 5G
  • 3.7.1. Overview
    • 3.7.1.1. Organic PCB materials for 5G
  • 3.7.2. PTFE in 5G
    • 3.7.2.1. Properties
    • 3.7.2.2. PTFE-Based Laminates
    • 3.7.2.3. Regulations
    • 3.7.2.4. Commercial low-loss
  • 3.7.3. Alternatives to PFAS
    • 3.7.3.1. Liquid crystal polymers (LCP)
    • 3.7.3.2. Poly(p-phenylene ether) (PPE)
    • 3.7.3.3. Poly(p-phenylene oxide) (PPO)
    • 3.7.3.4. Hydrocarbon-based laminates
    • 3.7.3.5. Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramics (LTCC)
    • 3.7.3.6. Glass Substrates
• 3.8. Cosmetics
  • 3.8.1. Overview
  • 3.8.2. Use in cosmetics
  • 3.8.3. Alternatives to PFAS
    • 3.8.3.1. Silicone-based Polymers
    • 3.8.3.2. Plant-based Waxes and Oils
    • 3.8.3.3. Naturally Derived Polymers
    • 3.8.3.4. Silica-based Materials
    • 3.8.3.5. Companies Developing PFAS Alternatives in Cosmetics
• 3.9. Firefighting Foam
  • 3.9.1. Overview
  • 3.9.2. Aqueous Film-Forming Foam (AFFF)
  • 3.9.3. Environmental Contamination from AFFF Use
  • 3.9.4. Regulatory Pressures and Phase-Out Initiatives
  • 3.9.5. Alternatives to PFAS
    • 3.9.5.1. Fluorine-Free Foams (F3)
    • 3.9.5.2. Siloxane-Based Foams
    • 3.9.5.3. Protein-Based Foams
    • 3.9.5.4. Synthetic Detergent Foams (Syndet)
    • 3.9.5.5. Compressed Air Foam Systems (CAFS)
• 3.10. Automotive
  • 3.10.1. Overview
  • 3.10.2. PFAS in Lubricants and Hydraulic Fluids
  • 3.10.3. Use in Fuel Systems and Engine Components
  • 3.10.4. Electric Vehicle
    • 3.10.4.1. PFAS in Electric Vehicles
    • 3.10.4.2. High-Voltage Cables
    • 3.10.4.3. Refrigerants
      • 3.10.4.3.1. Coolant Fluids in EVs
      • 3.10.4.3.2. Refrigerants for EVs
      • 3.10.4.3.3. Regulations
      • 3.10.4.3.4. PFAS-free Refrigerants
    • 3.10.4.4. Immersion Cooling for Li-ion Batteries
      • 3.10.4.4.1. Overview
      • 3.10.4.4.2. Single-phase Cooling
      • 3.10.4.4.3. Two-phase Cooling
      • 3.10.4.4.4. Companies
      • 3.10.4.4.5. PFAS-based Coolants in Immersion Cooling for EVs
  • 3.10.5. Alternatives to PFAS
    • 3.10.5.1. Lubricants and Greases
    • 3.10.5.2. Fuel System Components
    • 3.10.5.3. Surface Treatments and Coatings
    • 3.10.5.4. Gaskets and Seals
    • 3.10.5.5. Hydraulic Fluids
    • 3.10.5.6. Electrical and Electronic Components
    • 3.10.5.7. Paint and Coatings
    • 3.10.5.8. Windshield and Glass Treatments
• 3.11. Electronics
  • 3.11.1. Overview
  • 3.11.2. PFAS in Printed Circuit Boards
  • 3.11.3. Cable and Wire Insulation
  • 3.11.4. Regulatory Challenges for Electronics Manufacturers
  • 3.11.5. Alternatives to PFAS
    • 3.11.5.1. Wires and Cables
    • 3.11.5.2. Coating
    • 3.11.5.3. Electronic Components
    • 3.11.5.4. Sealing and Lubricants
    • 3.11.5.5. Cleaning
    • 3.11.5.6. Companies
• 3.12. Medical Devices
  • 3.12.1. Overview
  • 3.12.2. PFAS in Implantable Devices
  • 3.12.3. Diagnostic Equipment Applications
  • 3.12.4. Balancing Safety and Performance in Regulations
  • 3.12.5. Alternatives to PFAS
• 3.13. Green hydrogen
  • 3.13.1. Electrolyzers
  • 3.13.2. Alternatives to PFAS
  • 3.13.3. Economic implications

4. PFAS ALTERNATIVES

• 4.1. PFAS-Free Release Agents
  • 4.1.1. Silicone-Based Alternatives
  • 4.1.2. Hydrocarbon-Based Solutions
  • 4.1.3. Performance Comparisons
• 4.2. Non-Fluorinated Surfactants and Dispersants
  • 4.2.1. Bio-Based Surfactants
  • 4.2.2. Silicon-Based Surfactants
  • 4.2.3. Hydrocarbon-Based Surfactants
• 4.3. PFAS-Free Water and Oil-Repellent Materials
  • 4.3.1. Dendrimers and Hyperbranched Polymers
  • 4.3.2. PFA-Free Durable Water Repellent (DWR) Coatings
  • 4.3.3. Silicone-Based Repellents
  • 4.3.4. Nano-Structured Surfaces
• 4.4. Fluorine-Free Liquid-Repellent Surfaces
  • 4.4.1. Superhydrophobic Coatings
  • 4.4.2. Omniphobic Surfaces
  • 4.4.3. Slippery Liquid-Infused Porous Surfaces (SLIPS)
• 4.5. PFAS-Free Colorless Transparent Polyimide
  • 4.5.1. Novel Polymer Structures
  • 4.5.2. Applications in Flexible Electronics

5. PFAS DEGRADATION AND ELIMINATION

• 5.1. Current methods for PFAS degradation and elimination
• 5.2. Bio-friendly methods
  • 5.2.1. Phytoremediation
  • 5.2.2. Microbial Degradation
  • 5.2.3. Enzyme-Based Degradation
  • 5.2.4. Mycoremediation
  • 5.2.5. Biochar Adsorption
  • 5.2.6. Green Oxidation Methods
  • 5.2.7. Bio-based Adsorbents
  • 5.2.8. Algae-Based Systems
• 5.3. Companies

6. PFAS TREATMENT

• 6.1. Introduction
• 6.2. Pathways for PFAS environmental contamination
• 6.3. Regulations
  • 6.3.1. USA
  • 6.3.2. EU
  • 6.3.3. Rest of the World
• 6.4. PFAS water treatment
  • 6.4.1. Introduction
  • 6.4.2. Market Forecast 2025-2035
  • 6.4.3. Applications
    • 6.4.3.1. Drinking water
    • 6.4.3.2. Aqueous film forming foam (AFFF)
    • 6.4.3.3. Landfill leachate
    • 6.4.3.4. Municipal wastewater treatment
    • 6.4.3.5. Industrial process and wastewater
    • 6.4.3.6. Sites with heavy PFAS contamination
    • 6.4.3.7. Point-of-use (POU) and point-of-entry (POE) filters and systems
  • 6.4.4. PFAS treatment approaches
  • 6.4.5. Traditional removal technologies
    • 6.4.5.1. Adsorption: granular activated carbon (GAC)
      • 6.4.5.1.1. Sources
      • 6.4.5.1.2. Short-chain PFAS compounds
      • 6.4.5.1.3. Reactivation
      • 6.4.5.1.4. PAC systems
    • 6.4.5.2. Adsorption: ion exchange resins (IER)
      • 6.4.5.2.1. Pre-treatment
      • 6.4.5.2.2. Resins
    • 6.4.5.3. Membrane filtration-reverse osmosis and nanofiltration
  • 6.4.6. Emerging removal technologies
    • 6.4.6.1. Foam fractionation and ozofractionation
      • 6.4.6.1.1. Polymeric sorbents
      • 6.4.6.1.2. Mineral-based sorbents
      • 6.4.6.1.3. Flocculation/coagulation
      • 6.4.6.1.4. Electrostatic coagulation/concentration
    • 6.4.6.2. Companies
  • 6.4.7. Destruction technologies
    • 6.4.7.1. PFAS waste management
    • 6.4.7.2. Landfilling of PFAS-containing waste
    • 6.4.7.3. Thermal treatment
    • 6.4.7.4. Liquid-phase PFAS destruction
    • 6.4.7.5. Electrochemical oxidation
    • 6.4.7.6. Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO)
    • 6.4.7.7. Hydrothermal alkaline treatment (HALT)
    • 6.4.7.8. Plasma treatment
    • 6.4.7.9. Photocatalysis
    • 6.4.7.10. Sonochemical oxidation
    • 6.4.7.11. Challenges
    • 6.4.7.12. Companies
• 6.5. PFAS Solids Treatment
  • 6.5.1. Market Forecast 2025-2035
  • 6.5.2. PFAS migration
  • 6.5.3. Soil washing (or soil scrubbing)
  • 6.5.4. Soil flushing
  • 6.5.5. Thermal desorption
  • 6.5.6. Phytoremediation
  • 6.5.7. In-situ immobilization
  • 6.5.8. Pyrolysis and gasification
  • 6.5.9. Plasma
  • 6.5.10. Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO)
• 6.6. Companies

7. GLOBAL MARKET ANALYSIS AND FUTURE OUTLOOK

• 7.1. Current Market Size and Segmentation
  • 7.1.1. Global PFAS Market Overview
  • 7.1.2. Regional Market Analysis
    • 7.1.2.1. North America
    • 7.1.2.2. Europe
    • 7.1.2.3. Asia-Pacific
    • 7.1.2.4. Latin America
    • 7.1.2.5. Middle East and Africa
  • 7.1.3. Market Segmentation by Industry
    • 7.1.3.1. Textiles and Apparel
    • 7.1.3.2. Food Packaging
    • 7.1.3.3. Firefighting Foams
    • 7.1.3.4. Electronics & semiconductors
    • 7.1.3.5. Automotive
    • 7.1.3.6. Aerospace
    • 7.1.3.7. Construction
    • 7.1.3.8. Others
  • 7.1.4. Global PFAS Treatment Market Overview
    • 7.1.4.1. Regional PFAS Treatment Market Analysis
      • 7.1.4.1.1. North America
      • 7.1.4.1.2. Europe
      • 7.1.4.1.3. Asia-Pacific
      • 7.1.4.1.4. Latin America
      • 7.1.4.1.5. Middle East and Africa
• 7.2. Impact of Regulations on Market Dynamics
  • 7.2.1. Shift from Long-Chain to Short-Chain PFAS
  • 7.2.2. Growth in PFAS-Free Alternatives Market
  • 7.2.3. Regional Market Shifts Due to Regulatory Differences
• 7.3. Emerging Trends and Opportunities
  • 7.3.1. Green Chemistry Innovations
  • 7.3.2. Circular Economy Approaches
  • 7.3.3. Digital Technologies for PFAS Management
• 7.4. Challenges and Barriers to PFAS Substitution
  • 7.4.1. Technical Performance Gaps
  • 7.4.2. Cost Considerations
  • 7.4.3. Regulatory Uncertainty
• 7.5. Future Market Projections
  • 7.5.1. Short-Term Outlook (1-3 Years)
  • 7.5.2. Medium-Term Projections (3-5 Years)
  • 7.5.3. Long-Term Scenarios (5-10 Years)

8. COMPANY PROFILES (49 company profiles)

9. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

10. REFERENCES

List of Tables

• Table 1. Established applications of PFAS
• Table 2. PFAS chemicals segmented by non-polymers vs polymers
• Table 3. Non-polymeric PFAS
• Table 4. Chemical structure and physiochemical properties of various perfluorinated surfactants
• Table 5. Examples of long-chain PFAS-Applications, Regulatory Status and Environmental and Health Effects
• Table 6. Examples of short-chain PFAS
• Table 7. Other non-polymeric PFAS
• Table 8. Examples of fluoropolymers
• Table 9. Examples of side-chain fluorinated polymers
• Table 10. Applications of PFAs
• Table 11. PFAS surfactant properties
• Table 12. List of PFAS alternatives
• Table 13. Common PFAS and their regulation
• Table 14. International PFAS regulations
• Table 15. European Union Regulations
• Table 16. United States Regulations
• Table 17. PFAS Regulations in Asia-Pacific Countries
• Table 18. Identified uses of PFAS in semiconductors
• Table 19. Alternatives to PFAS in Semiconductors
• Table 20. Key properties of PFAS in water-repellent materials
• Table 21. Initiatives by outdoor clothing companies to phase out PFCs
• Table 22. Comparative analysis of Alternatives to PFAS for textiles
• Table 23. Companies developing PFAS alternatives for textiles
• Table 24. Applications of PFAS in Food Packaging
• Table 25. Regulation related to PFAS in food contact materials
• Table 26. Applications of cellulose nanofibers (CNF)
• Table 27. Companies developing PFAS alternatives for food packaging
• Table 28. Applications and purpose of PFAS in paints and coatings
• Table 29. Companies developing PFAS alternatives for paints and coatings
• Table 30. Applications of Ion Exchange Membranes
• Table 31. Key aspects of PEMELs
• Table 32. Membrane Degradation Processes Overview
• Table 33. PFSA Membranes & Key Players
• Table 34. Competing Membrane Materials
• Table 35. Comparative analysis of membrane properties
• Table 36. Processes for manufacturing of perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) membranes
• Table 37. PFSA Resin Suppliers
• Table 38. CCM Production Technologies
• Table 39. Comparison of Coating Processes
• Table 40. Alternatives to PFAS in catalyst coated membranes
• Table 41. Key Properties and Considerations for RFB Membranes
• Table 42. PFSA Membrane Manufacturers for RFBs
• Table 43. Alternative Materials for RFB Membranes
• Table 44. Alternative Polymer Materials for Ion Exchange Membranes
• Table 45. Hydrocarbon Membranes for PEM Fuel Cells
• Table 46. Companies developing PFA alternatives for fuel cell membranes
• Table 47. Identified uses of PFASs in the energy sector
• Table 48. Alternatives to PFAS in Energy by Market (Excluding Fuel Cells)
• Table 49: Anti-icing and de-icing nanocoatings product and application developers
• Table 50. Companies developing alternatives to PFAS in energy (excluding fuel cells)
• Table 51. Commercial low-loss organic laminates-key properties at 10 GHz
• Table 52. Key Properties of PTFE to Consider for 5G Applications
• Table 53. Applications of PTFE in 5G in a table
• Table 54. Challenges in PTFE-based laminates in 5G
• Table 55. Key regulations affecting PFAS use in low-loss materials
• Table 56. Commercial low-loss materials suitable for 5G applications
• Table 57. Key low-loss materials suppliers
• Table 58. Alternatives to PFAS for low-loss applications in 5G
• Table 59. Benchmarking LTCC materials suitable for 5G applications
• Table 60. Benchmarking of various glass substrates suitable for 5G applications
• Table 61. Applications of PFAS in cosmetics
• Table 62. Alternatives to PFAS for various functions in cosmetics
• Table 63. Companies developing PFAS alternatives in cosmetics
• Table 64. Applications of PFAS in Automotive Industry
• Table 65. Application of PFAS in Electric Vehicles
• Table 66.Suppliers of PFAS-free Coolants and Refrigerants for EVs
• Table 67.Immersion Fluids for EVs
• Table 68. Immersion Cooling Fluids Requirements
• Table 69. Single-phase vs two-phase cooling
• Table 70. Companies producing Immersion Fluids for EVs
• Table 71. Alternatives to PFAS in the automotive sector
• Table 72. Use of PFAS in the electronics sector
• Table 73. Companies developing alternatives to PFAS in electronics & semiconductors
• Table 74. Applications of PFAS in Medical Devices
• Table 75. Alternatives to PFAS in medical devices
• Table 76. Readiness level of PFAS alternatives
• Table 77. Comparing PFAS-free alternatives to traditional PFAS-containing release agents
• Table 78. Novel PFAS-free CTPI structures
• Table 79. Applications of PFAS-free CTPIs in flexible electronics
• Table 80. Current methods for PFAS elimination
• Table 81. Companies developing processes for PFA degradation and elimination
• Table 82. Total PFAS Treatment Market Forecast by Segment (2025-2035)
• Table 83. PFAS Treatment Market Share Evolution
• Table 84. Pathways for PFAS environmental contamination
• Table 85. Global PFAS Drinking Water Limits
• Table 86. USA PFAS Regulations
• Table 87. EU PFAS Regulations
• Table 88. Global PFAS Regulations
• Table 89. PFAS drinking water treatment market forecast 2025-2035
• Table 90. Applications requiring PFAS water treatment
• Table 91. Point-of-Use (POU) and Point-of-Entry (POE) Systems
• Table 92. PFAS treatment approaches
• Table 93. Typical Flow Rates for Different Facilities
• Table 94. In-Situ vs Ex-Situ Treatment Comparison
• Table 95. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for PFAS Removal
• Table 96. Removal technologies for PFAS in water
• Table 97. Suppliers of GAC media for PFAS removal applications
• Table 98. Commercially Available PFAS-Selective Resins
• Table 99. Estimated Treatment Costs by Method
• Table 100. Comparison of technologies for PFAS removal
• Table 101. Emerging removal technologies for PFAS in water
• Table 102. Companies in emerging PFAS removal technologies
• Table 103. PFAS Destruction Technologies
• Table 104. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for PFAS Destruction Technologies
• Table 105. Thermal Treatment Types
• Table 106. Liquid-Phase Technology Segmentation
• Table 107. PFAS Destruction Technologies Challenges
• Table 108. Companies developing PFAS Destruction Technologies
• Table 109. PFAS Solids Treatment Market Forecast 2025-2035
• Table 110. Treatment Methods for PFAS-Contaminated Solids
• Table 111. Companies developing processes for PFAS water and solid treatment
• Table 112. Global PFAS Market Projection (2023-2035), Billions USD
• Table 113. Regional PFAS Market Projection (2023-2035), Billions USD
• Table 114. PFAS Market Segmentation by Industry (2023-2035), Billions USD
• Table 115. PFAS treatment market by region, North America
• Table 116. PFAS treatment market by region, Europe
• Table 117. PFAS treatment market by region, Asia-Pacific
• Table 118. PFAS treatment market by region, Latin America
• Table 119. PFAS treatment market by region Middle East and Africa
• Table 120. Long-Chain PFAS andShort-Chain PFAS Market Share
• Table 121.PFAS-Free Alternatives Market Size from 2020 to 2035, (Billions USD)
• Table 122. Regional Market Data (2023) for PFAS and trends
• Table 123. Market Opportunities for PFAS alternatives
• Table 124. Circular Economy Initiatives and Potential Impact
• Table 125. Digital Technology Applications and Market Potential
• Table 126. Performance Comparison Table
• Table 127. Cost Comparison Table-PFAS and PFAS alternatives
• Table 128. Global market Size 2023-2026 (USD Billions)
• Table 129. Market size 2026-2030 (USD Billions)
• Table 130. Long-Term Market Projections (2035)

List of Figures

• Figure 1. Types of PFAS
• Figure 2. Structure of PFAS-based polymer finishes
• Figure 3. Water and Oil Repellent Textile Coating
• Figure 4. Main PFAS exposure route
• Figure 5. Main sources of perfluorinated compounds (PFC) and general pathways that these compounds may take toward human exposure
• Figure 6. Photolithography process in semiconductor manufacturing
• Figure 7. PFAS containing Chemicals by Technology Node
• Figure 8. The photoresist application process in photolithography
• Figure 9: Contact angle on superhydrophobic coated surface
• Figure 10. PEMFC Working Principle
• Figure 11. Schematic representation of a Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA)
• Figure 12. Slippery Liquid-Infused Porous Surfaces (SLIPS)
• Figure 13. Aclarity's Octa system
• Figure 14. Process for treatment of PFAS in water
• Figure 15. Octa(TM) system
• Figure 16. Gradiant Forever Gone
• Figure 17. PFAS Annihilator-R unit