The Global Hydrogen Market 2025-2035

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION

• 1.1 Hydrogen classification
• 1.2 Global energy demand and consumption
• 1.3 The hydrogen economy and production
• 1.4 Removing CO2 emissions from hydrogen production
• 1.5 Hydrogen value chain
  • 1.5.1 Production
  • 1.5.2 Transport and storage
  • 1.5.3 Utilization
• 1.6 National hydrogen initiatives
• 1.7 Market challenges

2 HYDROGEN MARKET ANALYSIS

• 2.1 Industry developments 2020-2025
• 2.2 Market map
• 2.3 Global hydrogen production
  • 2.3.1 Industrial applications
  • 2.3.2 Hydrogen energy
    • 2.3.2.1 Stationary use
    • 2.3.2.2 Hydrogen for mobility
  • 2.3.3 Current Annual H2 Production
  • 2.3.4 Hydrogen production processes
    • 2.3.4.1 Hydrogen as by-product
    • 2.3.4.2 Reforming
      • 2.3.4.2.1 SMR wet method
      • 2.3.4.2.2 Oxidation of petroleum fractions
      • 2.3.4.2.3 Coal gasification
    • 2.3.4.3 Reforming or coal gasification with CO2 capture and storage
    • 2.3.4.4 Steam reforming of biomethane
    • 2.3.4.5 Water electrolysis
    • 2.3.4.6 The "Power-to-Gas" concept
    • 2.3.4.7 Fuel cell stack
    • 2.3.4.8 Electrolysers
    • 2.3.4.9 Other
      • 2.3.4.9.1 Plasma technologies
      • 2.3.4.9.2 Photosynthesis
      • 2.3.4.9.3 Bacterial or biological processes
      • 2.3.4.9.4 Oxidation (biomimicry)
  • 2.3.5 Production costs
  • 2.3.6 Global hydrogen demand forecasts
  • 2.3.7 Hydrogen Production in the United States
    • 2.3.7.1 Gulf Coast
    • 2.3.7.2 California
    • 2.3.7.3 Midwest
    • 2.3.7.4 Northeast
    • 2.3.7.5 Northwest
  • 2.3.8 DOE Hydrogen Hubs
  • 2.3.9 US Hydrogen Electrolyzer Capacities, Planned and Installed

3 TYPES OF HYDROGEN

• 3.1 Comparative analysis
• 3.2 Green hydrogen
  • 3.2.1 Overview
  • 3.2.2 Role in energy transition
  • 3.2.3 SWOT analysis
  • 3.2.4 Electrolyzer technologies
    • 3.2.4.1 Introduction
    • 3.2.4.2 Main types
    • 3.2.4.3 Balance of Plant
    • 3.2.4.4 Characteristics
    • 3.2.4.5 Advantages and disadvantages
    • 3.2.4.6 Electrolyzer market
      • 3.2.4.6.1 Market trends
      • 3.2.4.6.2 Market landscape
      • 3.2.4.6.3 Innovations
      • 3.2.4.6.4 Cost challenges
      • 3.2.4.6.5 Scale-up
      • 3.2.4.6.6 Manufacturing challenges
      • 3.2.4.6.7 Market opportunity and outlook
    • 3.2.4.7 Alkaline water electrolyzers (AWE)
      • 3.2.4.7.1 Technology description
      • 3.2.4.7.2 AWE plant
      • 3.2.4.7.3 Components and materials
      • 3.2.4.7.4 Costs
      • 3.2.4.7.5 Companies
    • 3.2.4.8 Anion exchange membrane electrolyzers (AEMEL)
      • 3.2.4.8.1 Technology description
      • 3.2.4.8.2 AEMEL plant
      • 3.2.4.8.3 Components and materials
      • 3.2.4.8.4 Costs
      • 3.2.4.8.5 Companies
    • 3.2.4.9 Proton exchange membrane electrolyzers (PEMEL)
      • 3.2.4.9.1 Technology description
      • 3.2.4.9.2 PEMEL plant
      • 3.2.4.9.3 Components and materials
      • 3.2.4.9.4 Costs
      • 3.2.4.9.5 Companies
    • 3.2.4.10 Solid oxide water electrolyzers (SOEC)
      • 3.2.4.10.1 Technology description
      • 3.2.4.10.2 SOEC plant
      • 3.2.4.10.3 Components and materials
    • 3.2.4.11 Other types
      • 3.2.4.11.1 Overview
      • 3.2.4.11.2 CO2 electrolysis
      • 3.2.4.11.3 Seawater electrolysis
    • 3.2.4.12 Companies
  • 3.2.5 Costs
  • 3.2.6 Water and land use for green hydrogen production
  • 3.2.7 Electrolyzer manufacturing capacities
• 3.3 Blue hydrogen (low-carbon hydrogen)
  • 3.3.1 Overview
  • 3.3.2 Advantages over green hydrogen
  • 3.3.3 SWOT analysis
  • 3.3.4 Production technologies
    • 3.3.4.1 Steam-methane reforming (SMR)
    • 3.3.4.2 Autothermal reforming (ATR)
    • 3.3.4.3 Partial oxidation (POX)
    • 3.3.4.4 Sorption Enhanced Steam Methane Reforming (SE-SMR)
    • 3.3.4.5 Methane pyrolysis (Turquoise hydrogen)
    • 3.3.4.6 Coal gasification
    • 3.3.4.7 Advanced autothermal gasification (AATG)
    • 3.3.4.8 Biomass processes
    • 3.3.4.9 Microwave technologies
    • 3.3.4.10 Dry reforming
    • 3.3.4.11 Plasma Reforming
    • 3.3.4.12 Solar SMR
    • 3.3.4.13 Tri-Reforming of Methane
    • 3.3.4.14 Membrane-assisted reforming
    • 3.3.4.15 Catalytic partial oxidation (CPOX)
    • 3.3.4.16 Chemical looping combustion (CLC)
  • 3.3.5 Carbon capture
    • 3.3.5.1 Pre-Combustion vs. Post-Combustion carbon capture
    • 3.3.5.2 What is CCUS?
      • 3.3.5.2.1 Carbon Capture
    • 3.3.5.3 Carbon Utilization
      • 3.3.5.3.1 CO2 utilization pathways
    • 3.3.5.4 Carbon storage
    • 3.3.5.5 Transporting CO2
      • 3.3.5.5.1 Methods of CO2 transport
    • 3.3.5.6 Costs
    • 3.3.5.7 Market map
    • 3.3.5.8 Point-source carbon capture for blue hydrogen
      • 3.3.5.8.1 Transportation
      • 3.3.5.8.2 Global point source CO2 capture capacities
      • 3.3.5.8.3 By source
      • 3.3.5.8.4 By endpoint
      • 3.3.5.8.5 Main carbon capture processes
    • 3.3.5.9 Carbon utilization
      • 3.3.5.9.1 Benefits of carbon utilization
      • 3.3.5.9.2 Market challenges
      • 3.3.5.9.3 Co2 utilization pathways
      • 3.3.5.9.4 Conversion processes
  • 3.3.6 Market players
• 3.4 Pink hydrogen
  • 3.4.1 Overview
  • 3.4.2 Production
  • 3.4.3 Applications
  • 3.4.4 SWOT analysis
  • 3.4.5 Market players
• 3.5 Turquoise hydrogen
  • 3.5.1 Overview
  • 3.5.2 Production
  • 3.5.3 Applications
  • 3.5.4 SWOT analysis
  • 3.5.5 Market players

4 HYDROGEN STORAGE AND TRANSPORT

• 4.1 Market overview
• 4.2 Hydrogen transport methods
  • 4.2.1 Pipeline transportation
  • 4.2.2 Road or rail transport
  • 4.2.3 Maritime transportation
  • 4.2.4 On-board-vehicle transport
• 4.3 Hydrogen compression, liquefaction, storage
  • 4.3.1 Solid storage
  • 4.3.2 Liquid storage on support
  • 4.3.3 Underground storage
• 4.4 Market players

5 HYDROGEN UTILIZATION

• 5.1 Hydrogen Fuel Cells
  • 5.1.1 Market overview
  • 5.1.2 PEM fuel cells (PEMFCs)
  • 5.1.3 Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs)
  • 5.1.4 Alternative fuel cells
• 5.2 Alternative fuel production
  • 5.2.1 Solid Biofuels
  • 5.2.2 Liquid Biofuels
  • 5.2.3 Gaseous Biofuels
  • 5.2.4 Conventional Biofuels
  • 5.2.5 Advanced Biofuels
  • 5.2.6 Feedstocks
  • 5.2.7 Production of biodiesel and other biofuels
  • 5.2.8 Renewable diesel
  • 5.2.9 Biojet and sustainable aviation fuel (SAF)
  • 5.2.10 Electrofuels (E-fuels, power-to-gas/liquids/fuels)
    • 5.2.10.1 Hydrogen electrolysis
    • 5.2.10.2 eFuel production facilities, current and planned
• 5.3 Hydrogen Vehicles
  • 5.3.1 Market overview
  • 5.3.2 Commercialization
  • 5.3.3 Hydrogen Storage Options
  • 5.3.4 Key Challenges and Opportunities
• 5.4 Aviation
  • 5.4.1 Market overview
  • 5.4.2 Applications
  • 5.4.3 Hydrogen Technology Approaches in Aviation
  • 5.4.4 Hydrogen Storage Options
  • 5.4.5 Key Projects and Timelines
  • 5.4.6 Market and Adoption Forecasts
• 5.5 Ammonia production
  • 5.5.1 Introduction
  • 5.5.2 Decarbonisation of ammonia production
  • 5.5.3 Green ammonia synthesis methods
    • 5.5.3.1 Haber-Bosch process
    • 5.5.3.2 Biological nitrogen fixation
    • 5.5.3.3 Electrochemical production
    • 5.5.3.4 Chemical looping processes
  • 5.5.4 Blue ammonia
    • 5.5.4.1 Blue ammonia projects
  • 5.5.5 Chemical energy storage
    • 5.5.5.1 Ammonia fuel cells
    • 5.5.5.2 Marine fuel
  • 5.5.6 Applications
  • 5.5.7 Companies
  • 5.5.8 Market Forecasts
• 5.6 Methanol production
  • 5.6.1 Market overview
  • 5.6.2 Sources
  • 5.6.3 Methanol-to gasoline technology
    • 5.6.3.1 Production processes
      • 5.6.3.1.1 Anaerobic digestion
      • 5.6.3.1.2 Biomass gasification
      • 5.6.3.1.3 Power to Methane
  • 5.6.4 Applications
  • 5.6.5 Market Forecasts
  • 5.6.6 Companies
• 5.7 Steelmaking
  • 5.7.1 Market overview
  • 5.7.2 Comparative analysis
  • 5.7.3 Hydrogen Direct Reduced Iron (DRI)
  • 5.7.4 Applications
  • 5.7.5 Market Forecasts
  • 5.7.6 Companies
• 5.8 Power & heat generation
  • 5.8.1 Market overview
    • 5.8.1.1 Power generation
    • 5.8.1.2 Heat Generation
  • 5.8.2 Hydrogen Supply and Infrastructure for Power and Heat
  • 5.8.3 Roadmap
  • 5.8.4 Market Forecasts
  • 5.8.5 Companies
• 5.9 Maritime
  • 5.9.1 Introduction
  • 5.9.2 Applications
  • 5.9.3 Companies
  • 5.9.4 Production, Distribution and Infrastructure for Maritime Applications
  • 5.9.5 Market
• 5.10 Fuel cell trains
  • 5.10.1 Market overview
  • 5.10.2 Applications
  • 5.10.3 Companies
  • 5.10.4 Hydrogen Production, Distribution and Infrastructure for Rail Applications
  • 5.10.5 Market Forecasts
  • 5.10.6 Case studies

6 COMPANY PROFILES (285 company profiles)

7 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

8 REFERENCES

List of Tables

• Table 1. Hydrogen colour shades, Technology, cost, and CO2 emissions
• Table 2. Main applications of hydrogen
• Table 3. Overview of hydrogen production methods
• Table 4. National hydrogen initiatives
• Table 5. Market challenges in the hydrogen economy and production technologies
• Table 6. Hydrogen industry developments 2020-2025
• Table 7. Market map for hydrogen technology and production
• Table 8. Industrial applications of hydrogen
• Table 9. Hydrogen energy markets and applications
• Table 10. Hydrogen production processes and stage of development
• Table 11. Estimated costs of clean hydrogen production
• Table 12. US Hydrogen Electrolyzer Capacities, current and planned, as of May 2023, by region
• Table 13. Comparison of hydrogen types
• Table 14. Characteristics of typical water electrolysis technologies
• Table 15. Advantages and disadvantages of water electrolysis technologies
• Table 16. Classifications of Alkaline Electrolyzers
• Table 17. Advantages & limitations of AWE
• Table 18. Key performance characteristics of AWE
• Table 19. Companies in the AWE market
• Table 20. Comparison of Commercial AEM Materials
• Table 21. Companies in the AMEL market
• Table 22. Companies in the PEMEL market
• Table 23. Companies in the SOEC market
• Table 24. Other types of electrolyzer technologies
• Table 25. Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Technologies/
• Table 26. Cost Comparison of CO2 Electrochemical Technologies
• Table 27. Companies developing other electrolyzer technologies
• Table 28. Electrolyzer Installations Forecast (GW), 2020-2040
• Table 29. Global market size for Electrolyzers, 2018-2035 (US$B)
• Table 30. Technology Readiness Levels (TRL) of main production technologies for blue hydrogen
• Table 31. Key players in methane pyrolysis
• Table 32. Commercial coal gasifier technologies
• Table 33. Blue hydrogen projects using CG
• Table 34. Biomass processes summary, process description and TRL
• Table 35. Pathways for hydrogen production from biomass
• Table 36. CO2 utilization and removal pathways
• Table 37. Approaches for capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from point sources
• Table 38. CO2 capture technologies
• Table 39. Advantages and challenges of carbon capture technologies
• Table 40. Overview of commercial materials and processes utilized in carbon capture
• Table 41. Methods of CO2 transport
• Table 42. Carbon capture, transport, and storage cost per unit of CO2
• Table 43. Estimated capital costs for commercial-scale carbon capture
• Table 44. Point source examples
• Table 45. Assessment of carbon capture materials
• Table 46. Chemical solvents used in post-combustion
• Table 47. Commercially available physical solvents for pre-combustion carbon capture
• Table 48. Carbon utilization revenue forecast by product (US$)
• Table 49. CO2 utilization and removal pathways
• Table 50. Market challenges for CO2 utilization
• Table 51. Example CO2 utilization pathways
• Table 52. CO2 derived products via Thermochemical conversion-applications, advantages and disadvantages
• Table 53. Electrochemical CO2 reduction products
• Table 54. CO2 derived products via electrochemical conversion-applications, advantages and disadvantages
• Table 55. CO2 derived products via biological conversion-applications, advantages and disadvantages
• Table 56. Companies developing and producing CO2-based polymers
• Table 57. Companies developing mineral carbonation technologies
• Table 58. Market players in blue hydrogen
• Table 59. Market players in pink hydrogen
• Table 60. Market players in turquoise hydrogen
• Table 61. Market overview-hydrogen storage and transport
• Table 62. Summary of different methods of hydrogen transport
• Table 63. Market players in hydrogen storage and transport
• Table 64. Market overview hydrogen fuel cells-applications, market players and market challenges
• Table 65. Categories and examples of solid biofuel
• Table 66. Comparison of biofuels and e-fuels to fossil and electricity
• Table 67. Classification of biomass feedstock
• Table 68. Biorefinery feedstocks
• Table 69. Feedstock conversion pathways
• Table 70. Biodiesel production techniques
• Table 71. Advantages and disadvantages of biojet fuel
• Table 72. Production pathways for bio-jet fuel
• Table 73. Applications of e-fuels, by type
• Table 74. Overview of e-fuels
• Table 75. Benefits of e-fuels
• Table 76. eFuel production facilities, current and planned
• Table 77. Market overview for hydrogen vehicles-applications, market players and market challenges
• Table 78. Markets, Applications and Companies in Hydrogen Vehicles
• Table 79. Technology Comparison for Hydrogen Vehicles
• Table 80. Hydrogen Storage Options
• Table 81. Key Challenges and Opportunities
• Table 82. Markets, Applications and Companies in Hydrogen Aviation
• Table 83. Hydrogen Technology Approaches in Aviation
• Table 84. Hydrogen Storage Options for Aviation
• Table 85. Key Projects and Timelines
• Table 86. Market and Adoption Forecasts
• Table 87. Ammonia Production Technologies Using Hydrogen
• Table 88. Economic Analysis of Ammonia Production from Hydrogen
• Table 89. Hydrogen Production, Distribution and Infrastructure for Ammonia Synthesis
• Table 90. Blue ammonia projects
• Table 91. Technical Comparison of Ammonia Production Methods
• Table 92. Ammonia fuel cell technologies
• Table 93. Market overview of green ammonia in marine fuel
• Table 94. Summary of marine alternative fuels
• Table 95. Estimated costs for different types of ammonia
• Table 96. Comparative Lifecycle Analysis of Ammonia Production Pathways
• Table 97. End-Use Applications for Ammonia Produced from Hydrogen
• Table 98. Companies in Ammonia from Hydrogen Production
• Table 99. Notable Ammonia from Hydrogen Projects
• Table 100. Market Forecasts for Ammonia from Hydrogen
• Table 101. Methanol Production Technologies Using Hydrogen
• Table 102. Economic Analysis of Methanol Production from Hydrogen
• Table 103. Hydrogen and Carbon Sources for Methanol Production
• Table 104. Comparison of biogas, biomethane and natural gas
• Table 105. Technical Comparison of Methanol Production Methods
• Table 106. End-Use Applications for Methanol from Hydrogen
• Table 107. Market Forecasts for Methanol from Hydrogen
• Table 108. Companies in Methanol from Hydrogen Production
• Table 109. Notable Methanol from Hydrogen Projects
• Table 110. Hydrogen-Based Steelmaking Technologies
• Table 111. Economic Analysis of Hydrogen Steelmaking
• Table 112. Hydrogen-based steelmaking technologies
• Table 113. Comparison of green steel production technologies
• Table 114. Technical Comparison of Steel Production Routes
• Table 115. Advantages and disadvantages of each potential hydrogen carrier
• Table 116. Hydrogen Supply and Infrastructure for Steelmaking
• Table 117. Applications and Market Analysis for Low-Carbon Steel
• Table 118. Market Forecasts for Hydrogen Steelmaking
• Table 119. Companies in Hydrogen Steelmaking
• Table 120. Notable Hydrogen Steelmaking Projects
• Table 121. Hydrogen Power and Heat Generation Technologies
• Table 122. Technical Comparison of Power Generation Technologies
• Table 123. Technical Comparison of Heat Generation Technologies
• Table 124. Hydrogen Supply and Infrastructure for Power and Heat
• Table 125. Technological Roadmap for power & heat generation
• Table 126. Market Forecasts for Hydrogen in Power and Heat
• Table 127. Companies in Hydrogen Power and Heat Generation
• Table 128. Notable Hydrogen Power and Heat Generation Projects
• Table 129. Technical Comparison of Hydrogen and Alternative Maritime Fuels
• Table 130. Economic Analysis of Maritime Hydrogen Implementation
• Table 131. Maritime Hydrogen Applications by Segment
• Table 132. Companies in Maritime Hydrogen
• Table 133. Notable Maritime Hydrogen Projects
• Table 134. Hydrogen Production, Distribution and Infrastructure for Maritime Applications
• Table 135. Market Forecasts for Maritime Hydrogen
• Table 136. Technical Comparison of Rail Propulsion Technologies
• Table 137. Economic Analysis of Fuel Cell Train Implementation
• Table 138. Fuel Cell Train Applications by Segment
• Table 139. Companies in Fuel Cell Train Development
• Table 140. Notable Fuel Cell Train Projects
• Table 141. Hydrogen Production, Distribution and Infrastructure for Rail Applications
• Table 142. Market Forecasts for Fuel Cell Trains
• Table 143. Comparison of Regional Hydrogen Train Markets
• Table 144. Case Studies - Operational Performance of Fuel Cell Trains

List of Figures

• Figure 1. Hydrogen value chain
• Figure 2. Current Annual H2 Production
• Figure 3. Principle of a PEM electrolyser
• Figure 4. Power-to-gas concept
• Figure 5. Schematic of a fuel cell stack
• Figure 6. High pressure electrolyser - 1 MW
• Figure 7. Global hydrogen demand forecast
• Figure 8. U.S. Hydrogen Production by Producer Type
• Figure 9. Segmentation of regional hydrogen production capacities in the US
• Figure 10. Current of planned installations of Electrolyzers over 1MW in the US
• Figure 11. SWOT analysis: green hydrogen
• Figure 12. Types of electrolysis technologies
• Figure 13. Typical Balance of Plant including Gas processing
• Figure 14. Schematic of alkaline water electrolysis working principle
• Figure 15. Alkaline water electrolyzer
• Figure 16. Typical system design and balance of plant for an AEM electrolyser
• Figure 17. Schematic of PEM water electrolysis working principle
• Figure 18. Typical system design and balance of plant for a PEM electrolyser
• Figure 19. Schematic of solid oxide water electrolysis working principle
• Figure 20. Typical system design and balance of plant for a solid oxide electrolyser
• Figure 21. Estimated annual electrolyser manufacturing capacity, by manufacture's headquarters (a) and by type and origin (b), 2021-2024
• Figure 22. Electrolyzer Installations Forecast (GW), 2020-2040
• Figure 23. Global market size for Electrolyzers, 2018-2035 (US$B)
• Figure 24. SWOT analysis: blue hydrogen
• Figure 25. SMR process flow diagram of steam methane reforming with carbon capture and storage (SMR-CCS)
• Figure 26. Process flow diagram of autothermal reforming with a carbon capture and storage (ATR-CCS) plant
• Figure 27. POX process flow diagram
• Figure 28. Process flow diagram for a typical SE-SMR
• Figure 29. HiiROC's methane pyrolysis reactor
• Figure 30. Coal gasification (CG) process
• Figure 31. Flow diagram of Advanced autothermal gasification (AATG)
• Figure 32. Schematic of CCUS process
• Figure 33. Pathways for CO2 utilization and removal
• Figure 34. A pre-combustion capture system
• Figure 35. Carbon dioxide utilization and removal cycle
• Figure 36. Various pathways for CO2 utilization
• Figure 37. Example of underground carbon dioxide storage
• Figure 38. Transport of CCS technologies
• Figure 39. Railroad car for liquid CO2 transport
• Figure 40. Estimated costs of capture of one metric ton of carbon dioxide (Co2) by sector
• Figure 41. CCUS market map
• Figure 42. Global capacity of point-source carbon capture and storage facilities
• Figure 43. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 source, 2021
• Figure 44. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 source
• Figure 45. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 endpoint
• Figure 46. Post-combustion carbon capture process
• Figure 47. Postcombustion CO2 Capture in a Coal-Fired Power Plant
• Figure 48. Oxy-combustion carbon capture process
• Figure 49. Liquid or supercritical CO2 carbon capture process
• Figure 50. Pre-combustion carbon capture process
• Figure 51. CO2 non-conversion and conversion technology, advantages and disadvantages
• Figure 52. Applications for CO2
• Figure 53. Cost to capture one metric ton of carbon, by sector
• Figure 54. Life cycle of CO2-derived products and services
• Figure 55. Co2 utilization pathways and products
• Figure 56. Plasma technology configurations and their advantages and disadvantages for CO2 conversion
• Figure 57. LanzaTech gas-fermentation process
• Figure 58. Schematic of biological CO2 conversion into e-fuels
• Figure 59. Econic catalyst systems
• Figure 60. Mineral carbonation processes
• Figure 61. Pink hydrogen Production Pathway
• Figure 62. SWOT analysis: pink hydrogen
• Figure 63. Turquoise hydrogen Production Pathway
• Figure 64. SWOT analysis: turquoise hydrogen
• Figure 65. Process steps in the production of electrofuels
• Figure 66. Mapping storage technologies according to performance characteristics
• Figure 67. Production process for green hydrogen
• Figure 68. E-liquids production routes
• Figure 69. Fischer-Tropsch liquid e-fuel products
• Figure 70. Resources required for liquid e-fuel production
• Figure 71. Levelized cost and fuel-switching CO2 prices of e-fuels
• Figure 72. Cost breakdown for e-fuels
• Figure 73. Hydrogen fuel cell powered EV
• Figure 74. Green ammonia production and use
• Figure 75. Classification and process technology according to carbon emission in ammonia production
• Figure 76. Schematic of the Haber Bosch ammonia synthesis reaction
• Figure 77. Schematic of hydrogen production via steam methane reformation
• Figure 78. Estimated production cost of green ammonia
• Figure 79. Renewable Methanol Production Processes from Different Feedstocks
• Figure 80. Production of biomethane through anaerobic digestion and upgrading
• Figure 81. Production of biomethane through biomass gasification and methanation
• Figure 82. Production of biomethane through the Power to methane process
• Figure 83. Transition to hydrogen-based production
• Figure 84. CO2 emissions from steelmaking (tCO2/ton crude steel)
• Figure 85. Hydrogen Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) process
• Figure 86. Three Gorges Hydrogen Boat No. 1
• Figure 87. PESA hydrogen-powered shunting locomotive
• Figure 88. SymbioticTM technology process
• Figure 89. Alchemr AEM electrolyzer cell
• Figure 90. HyCS-R technology system
• Figure 91. Fuel cell module FCwaveTM
• Figure 92. Direct Air Capture Process
• Figure 93. CRI process
• Figure 94. Croft system
• Figure 95. ECFORM electrolysis reactor schematic
• Figure 96. Domsjo process
• Figure 97. EH Fuel Cell Stack
• Figure 98. Direct MCH-R process
• Figure 99. Electriq's dehydrogenation system
• Figure 100. Endua Power Bank
• Figure 101. EL 2.1 AEM Electrolyser
• Figure 102. Enapter - Anion Exchange Membrane (AEM) Water Electrolysis
• Figure 103. Direct MCH-R process
• Figure 104. Hyundai Class 8 truck fuels at a First Element high capacity mobile refueler
• Figure 105. FuelPositive system
• Figure 106. Using electricity from solar power to produce green hydrogen
• Figure 107. Hydrogen Storage Module
• Figure 108. Plug And Play Stationery Storage Units
• Figure 109. Left: a typical single-stage electrolyzer design, with a membrane separating the hydrogen and oxygen gasses. Right: the two-stage E-TAC process
• Figure 110. Hystar PEM electrolyser
• Figure 111. KEYOU-H2-Technology
• Figure 112. Audi/Krajete unit
• Figure 113. OCOchem's Carbon Flux Electrolyzer
• Figure 114. CO2 hydrogenation to jet fuel range hydrocarbons process
• Figure 115. The Plagazi -R process
• Figure 116. Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell
• Figure 117. Sunfire process for Blue Crude production
• Figure 118. CALF-20 has been integrated into a rotating CO2 capture machine (left), which operates inside a CO2 plant module (right)
• Figure 119. Tevva hydrogen truck
• Figure 120. Topsoe's SynCORTM autothermal reforming technology
• Figure 121. O12 Reactor
• Figure 122. Sunglasses with lenses made from CO2-derived materials
• Figure 123. CO2 made car part
• Figure 124. The Velocys process