The Global Market for Advanced Bio-based and Sustainable Materials 2025-2035

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

2. INTRODUCTION

• 2.1. Definition of Sustainable and Bio-based Materials
• 2.2. Importance and Benefits of Bio-based and Sustainable Materials

3. BIOBASED CHEMICALS AND INTERMEDIATES

• 3.1. BIOREFINERIES
• 3.2. BIO-BASED FEEDSTOCK AND LAND USE
• 3.3. PLANT-BASED
  • 3.3.1. STARCH
    • 3.3.1.1. Overview
    • 3.3.1.2. Sources
    • 3.3.1.3. Global production
    • 3.3.1.4. Lysine
      • 3.3.1.4.1. Source
      • 3.3.1.4.2. Applications
      • 3.3.1.4.3. Global production
    • 3.3.1.5. Glucose
      • 3.3.1.5.1. HMDA
        • 3.3.1.5.1.1. Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.1.2. Sources
        • 3.3.1.5.1.3. Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.1.4. Global production
      • 3.3.1.5.2. 1,5-diaminopentane (DA5)
        • 3.3.1.5.2.1. Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.2.2. Sources
        • 3.3.1.5.2.3. Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.2.4. Global production
      • 3.3.1.5.3. Sorbitol
        • 3.3.1.5.3.1. Isosorbide
          • 3.3.1.5.3.1.1. Overview
          • 3.3.1.5.3.1.2. Sources
          • 3.3.1.5.3.1.3. Applications
          • 3.3.1.5.3.1.4. Global production
      • 3.3.1.5.4. Lactic acid
        • 3.3.1.5.4.1. Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.4.2. D-lactic acid
        • 3.3.1.5.4.3. L-lactic acid
        • 3.3.1.5.4.4. Lactide
      • 3.3.1.5.5. Itaconic acid
        • 3.3.1.5.5.1. Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.5.2. Sources
        • 3.3.1.5.5.3. Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.5.4. Global production
      • 3.3.1.5.6. 3-HP
        • 3.3.1.5.6.1. Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.6.2. Sources
        • 3.3.1.5.6.3. Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.6.4. Global production
        • 3.3.1.5.6.5. Acrylic acid
          • 3.3.1.5.6.5.1. Overview
          • 3.3.1.5.6.5.2. Applications
          • 3.3.1.5.6.5.3. Global production
        • 3.3.1.5.6.6. 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO)
          • 3.3.1.5.6.6.1. Overview
          • 3.3.1.5.6.6.2. Applications
          • 3.3.1.5.6.6.3. Global production
      • 3.3.1.5.7. Succinic Acid
        • 3.3.1.5.7.1. Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.7.2. Sources
        • 3.3.1.5.7.3. Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.7.4. Global production
        • 3.3.1.5.7.5. 1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BDO)
          • 3.3.1.5.7.5.1. Overview
          • 3.3.1.5.7.5.2. Applications
          • 3.3.1.5.7.5.3. Global production
        • 3.3.1.5.7.6. Tetrahydrofuran (THF)
          • 3.3.1.5.7.6.1. Overview
          • 3.3.1.5.7.6.2. Applications
          • 3.3.1.5.7.6.3. Global production
      • 3.3.1.5.8. Adipic acid
        • 3.3.1.5.8.1. Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.8.2. Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.8.3. Caprolactame
          • 3.3.1.5.8.3.1. Overview
          • 3.3.1.5.8.3.2. Applications
          • 3.3.1.5.8.3.3. Global production
      • 3.3.1.5.9. Isobutanol
        • 3.3.1.5.9.1. Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.9.2. Sources
        • 3.3.1.5.9.3. Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.9.4. Global production
        • 3.3.1.5.9.5. p-Xylene
          • 3.3.1.5.9.5.1. Overview
          • 3.3.1.5.9.5.2. Sources
          • 3.3.1.5.9.5.3. Applications
          • 3.3.1.5.9.5.4. Global production
          • 3.3.1.5.9.5.5. Terephthalic acid
          • 3.3.1.5.9.5.6. Overview
      • 3.3.1.5.10. 1,3 Proppanediol
        • 3.3.1.5.10.1.1. Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.10.2. Sources
        • 3.3.1.5.10.3. Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.10.4. Global production
      • 3.3.1.5.11. Monoethylene glycol (MEG)
        • 3.3.1.5.11.1. Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.11.2. Sources
        • 3.3.1.5.11.3. Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.11.4. Global production
      • 3.3.1.5.12. Ethanol
        • 3.3.1.5.12.1. Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.12.2. Sources
        • 3.3.1.5.12.3. Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.12.4. Global production
        • 3.3.1.5.12.5. Ethylene
          • 3.3.1.5.12.5.1. Overview
          • 3.3.1.5.12.5.2. Applications
          • 3.3.1.5.12.5.3. Global production
          • 3.3.1.5.12.5.4. Propylene
          • 3.3.1.5.12.5.5. Vinyl chloride
        • 3.3.1.5.12.6. Methly methacrylate
  • 3.3.2. SUGAR CROPS
    • 3.3.2.1. Saccharose
      • 3.3.2.1.1. Aniline
        • 3.3.2.1.1.1. Overview
        • 3.3.2.1.1.2. Applications
        • 3.3.2.1.1.3. Global production
      • 3.3.2.1.2. Fructose
        • 3.3.2.1.2.1. Overview
        • 3.3.2.1.2.2. Applications
        • 3.3.2.1.2.3. Global production
        • 3.3.2.1.2.4. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF)
          • 3.3.2.1.2.4.1. Overview
          • 3.3.2.1.2.4.2. Applications
          • 3.3.2.1.2.4.3. Global production
        • 3.3.2.1.2.5. 5-Chloromethylfurfural (5-CMF)
          • 3.3.2.1.2.5.1. Overview
          • 3.3.2.1.2.5.2. Applications
          • 3.3.2.1.2.5.3. Global production
        • 3.3.2.1.2.6. Levulinic Acid
          • 3.3.2.1.2.6.1. Overview
          • 3.3.2.1.2.6.2. Applications
          • 3.3.2.1.2.6.3. Global production
        • 3.3.2.1.2.7. FDME
          • 3.3.2.1.2.7.1. Overview
          • 3.3.2.1.2.7.2. Applications
          • 3.3.2.1.2.7.3. Global production
        • 3.3.2.1.2.8. 2,5-FDCA
          • 3.3.2.1.2.8.1. Overview
          • 3.3.2.1.2.8.2. Applications
          • 3.3.2.1.2.8.3. Global production
  • 3.3.3. LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS
    • 3.3.3.1. Levoglucosenone
      • 3.3.3.1.1. Overview
      • 3.3.3.1.2. Applications
      • 3.3.3.1.3. Global production
    • 3.3.3.2. Hemicellulose
      • 3.3.3.2.1. Overview
      • 3.3.3.2.2. Biochemicals from hemicellulose
      • 3.3.3.2.3. Global production
      • 3.3.3.2.4. Furfural
        • 3.3.3.2.4.1. Overview
        • 3.3.3.2.4.2. Applications
        • 3.3.3.2.4.3. Global production
        • 3.3.3.2.4.4. Furfuyl alcohol
          • 3.3.3.2.4.4.1. Overview
          • 3.3.3.2.4.4.2. Applications
          • 3.3.3.2.4.4.3. Global production
    • 3.3.3.3. Lignin
      • 3.3.3.3.1. Overview
      • 3.3.3.3.2. Sources
      • 3.3.3.3.3. Applications
        • 3.3.3.3.3.1. Aromatic compounds
          • 3.3.3.3.3.1.1. Benzene, toluene and xylene
          • 3.3.3.3.3.1.2. Phenol and phenolic resins
          • 3.3.3.3.3.1.3. Vanillin
        • 3.3.3.3.3.2. Polymers
      • 3.3.3.3.4. Global production
  • 3.3.4. PLANT OILS
    • 3.3.4.1. Overview
    • 3.3.4.2. Glycerol
      • 3.3.4.2.1. Overview
      • 3.3.4.2.2. Applications
      • 3.3.4.2.3. Global production
      • 3.3.4.2.4. MPG
        • 3.3.4.2.4.1. Overview
        • 3.3.4.2.4.2. Applications
        • 3.3.4.2.4.3. Global production
      • 3.3.4.2.5. ECH
        • 3.3.4.2.5.1. Overview
        • 3.3.4.2.5.2. Applications
        • 3.3.4.2.5.3. Global production
    • 3.3.4.3. Fatty acids
      • 3.3.4.3.1. Overview
      • 3.3.4.3.2. Applications
      • 3.3.4.3.3. Global production
    • 3.3.4.4. Castor oil
      • 3.3.4.4.1. Overview
      • 3.3.4.4.2. Sebacic acid
        • 3.3.4.4.2.1. Overview
        • 3.3.4.4.2.2. Applications
        • 3.3.4.4.2.3. Global production
      • 3.3.4.4.3. 11-Aminoundecanoic acid (11-AA)
        • 3.3.4.4.3.1. Overview
        • 3.3.4.4.3.2. Applications
        • 3.3.4.4.3.3. Global production
    • 3.3.4.5. Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA)
      • 3.3.4.5.1. Overview
      • 3.3.4.5.2. Applications
      • 3.3.4.5.3. Global production
    • 3.3.4.6. Pentamethylene diisocyanate
      • 3.3.4.6.1. Overview
      • 3.3.4.6.2. Applications
      • 3.3.4.6.3. Global production
  • 3.3.5. NON-EDIBIBLE MILK
    • 3.3.5.1. Casein
      • 3.3.5.1.1. Overview
      • 3.3.5.1.2. Applications
      • 3.3.5.1.3. Global production
• 3.4. WASTE
  • 3.4.1. Food waste
    • 3.4.1.1. Overview
    • 3.4.1.2. Products and applications
      • 3.4.1.2.1. Global production
  • 3.4.2. Agricultural waste
    • 3.4.2.1. Overview
    • 3.4.2.2. Products and applications
    • 3.4.2.3. Global production
  • 3.4.3. Forestry waste
    • 3.4.3.1. Overview
    • 3.4.3.2. Products and applications
    • 3.4.3.3. Global production
  • 3.4.4. Aquaculture/fishing waste
    • 3.4.4.1. Overview
    • 3.4.4.2. Products and applications
    • 3.4.4.3. Global production
  • 3.4.5. Municipal solid waste
    • 3.4.5.1. Overview
    • 3.4.5.2. Products and applications
    • 3.4.5.3. Global production
  • 3.4.6. Industrial waste
    • 3.4.6.1. Overview
  • 3.4.7. Waste oils
    • 3.4.7.1. Overview
    • 3.4.7.2. Products and applications
    • 3.4.7.3. Global production
• 3.5. MICROBIAL & MINERAL SOURCES
  • 3.5.1. Microalgae
    • 3.5.1.1. Overview
    • 3.5.1.2. Products and applications
    • 3.5.1.3. Global production
  • 3.5.2. Macroalgae
    • 3.5.2.1. Overview
    • 3.5.2.2. Products and applications
    • 3.5.2.3. Global production
  • 3.5.3. Mineral sources
    • 3.5.3.1. Overview
    • 3.5.3.2. Products and applications
• 3.6. GASEOUS
  • 3.6.1. Biogas
    • 3.6.1.1. Overview
    • 3.6.1.2. Products and applications
    • 3.6.1.3. Global production
  • 3.6.2. Syngas
    • 3.6.2.1. Overview
    • 3.6.2.2. Products and applications
    • 3.6.2.3. Global production
  • 3.6.3. Off gases - fermentation CO2, CO
    • 3.6.3.1. Overview
    • 3.6.3.2. Products and applications
• 3.7. COMPANY PROFILES (128 company profiles)

4. BIOBASED POLYMERS AND PLASTICS

• 4.1. Overview
  • 4.1.1. Drop-in bio-based plastics
  • 4.1.2. Novel bio-based plastics
• 4.2. Biodegradable and compostable plastics
  • 4.2.1. Biodegradability
  • 4.2.2. Compostability
• 4.3. Types
• 4.4. Key market players
• 4.5. Synthetic biobased polymers
  • 4.5.1. Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)
    • 4.5.1.1. Market analysis
    • 4.5.1.2. Production
    • 4.5.1.3. Producers and production capacities, current and planned
      • 4.5.1.3.1. Lactic acid producers and production capacities
      • 4.5.1.3.2. PLA producers and production capacities
      • 4.5.1.3.3. Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)
  • 4.5.2. Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET)
    • 4.5.2.1. Market analysis
    • 4.5.2.2. Producers and production capacities
    • 4.5.2.3. Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)
  • 4.5.3. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT)
    • 4.5.3.1. Market analysis
    • 4.5.3.2. Producers and production capacities
    • 4.5.3.3. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)
  • 4.5.4. Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF)
    • 4.5.4.1. Market analysis
    • 4.5.4.2. Comparative properties to PET
    • 4.5.4.3. Producers and production capacities
      • 4.5.4.3.1. FDCA and PEF producers and production capacities
      • 4.5.4.3.2. Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes).
  • 4.5.5. Polyamides (Bio-PA)
    • 4.5.5.1. Market analysis
    • 4.5.5.2. Producers and production capacities
    • 4.5.5.3. Polyamides (Bio-PA) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)
  • 4.5.6. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT)
    • 4.5.6.1. Market analysis
    • 4.5.6.2. Producers and production capacities
    • 4.5.6.3. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)
  • 4.5.7. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers
    • 4.5.7.1. Market analysis
    • 4.5.7.2. Producers and production capacities
    • 4.5.7.3. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)
  • 4.5.8. Polyethylene (Bio-PE)
    • 4.5.8.1. Market analysis
    • 4.5.8.2. Producers and production capacities
    • 4.5.8.3. Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes).
  • 4.5.9. Polypropylene (Bio-PP)
    • 4.5.9.1. Market analysis
    • 4.5.9.2. Producers and production capacities
    • 4.5.9.3. Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)
• 4.6. Natural biobased polymers
  • 4.6.1. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
    • 4.6.1.1. Technology description
    • 4.6.1.2. Types
      • 4.6.1.2.1. PHB
      • 4.6.1.2.2. PHBV
    • 4.6.1.3. Synthesis and production processes
    • 4.6.1.4. Market analysis
    • 4.6.1.5. Commercially available PHAs
    • 4.6.1.6. Markets for PHAs
      • 4.6.1.6.1. Packaging
      • 4.6.1.6.2. Cosmetics
        • 4.6.1.6.2.1. PHA microspheres
      • 4.6.1.6.3. Medical
        • 4.6.1.6.3.1. Tissue engineering
        • 4.6.1.6.3.2. Drug delivery
      • 4.6.1.6.4. Agriculture
        • 4.6.1.6.4.1. Mulch film
        • 4.6.1.6.4.2. Grow bags
    • 4.6.1.7. Producers and production capacities
  • 4.6.2. Cellulose
    • 4.6.2.1. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)
      • 4.6.2.1.1. Market analysis
      • 4.6.2.1.2. Producers and production capacities
    • 4.6.2.2. Nanocellulose
      • 4.6.2.2.1. Cellulose nanocrystals
        • 4.6.2.2.1.1. Synthesis
        • 4.6.2.2.1.2. Properties
        • 4.6.2.2.1.3. Production
        • 4.6.2.2.1.4. Applications
        • 4.6.2.2.1.5. Market analysis
        • 4.6.2.2.1.6. Producers and production capacities
      • 4.6.2.2.2. Cellulose nanofibers
        • 4.6.2.2.2.1. Applications
        • 4.6.2.2.2.2. Market analysis
        • 4.6.2.2.2.3. Producers and production capacities
      • 4.6.2.2.3. Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)
        • 4.6.2.2.3.1. Production
        • 4.6.2.2.3.2. Applications
  • 4.6.3. Protein-based bioplastics
    • 4.6.3.1. Types, applications and producers
  • 4.6.4. Algal and fungal
    • 4.6.4.1. Algal
      • 4.6.4.1.1. Advantages
      • 4.6.4.1.2. Production
      • 4.6.4.1.3. Producers
    • 4.6.4.2. Mycelium
      • 4.6.4.2.1. Properties
      • 4.6.4.2.2. Applications
      • 4.6.4.2.3. Commercialization
  • 4.6.5. Chitosan
    • 4.6.5.1. Technology description
• 4.7. Bio-rubber
  • 4.7.1. Overview
  • 4.7.2. Applications
  • 4.7.3. Importance of Recycling and Residue Utilization
  • 4.7.4. Raw Material Sourcing and Selection
  • 4.7.5. Production Methods and Processing Techniques
  • 4.7.6. Environmental Impact and Benefits
  • 4.7.7. Material Properties and Testing
  • 4.7.8. Comparison with Conventional Rubber
  • 4.7.9. Applications in Construction
    • 4.7.9.1. Bio-Rubber Use in Building Panels
    • 4.7.9.2. Thermal and Acoustic Insulation
  • 4.7.10. Applications in the Automotive Industry
    • 4.7.10.1. Automotive Parts and Components
  • 4.7.11. Applications in Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
    • 4.7.11.1. Gloves, Boots, and Safety Equipment
    • 4.7.11.2. Enhancing Durability and Comfort
    • 4.7.11.3. 2. Standards Compliance and Health Implications
    • 4.7.11.4. Challenges and Limitations
  • 4.7.12. Technological Challenges in Bio-Rubber Production
  • 4.7.13. Cost and Economic Viability
  • 4.7.14. Regulatory and Safety Concerns
  • 4.7.15. Sustainability and Environmental Impact Analysis
  • 4.7.16. Growth Prospects in Construction, Automotive, and PPE Sectors
• 4.8. Bio-plastic from residues
  • 4.8.1. Overview
  • 4.8.2. Production and Properties
  • 4.8.3. Manufacturing Processes and Techniques
  • 4.8.4. Material Properties: Biodegradability, Food-Safe, and Recyclability
  • 4.8.5. Applications
    • 4.8.5.1. Caps and Closures
      • 4.8.5.1.1. Bottle Caps and Sealing Solutions
      • 4.8.5.1.2. Compatibility with Food and Beverage Standards
    • 4.8.5.2. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
      • 4.8.5.2.1. Bio-Plastic in Face Shields, Gloves, and Masks
      • 4.8.5.2.2. Biodegradability and Safety Standards
      • 4.8.5.2.3. Market Trends in Eco-Friendly PPE
    • 4.8.5.3. Healthcare and Medical Products
      • 4.8.5.3.1. Disposable Medical Tools, Packaging, and Devices
      • 4.8.5.3.2. Sterility, Safety, and Bio-Compatibility Standards
      • 4.8.5.3.3. Adoption by Healthcare Providers
    • 4.8.5.4. Agriculture
      • 4.8.5.4.1. Mulch Films, Plant Pots, and Seed Coatings
    • 4.8.5.5. Cosmetics and Food
      • 4.8.5.5.1. Bio-Plastic in Cosmetic Jars, Food Containers, and Wraps
      • 4.8.5.5.2. Food Contact Safety and Aesthetic Appeal
      • 4.8.5.5.3. Demand Trends for Sustainable Cosmetic and Food Packaging
    • 4.8.5.6. Automotive Interior Components
      • 4.8.5.6.1. Bio-Plastic in Dashboards, Panels, and Upholstery
      • 4.8.5.6.2. Performance and Durability Standards
      • 4.8.5.6.3. Market Adoption in Eco-Friendly Automotive Solutions
• 4.9. Production by region
  • 4.9.1. North America
  • 4.9.2. Europe
  • 4.9.3. Asia-Pacific
    • 4.9.3.1. China
    • 4.9.3.2. Japan
    • 4.9.3.3. Thailand
    • 4.9.3.4. Indonesia
  • 4.9.4. Latin America
• 4.10. End use markets
  • 4.10.1. Packaging
    • 4.10.1.1. Processes for bioplastics in packaging
    • 4.10.1.2. Applications
    • 4.10.1.3. Flexible packaging
      • 4.10.1.3.1. Production volumes 2019-2035
    • 4.10.1.4. Rigid packaging
      • 4.10.1.4.1. Production volumes 2019-2035
  • 4.10.2. Consumer products
    • 4.10.2.1. Applications
    • 4.10.2.2. Production volumes 2019-2035
  • 4.10.3. Automotive
    • 4.10.3.1. Applications
    • 4.10.3.2. Production volumes 2019-2035
  • 4.10.4. Construction
    • 4.10.4.1. Applications
    • 4.10.4.2. Production volumes 2019-2035
  • 4.10.5. Textiles
    • 4.10.5.1. Apparel
    • 4.10.5.2. Footwear
    • 4.10.5.3. Medical textiles
    • 4.10.5.4. Production volumes 2019-2035
  • 4.10.6. Electronics
    • 4.10.6.1. Applications
    • 4.10.6.2. Production volumes 2019-2035
  • 4.10.7. Agriculture and horticulture
    • 4.10.7.1. Production volumes 2019-2035
• 4.11. Lignin
  • 4.11.1. Introduction
    • 4.11.1.1. What is lignin?
      • 4.11.1.1.1. Lignin structure
    • 4.11.1.2. Types of lignin
      • 4.11.1.2.1. Sulfur containing lignin
      • 4.11.1.2.2. Sulfur-free lignin from biorefinery process
    • 4.11.1.3. Properties
    • 4.11.1.4. The lignocellulose biorefinery
    • 4.11.1.5. Markets and applications
    • 4.11.1.6. Challenges for using lignin
  • 4.11.2. Lignin production processes
    • 4.11.2.1. Lignosulphonates
    • 4.11.2.2. Kraft Lignin
      • 4.11.2.2.1. LignoBoost process
      • 4.11.2.2.2. LignoForce method
      • 4.11.2.2.3. Sequential Liquid Lignin Recovery and Purification
      • 4.11.2.2.4. A-Recovery+
    • 4.11.2.3. Soda lignin
    • 4.11.2.4. Biorefinery lignin
      • 4.11.2.4.1. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and. processes
    • 4.11.2.5. Organosolv lignins
    • 4.11.2.6. Hydrolytic lignin
  • 4.11.3. Markets for lignin
    • 4.11.3.1. Market drivers and trends for lignin
    • 4.11.3.2. Production capacities
      • 4.11.3.2.1. Technical lignin availability (dry ton/y)
      • 4.11.3.2.2. Biomass conversion (Biorefinery)
    • 4.11.3.3. Global consumption of lignin
      • 4.11.3.3.1. By type
      • 4.11.3.3.2. By market
        • 4.11.3.4. Prices
    • 4.11.3.5. Heat and power energy
    • 4.11.3.6. Pyrolysis and syngas
    • 4.11.3.7. Aromatic compounds
      • 4.11.3.7.1. Benzene, toluene and xylene
      • 4.11.3.7.2. Phenol and phenolic resins
      • 4.11.3.7.3. Vanillin
    • 4.11.3.8. Plastics and polymers
• 4.12. COMPANY PROFILES (526 company profiles)

5. NATURAL FIBER PLASTICS AND COMPOSITES

• 5.1. Introduction
  • 5.1.1. What are natural fiber materials?
  • 5.1.2. Benefits of natural fibers over synthetic
  • 5.1.3. Markets and applications for natural fibers
  • 5.1.4. Commercially available natural fiber products
  • 5.1.5. Market drivers for natural fibers
  • 5.1.6. Market challenges
  • 5.1.7. Wood flour as a plastic filler
• 5.2. Types of natural fibers in plastic composites
  • 5.2.1. Plants
    • 5.2.1.1. Seed fibers
      • 5.2.1.1.1. Kapok
      • 5.2.1.1.2. Luffa
    • 5.2.1.2. Bast fibers
      • 5.2.1.2.1. Jute
      • 5.2.1.2.2. Hemp
      • 5.2.1.2.3. Flax
      • 5.2.1.2.4. Ramie
      • 5.2.1.2.5. Kenaf
    • 5.2.1.3. Leaf fibers
      • 5.2.1.3.1. Sisal
      • 5.2.1.3.2. Abaca
    • 5.2.1.4. Fruit fibers
      • 5.2.1.4.1. Coir
      • 5.2.1.4.2. Banana
      • 5.2.1.4.3. Pineapple
    • 5.2.1.5. Stalk fibers from agricultural residues
      • 5.2.1.5.1. Rice fiber
      • 5.2.1.5.2. Corn
    • 5.2.1.6. Cane, grasses and reed
      • 5.2.1.6.1. Switchgrass
      • 5.2.1.6.2. Sugarcane (agricultural residues)
      • 5.2.1.6.3. Bamboo
      • 5.2.1.6.4. Fresh grass (green biorefinery)
    • 5.2.1.7. Modified natural polymers
      • 5.2.1.7.1. Mycelium
      • 5.2.1.7.2. Chitosan
      • 5.2.1.7.3. Alginate
  • 5.2.2. Animal (fibrous protein)
    • 5.2.2.1. Silk fiber
  • 5.2.3. Wood-based natural fibers
    • 5.2.3.1. Cellulose fibers
      • 5.2.3.1.1. Market overview
      • 5.2.3.1.2. Producers
    • 5.2.3.2. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)
      • 5.2.3.2.1. Market overview
      • 5.2.3.2.2. Producers
    • 5.2.3.3. Cellulose nanocrystals
      • 5.2.3.3.1. Market overview
      • 5.2.3.3.2. Producers
    • 5.2.3.4. Cellulose nanofibers
      • 5.2.3.4.1. Market overview
      • 5.2.3.4.2. Producers
• 5.3. Processing and Treatment of Natural Fibers
• 5.4. Interface and Compatibility of Natural Fibers with Plastic Matrices
  • 5.4.1. Adhesion and Bonding
  • 5.4.2. Moisture Absorption and Dimensional Stability
  • 5.4.3. Thermal Expansion and Compatibility
  • 5.4.4. Dispersion and Distribution
  • 5.4.5. Matrix Selection
  • 5.4.6. Fiber Content and Alignment
  • 5.4.7. Manufacturing Techniques
• 5.5. Manufacturing processes
  • 5.5.1. Injection molding
  • 5.5.2. Compression moulding
  • 5.5.3. Extrusion
  • 5.5.4. Thermoforming
  • 5.5.5. Thermoplastic pultrusion
  • 5.5.6. Additive manufacturing (3D printing)
• 5.6. Global market for natural fibers
  • 5.6.1. Automotive
    • 5.6.1.1. Applications
    • 5.6.1.2. Commercial production
    • 5.6.1.3. SWOT analysis
  • 5.6.2. Packaging
    • 5.6.2.1. Applications
    • 5.6.2.2. SWOT analysis
  • 5.6.3. Construction
    • 5.6.3.1. Applications
    • 5.6.3.2. SWOT analysis
  • 5.6.4. Appliances
    • 5.6.4.1. Applications
    • 5.6.4.2. SWOT analysis
  • 5.6.5. Consumer electronics
    • 5.6.5.1. Applications
    • 5.6.5.2. SWOT analysis
  • 5.6.6. Furniture
    • 5.6.6.1. Applications
    • 5.6.6.2. SWOT analysis
• 5.7. Wood composites
  • 5.7.1. Applications
  • 5.7.2. Importance of Wood Composite in Sustainable Manufacturing
  • 5.7.3. Market Overview and Dynamics of Wood Composite Market
  • 5.7.4. Production and Material Properties
  • 5.7.5. Types of Wood Composite Materials
  • 5.7.6. Performance Characteristics
  • 5.7.7. Applications
    • 5.7.7.1. Tools and Appliances
      • 5.7.7.1.1. Wood Composite Use in Industrial Tools
      • 5.7.7.1.2. Bearings, Including Sliding Bearings
      • 5.7.7.1.3. Advantages of Wood Composite Bearings in Load-Bearing Applications
      • 5.7.7.1.4. Case Studies
      • 5.7.7.1.5. Industry Trends
    • 5.7.7.2. Construction and Building Materials
      • 5.7.7.2.1. Wood Composite in Floor Plates, Panels, and Walls
      • 5.7.7.2.2. Benefits in Construction: Strength, Insulation, and Aesthetics
      • 5.7.7.2.3. Case Studies
    • 5.7.7.3. Engine Components
      • 5.7.7.3.1. Benefits of Wood Composite in Weight Reduction and Insulation
      • 5.7.7.3.2. Analysis of Wood Composite Performance in High-Stress Environments
  • 5.7.8. Technological Barriers
  • 5.7.9. Environmental and Sustainability Considerations
  • 5.7.10. Emerging Technologies in Wood Composite Manufacturing
• 5.8. Competitive landscape
• 5.9. Future outlook
• 5.10. Revenues
  • 5.10.1. By end use market
  • 5.10.2. By Material Type
  • 5.10.3. By Plastic Type
  • 5.10.4. By region
• 5.11. Company profiles (67 company profiles)

6. SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

• 6.1. Market overview
  • 6.1.1. Benefits of Sustainable Construction
  • 6.1.2. Global Trends and Drivers
• 6.2. Global revenues
  • 6.2.1. By materials type
  • 6.2.2. By market
• 6.3. Types of sustainable construction materials
  • 6.3.1. Established bio-based construction materials
  • 6.3.2. Hemp-based Materials
    • 6.3.2.1. Hemp Concrete (Hempcrete)
    • 6.3.2.2. Hemp Fiberboard
    • 6.3.2.3. Hemp Insulation
  • 6.3.3. Mycelium-based Materials
    • 6.3.3.1. Insulation
    • 6.3.3.2. Structural Elements
    • 6.3.3.3. Acoustic Panels
    • 6.3.3.4. Decorative Elements
  • 6.3.4. Sustainable Concrete and Cement Alternatives
    • 6.3.4.1. Geopolymer Concrete
    • 6.3.4.2. Recycled Aggregate Concrete
    • 6.3.4.3. Lime-Based Materials
    • 6.3.4.4. Self-healing concrete
      • 6.3.4.4.1. Bioconcrete
      • 6.3.4.4.2. Fiber concrete
    • 6.3.4.5. Microalgae biocement
    • 6.3.4.6. Carbon-negative concrete
    • 6.3.4.7. Biomineral binders
  • 6.3.5. Natural Fiber Composites
    • 6.3.5.1. Types of Natural Fibers
    • 6.3.5.2. Properties
    • 6.3.5.3. Applications in Construction
  • 6.3.6. Cellulose nanofibers
    • 6.3.6.1. Sandwich composites
    • 6.3.6.2. Cement additives
    • 6.3.6.3. Pump primers
    • 6.3.6.4. Insulation materials
    • 6.3.6.5. Coatings and paints
    • 6.3.6.6. 3D printing materials
  • 6.3.7. Sustainable Insulation Materials
    • 6.3.7.1. Types of sustainable insulation materials
    • 6.3.7.2. Aerogel Insulation
      • 6.3.7.2.1. Silica aerogels
        • 6.3.7.2.1.1. Properties
        • 6.3.7.2.1.2. Thermal conductivity
        • 6.3.7.2.1.3. Mechanical
        • 6.3.7.2.1.4. Silica aerogel precursors
        • 6.3.7.2.1.5. Products
          • 6.3.7.2.1.5.1. Monoliths
          • 6.3.7.2.1.5.2. Powder
          • 6.3.7.2.1.5.3. Granules
          • 6.3.7.2.1.5.4. Blankets
          • 6.3.7.2.1.5.5. Aerogel boards
          • 6.3.7.2.1.5.6. Aerogel renders
        • 6.3.7.2.1.6. 3D printing of aerogels
        • 6.3.7.2.1.7. Silica aerogel from sustainable feedstocks
        • 6.3.7.2.1.8. Silica composite aerogels
          • 6.3.7.2.1.8.1. Organic crosslinkers
        • 6.3.7.2.1.9. Cost of silica aerogels
        • 6.3.7.2.1.10. Main players
      • 6.3.7.2.2. Aerogel-like foam materials
        • 6.3.7.2.2.1. Properties
        • 6.3.7.2.2.2. Applications
      • 6.3.7.2.3. Metal oxide aerogels
      • 6.3.7.2.4. Organic aerogels
        • 6.3.7.2.4.1. Polymer aerogels
      • 6.3.7.2.5. Biobased and sustainable aerogels (bio-aerogels)
        • 6.3.7.2.5.1. Cellulose aerogels
          • 6.3.7.2.5.1.1. Cellulose nanofiber (CNF) aerogels
          • 6.3.7.2.5.1.2. Cellulose nanocrystal aerogels
          • 6.3.7.2.5.1.3. Bacterial nanocellulose aerogels
        • 6.3.7.2.5.2. Lignin aerogels
        • 6.3.7.2.5.3. Alginate aerogels
        • 6.3.7.2.5.4. Starch aerogels
        • 6.3.7.2.5.5. Chitosan aerogels
      • 6.3.7.2.6. Carbon aerogels
        • 6.3.7.2.6.1. Carbon nanotube aerogels
        • 6.3.7.2.6.2. Graphene and graphite aerogels
      • 6.3.7.2.7. Additive manufacturing (3D printing)
        • 6.3.7.2.7.1. Carbon nitride
        • 6.3.7.2.7.2. Gold
        • 6.3.7.2.7.3. Cellulose
        • 6.3.7.2.7.4. Graphene oxide
      • 6.3.7.2.8. Hybrid aerogels
• 6.4. Carbon capture and utilization
  • 6.4.1. Overview
  • 6.4.2. Market structure
  • 6.4.3. CCUS technologies in the cement industry
  • 6.4.4. Products
    • 6.4.4.1. Carbonated aggregates
    • 6.4.4.2. Additives during mixing
    • 6.4.4.3. Carbonates from natural minerals
    • 6.4.4.4. Carbonates from waste
  • 6.4.5. Concrete curing
  • 6.4.6. Costs
  • 6.4.7. Challenges
• 6.5. Green steel
  • 6.5.1. Current Steelmaking processes
    • 6.5.1.1.1. Capturing then sequestering or utilizing carbon emissions from conventional steel mills.
  • 6.5.2. Decarbonization target and policies
    • 6.5.2.1. EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)
  • 6.5.3. Advances in clean production technologies
  • 6.5.4. Production technologies
    • 6.5.4.1. The role of hydrogen
    • 6.5.4.2. Comparative analysis
    • 6.5.4.3. Hydrogen Direct Reduced Iron (DRI)
    • 6.5.4.4. Electrolysis
    • 6.5.4.5. Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS)
    • 6.5.4.6. Biochar replacing coke
    • 6.5.4.7. Hydrogen Blast Furnace
    • 6.5.4.8. Renewable energy powered processes
    • 6.5.4.9. Flash ironmaking
    • 6.5.4.10. Hydrogen Plasma Iron Ore Reduction
    • 6.5.4.11. Ferrous Bioprocessing
    • 6.5.4.12. Microwave Processing
    • 6.5.4.13. Additive Manufacturing
    • 6.5.4.14. Technology readiness level (TRL)
  • 6.5.5. Properties
• 6.6. Markets and applications
  • 6.6.1. Residential Buildings
  • 6.6.2. Commercial and Office Buildings
  • 6.6.3. Infrastructure
• 6.7. Company profiles (144 company profiles)

7. BIOBASED PACKAGING MATERIALS

• 7.1. Market overview
  • 7.1.1. Current global packaging market and materials
  • 7.1.2. Market trends
  • 7.1.3. Drivers for recent growth in bioplastics in packaging
  • 7.1.4. Challenges for bio-based and sustainable packaging
• 7.2. Materials
  • 7.2.1. Materials innovation
  • 7.2.2. Active packaging
  • 7.2.3. Monomaterial packaging
  • 7.2.4. Conventional polymer materials used in packaging
    • 7.2.4.1. Polyolefins: Polypropylene and polyethylene
    • 7.2.4.2. PET and other polyester polymers
    • 7.2.4.3. Renewable and bio-based polymers for packaging
    • 7.2.4.4. Comparison of synthetic fossil-based and bio-based polymers
    • 7.2.4.5. Processes for bioplastics in packaging
    • 7.2.4.6. End-of-life treatment of bio-based and sustainable packaging
• 7.3. Synthetic bio-based packaging materials
  • 7.3.1. Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)
    • 7.3.1.1. Properties
    • 7.3.1.2. Applicaitons
  • 7.3.2. Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET)
    • 7.3.2.1. Properties
    • 7.3.2.2. Applications
    • 7.3.2.3. Advantages of Bio-PET in Packaging
    • 7.3.2.4. Challenges and Limitations
  • 7.3.3. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT)
    • 7.3.3.1. Production Process
    • 7.3.3.2. Properties
    • 7.3.3.3. Applications
    • 7.3.3.4. Advantages of Bio-PTT in Packaging
    • 7.3.3.5. Challenges and Limitations
  • 7.3.4. Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF)
    • 7.3.4.1. Properties
    • 7.3.4.2. Applications
    • 7.3.4.3. Advantages of Bio-PEF in Packaging
    • 7.3.4.4. Challenges and Limitations
  • 7.3.5. Bio-PA
    • 7.3.5.1. Properties
    • 7.3.5.2. Applications in Packaging
    • 7.3.5.3. Advantages of Bio-PA in Packaging
    • 7.3.5.4. Challenges and Limitations
  • 7.3.6. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT)- Aliphatic aromatic copolyesters
    • 7.3.6.1. Properties
    • 7.3.6.2. Applications in Packaging
    • 7.3.6.3. Advantages of Bio-PBAT in Packaging
    • 7.3.6.4. Challenges and Limitations
  • 7.3.7. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers
    • 7.3.7.1. Properties
    • 7.3.7.2. Applications in Packaging
    • 7.3.7.3. Advantages of Bio-PBS and Co-polymers in Packaging
    • 7.3.7.4. Challenges and Limitations
  • 7.3.8. Polypropylene (Bio-PP)
    • 7.3.8.1. Properties
    • 7.3.8.2. Applications in Packaging
    • 7.3.8.3. Advantages of Bio-PP in Packaging
    • 7.3.8.4. Challenges and Limitations
• 7.4. Natural bio-based packaging materials
  • 7.4.1. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
    • 7.4.1.1. Properties
    • 7.4.1.2. Applications in Packaging
    • 7.4.1.3. Advantages of PHA in Packaging
    • 7.4.1.4. Challenges and Limitations
  • 7.4.2. Starch-based blends
    • 7.4.2.1. Properties
    • 7.4.2.2. Applications in Packaging
    • 7.4.2.3. Advantages of Starch-Based Blends in Packaging
    • 7.4.2.4. Challenges and Limitations
  • 7.4.3. Cellulose
    • 7.4.3.1. Feedstocks
      • 7.4.3.1.1. Wood
      • 7.4.3.1.2. Plant
      • 7.4.3.1.3. Tunicate
      • 7.4.3.1.4. Algae
      • 7.4.3.1.5. Bacteria
    • 7.4.3.2. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)
      • 7.4.3.2.1. Properties
    • 7.4.3.3. Nanocellulose
      • 7.4.3.3.1. Cellulose nanocrystals
        • 7.4.3.3.1.1. Applications in packaging
      • 7.4.3.3.2. Cellulose nanofibers
        • 7.4.3.3.2.1. Applications in packaging
          • 7.4.3.3.2.1.1. Reinforcement and barrier
          • 7.4.3.3.2.1.2. Biodegradable food packaging foil and films
          • 7.4.3.3.2.1.3. Paperboard coatings
      • 7.4.3.3.3. Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)
        • 7.4.3.3.3.1. Applications in packaging
  • 7.4.4. Protein-based bioplastics in packaging
  • 7.4.5. Lipids and waxes for packaging
  • 7.4.6. Seaweed-based packaging
    • 7.4.6.1. Production
    • 7.4.6.2. Applications in packaging
    • 7.4.6.3. Producers
  • 7.4.7. Mycelium
    • 7.4.7.1. Applications in packaging
  • 7.4.8. Chitosan
    • 7.4.8.1. Applications in packaging
  • 7.4.9. Bio-naphtha
    • 7.4.9.1. Overview
    • 7.4.9.2. Markets and applications
• 7.5. Applications
  • 7.5.1. Paper and board packaging
  • 7.5.2. Food packaging
    • 7.5.2.1. Bio-Based films and trays
    • 7.5.2.2. Bio-Based pouches and bags
    • 7.5.2.3. Bio-Based textiles and nets
    • 7.5.2.4. Bioadhesives
      • 7.5.2.4.1. Starch
      • 7.5.2.4.2. Cellulose
      • 7.5.2.4.3. Protein-Based
    • 7.5.2.5. Barrier coatings and films
      • 7.5.2.5.1. Polysaccharides
        • 7.5.2.5.1.1. Chitin
        • 7.5.2.5.1.2. Chitosan
        • 7.5.2.5.1.3. Starch
      • 7.5.2.5.2. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)
      • 7.5.2.5.3. Poly(butylene Succinate)
      • 7.5.2.5.4. Functional Lipid and Proteins Based Coatings
    • 7.5.2.6. Active and Smart Food Packaging
      • 7.5.2.6.1. Active Materials and Packaging Systems
      • 7.5.2.6.2. Intelligent and Smart Food Packaging
    • 7.5.2.7. Antimicrobial films and agents
      • 7.5.2.7.1. Natural
      • 7.5.2.7.2. Inorganic nanoparticles
      • 7.5.2.7.3. Biopolymers
    • 7.5.2.8. Bio-based Inks and Dyes
    • 7.5.2.9. Edible films and coatings
• 7.6. Biobased films and coatings in packaging
  • 7.6.1. Challenges using bio-based paints and coatings
  • 7.6.2. Types of bio-based coatings and films in packaging
    • 7.6.2.1. Polyurethane coatings
      • 7.6.2.1.1. Properties
      • 7.6.2.1.2. Bio-based polyurethane coatings
      • 7.6.2.1.3. Products
    • 7.6.2.2. Acrylate resins
      • 7.6.2.2.1. Properties
      • 7.6.2.2.2. Bio-based acrylates
      • 7.6.2.2.3. Products
    • 7.6.2.3. Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)
      • 7.6.2.3.1. Properties
      • 7.6.2.3.2. Bio-PLA coatings and films
    • 7.6.2.4. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) coatings
    • 7.6.2.5. Cellulose coatings and films
      • 7.6.2.5.1. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)
      • 7.6.2.5.2. Cellulose nanofibers
        • 7.6.2.5.2.1. Properties
        • 7.6.2.5.2.2. Product developers
    • 7.6.2.6. Lignin coatings
    • 7.6.2.7. Protein-based biomaterials for coatings
      • 7.6.2.7.1. Plant derived proteins
      • 7.6.2.7.2. Animal origin proteins
• 7.7. Carbon capture derived materials for packaging
  • 7.7.1. Benefits of carbon utilization for plastics feedstocks
  • 7.7.2. CO2-derived polymers and plastics
  • 7.7.3. CO2 utilization products
• 7.8. Global biobased packaging markets
  • 7.8.1. Flexible packaging
  • 7.8.2. Rigid packaging
  • 7.8.3. Coatings and films
• 7.9. Company profiles (207 company profiles)

8. SUSTAINABLE TEXTILES AND APPAREL

• 8.1. Types of bio-based fibres
  • 8.1.1. Natural fibres
  • 8.1.2. Main-made bio-based fibres
• 8.2. Bio-based synthetics
• 8.3. Recyclability of bio-based fibres
• 8.4. Lyocell
• 8.5. Bacterial cellulose
• 8.6. Algae textiles
• 8.7. Bio-based leather
  • 8.7.1. Properties of bio-based leathers
    • 8.7.1.1. Tear strength.
    • 8.7.1.2. Tensile strength
    • 8.7.1.3. Bally flexing
  • 8.7.2. Comparison with conventional leathers
  • 8.7.3. Comparative analysis of bio-based leathers
  • 8.7.4. Plant-based leather
    • 8.7.4.1. Overview
    • 8.7.4.2. Production processes
      • 8.7.4.2.1. Feedstocks
        • 8.7.4.2.1.1. Agriculture Residues
        • 8.7.4.2.1.2. Food Processing Waste
        • 8.7.4.2.1.3. Invasive Plants
        • 8.7.4.2.1.4. Culture-Grown Inputs
      • 8.7.4.2.2. Textile-Based
      • 8.7.4.2.3. Bio-Composite
    • 8.7.4.3. Products
    • 8.7.4.4. Market players
  • 8.7.5. Mycelium leather
    • 8.7.5.1. Overview
    • 8.7.5.2. Production process
      • 8.7.5.2.1. Growth conditions
      • 8.7.5.2.2. Tanning Mycelium Leather
      • 8.7.5.2.3. Dyeing Mycelium Leather
    • 8.7.5.3. Products
    • 8.7.5.4. Market players
  • 8.7.6. Microbial leather
    • 8.7.6.1. Overview
    • 8.7.6.2. Production process
    • 8.7.6.3. Fermentation conditions
    • 8.7.6.4. Harvesting
    • 8.7.6.5. Products
    • 8.7.6.6. Market players
  • 8.7.7. Lab grown leather
    • 8.7.7.1. Overview
    • 8.7.7.2. Production process
    • 8.7.7.3. Products
    • 8.7.7.4. Market players
  • 8.7.8. Protein-based leather
    • 8.7.8.1. Overview
    • 8.7.8.2. Production process
    • 8.7.8.3. Commercial activity
  • 8.7.9. Sustainable textiles coatings and dyes
    • 8.7.9.1. Overview
      • 8.7.9.1.1. Coatings
      • 8.7.9.1.2. Dyes
    • 8.7.9.2. Commercial activity
• 8.8. Markets
  • 8.8.1. Footwear
  • 8.8.2. Fashion & Accessories
  • 8.8.3. Automotive & Transport
  • 8.8.4. Furniture
• 8.9. Global market revenues
  • 8.9.1. By region
  • 8.9.2. By end use market
• 8.10. Company profiles. (67 company profiles)

9. BIOBASED COATINGS AND RESINS

• 9.1. Drop-in replacements
• 9.2. Bio-based resins
• 9.3. Reducing carbon footprint in industrial and protective coatings
• 9.4. Market drivers
• 9.5. Challenges using bio-based coatings
• 9.6. Types
  • 9.6.1. Eco-friendly coatings technologies
    • 9.6.1.1. UV-cure
    • 9.6.1.2. Waterborne coatings
    • 9.6.1.3. Treatments with less or no solvents
    • 9.6.1.4. Hyperbranched polymers for coatings
    • 9.6.1.5. Powder coatings
    • 9.6.1.6. High solid (HS) coatings
    • 9.6.1.7. Use of bio-based materials in coatings
      • 9.6.1.7.1. Biopolymers
      • 9.6.1.7.2. Coatings based on agricultural waste
      • 9.6.1.7.3. Vegetable oils and fatty acids
      • 9.6.1.7.4. Proteins
      • 9.6.1.7.5. Cellulose
      • 9.6.1.7.6. Plant-Based wax coatings
  • 9.6.2. Barrier coatings
    • 9.6.2.1. Polysaccharides
      • 9.6.2.1.1. Chitin
      • 9.6.2.1.2. Chitosan
      • 9.6.2.1.3. Starch
    • 9.6.2.2. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)
    • 9.6.2.3. Poly(butylene Succinate
    • 9.6.2.4. Functional Lipid and Proteins Based Coatings
  • 9.6.3. Alkyd coatings
    • 9.6.3.1. Alkyd resin properties
    • 9.6.3.2. Bio-based alkyd coatings
    • 9.6.3.3. Products
  • 9.6.4. Polyurethane coatings
    • 9.6.4.1. Properties
    • 9.6.4.2. Bio-based polyurethane coatings
      • 9.6.4.2.1. Bio-based polyols
      • 9.6.4.2.2. Non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU)
    • 9.6.4.3. Products
  • 9.6.5. Epoxy coatings
    • 9.6.5.1. Properties
    • 9.6.5.2. Bio-based epoxy coatings
    • 9.6.5.3. Prod
    • 9.6.5.4. Products
  • 9.6.6. Acrylate resins
    • 9.6.6.1. Properties
    • 9.6.6.2. Bio-based acrylates
    • 9.6.6.3. Products
  • 9.6.7. Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)
    • 9.6.7.1. Properties
    • 9.6.7.2. Bio-PLA coatings and films
  • 9.6.8. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
    • 9.6.8.1. Properties
    • 9.6.8.2. PHA coatings
    • 9.6.8.3. Commercially available PHAs
  • 9.6.9. Cellulose
    • 9.6.9.1. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)
      • 9.6.9.1.1. Properties
      • 9.6.9.1.2. Applications in coatings
    • 9.6.9.2. Cellulose nanofibers
      • 9.6.9.2.1. Properties
      • 9.6.9.2.2. Applications in coatings
    • 9.6.9.3. Cellulose nanocrystals
    • 9.6.9.4. Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)
  • 9.6.10. Rosins
  • 9.6.11. Bio-based carbon black
    • 9.6.11.1. Lignin-based
    • 9.6.11.2. Algae-based
  • 9.6.12. Lignin coatings
  • 9.6.13. Edible films and coatings
  • 9.6.14. Antimicrobial films and agents
    • 9.6.14.1. Natural
    • 9.6.14.2. Inorganic nanoparticles
    • 9.6.14.3. Biopolymers
  • 9.6.15. Nanocoatings
  • 9.6.16. Protein-based biomaterials for coatings
    • 9.6.16.1. Plant derived proteins
    • 9.6.16.2. Animal origin proteins
  • 9.6.17. Algal coatings
  • 9.6.18. Polypeptides
  • 9.6.19. Global market revenues
• 9.7. Company profiles (168 company profiles)

10. BIOFUELS

• 10.1. Comparison to fossil fuels
• 10.2. Role in the circular economy
• 10.3. Market drivers
• 10.4. Market challenges
• 10.5. Liquid biofuels market
  • 10.5.1. Liquid biofuel production and consumption (in thousands of m3), 2000-2022
  • 10.5.2. Liquid biofuels market 2020-2035, by type and production.
• 10.6. The global biofuels market
  • 10.6.1. Diesel substitutes and alternatives
  • 10.6.2. Gasoline substitutes and alternatives
• 10.7. SWOT analysis: Biofuels market
• 10.8. Comparison of biofuel costs 2023, by type
• 10.9. Types
  • 10.9.1. Solid Biofuels
  • 10.9.2. Liquid Biofuels
  • 10.9.3. Gaseous Biofuels
  • 10.9.4. Conventional Biofuels
  • 10.9.5. Advanced Biofuels
• 10.10. Feedstocks
  • 10.10.1. First-generation (1-G)
  • 10.10.2. Second-generation (2-G)
    • 10.10.2.1. Lignocellulosic wastes and residues
    • 10.10.2.2. Biorefinery lignin
  • 10.10.3. Third-generation (3-G)
    • 10.10.3.1. Algal biofuels
      • 10.10.3.1.1. Properties
      • 10.10.3.1.2. Advantages
  • 10.10.4. Fourth-generation (4-G)
  • 10.10.5. Advantages and disadvantages, by generation
  • 10.10.6. Energy crops
    • 10.10.6.1. Feedstocks
    • 10.10.6.2. SWOT analysis
  • 10.10.7. Agricultural residues
    • 10.10.7.1. Feedstocks
    • 10.10.7.2. SWOT analysis
  • 10.10.8. Manure, sewage sludge and organic waste
    • 10.10.8.1. Processing pathways
    • 10.10.8.2. SWOT analysis
  • 10.10.9. Forestry and wood waste
    • 10.10.9.1. Feedstocks
    • 10.10.9.2. SWOT analysis
  • 10.10.10. Feedstock costs
• 10.11. Hydrocarbon biofuels
  • 10.11.1. Biodiesel
    • 10.11.1.1. Biodiesel by generation
    • 10.11.1.2. SWOT analysis
    • 10.11.1.3. Production of biodiesel and other biofuels
      • 10.11.1.3.1. Pyrolysis of biomass
      • 10.11.1.3.2. Vegetable oil transesterification
      • 10.11.1.3.3. Vegetable oil hydrogenation (HVO)
        • 10.11.1.3.3.1. Production process
      • 10.11.1.3.4. Biodiesel from tall oil
      • 10.11.1.3.5. Fischer-Tropsch BioDiesel
      • 10.11.1.3.6. Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass
      • 10.11.1.3.7. CO2 capture and Fischer-Tropsch (FT)
      • 10.11.1.3.8. Dymethyl ether (DME)
    • 10.11.1.4. Prices
    • 10.11.1.5. Global production and consumption
  • 10.11.2. Renewable diesel
    • 10.11.2.1. Production
    • 10.11.2.2. SWOT analysis
    • 10.11.2.3. Global consumption
    • 10.11.2.4. Prices
  • 10.11.3. Bio-aviation fuel (bio-jet fuel, sustainable aviation fuel, renewable jet fuel or aviation biofuel)
    • 10.11.3.1. Description
    • 10.11.3.2. SWOT analysis
    • 10.11.3.3. Global production and consumption
    • 10.11.3.4. Production pathways
    • 10.11.3.5. Prices
    • 10.11.3.6. Bio-aviation fuel production capacities
    • 10.11.3.7. Market challenges
    • 10.11.3.8. Global consumption
  • 10.11.4. Bio-naphtha
    • 10.11.4.1. Overview
    • 10.11.4.2. SWOT analysis
    • 10.11.4.3. Markets and applications
    • 10.11.4.4. Prices
    • 10.11.4.5. Production capacities, by producer, current and planned
    • 10.11.4.6. Production capacities, total (tonnes), historical, current and planned
• 10.12. Alcohol fuels
  • 10.12.1. Biomethanol
    • 10.12.1.1. SWOT analysis
    • 10.12.1.2. Methanol-to gasoline technology
      • 10.12.1.2.1. Production processes
        • 10.12.1.2.1.1. Anaerobic digestion
        • 10.12.1.2.1.2. Biomass gasification
        • 10.12.1.2.1.3. Power to Methane
  • 10.12.2. Ethanol
    • 10.12.2.1. Technology description
    • 10.12.2.2. 1G Bio-Ethanol
    • 10.12.2.3. SWOT analysis
    • 10.12.2.4. Ethanol to jet fuel technology
    • 10.12.2.5. Methanol from pulp & paper production
    • 10.12.2.6. Sulfite spent liquor fermentation
    • 10.12.2.7. Gasification
      • 10.12.2.7.1. Biomass gasification and syngas fermentation
      • 10.12.2.7.2. Biomass gasification and syngas thermochemical conversion
    • 10.12.2.8. CO2 capture and alcohol synthesis
    • 10.12.2.9. Biomass hydrolysis and fermentation
      • 10.12.2.9.1. Separate hydrolysis and fermentation
      • 10.12.2.9.2. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF)
      • 10.12.2.9.3. Pre-hydrolysis and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (PSSF)
      • 10.12.2.9.4. Simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF)
      • 10.12.2.9.5. Direct conversion (consolidated bioprocessing) (CBP)
    • 10.12.2.10. Global ethanol consumption
  • 10.12.3. Biobutanol
    • 10.12.3.1. Production
    • 10.12.3.2. Prices
• 10.13. Biomass-based Gas
  • 10.13.1. Feedstocks
    • 10.13.1.1. Biomethane
    • 10.13.1.2. Production pathways
      • 10.13.1.2.1. Landfill gas recovery
      • 10.13.1.2.2. Anaerobic digestion
      • 10.13.1.2.3. Thermal gasification
    • 10.13.1.3. SWOT analysis
    • 10.13.1.4. Global production
    • 10.13.1.5. Prices
      • 10.13.1.5.1. Raw Biogas
      • 10.13.1.5.2. Upgraded Biomethane
    • 10.13.1.6. Bio-LNG
      • 10.13.1.6.1. Markets
        • 10.13.1.6.1.1. Trucks
        • 10.13.1.6.1.2. Marine
      • 10.13.1.6.2. Production
      • 10.13.1.6.3. Plants
    • 10.13.1.7. bio-CNG (compressed natural gas derived from biogas)
    • 10.13.1.8. Carbon capture from biogas
  • 10.13.2. Biosyngas
    • 10.13.2.1. Production
    • 10.13.2.2. Prices
  • 10.13.3. Biohydrogen
    • 10.13.3.1. Description
    • 10.13.3.2. SWOT analysis
    • 10.13.3.3. Production of biohydrogen from biomass
      • 10.13.3.3.1. Biological Conversion Routes
        • 10.13.3.3.1.1. Bio-photochemical Reaction
        • 10.13.3.3.1.2. Fermentation and Anaerobic Digestion
      • 10.13.3.3.2. Thermochemical conversion routes
        • 10.13.3.3.2.1. Biomass Gasification
        • 10.13.3.3.2.2. Biomass Pyrolysis
        • 10.13.3.3.2.3. Biomethane Reforming
    • 10.13.3.4. Applications
    • 10.13.3.5. Prices
  • 10.13.4. Biochar in biogas production
  • 10.13.5. Bio-DME
• 10.14. Chemical recycling for biofuels
  • 10.14.1. Plastic pyrolysis
  • 10.14.2. Used tires pyrolysis
    • 10.14.2.1. Conversion to biofuel
  • 10.14.3. Co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic wastes
  • 10.14.4. Gasification
    • 10.14.4.1. Syngas conversion to methanol
    • 10.14.4.2. Biomass gasification and syngas fermentation
    • 10.14.4.3. Biomass gasification and syngas thermochemical conversion
  • 10.14.5. Hydrothermal cracking
  • 10.14.6. SWOT analysis
• 10.15. Electrofuels (E-fuels, power-to-gas/liquids/fuels)
  • 10.15.1. Introduction
  • 10.15.2. Benefits of e-fuels
  • 10.15.3. Feedstocks
    • 10.15.3.1. Hydrogen electrolysis
    • 10.15.3.2. CO2 capture
  • 10.15.4. SWOT analysis
  • 10.15.5. Production
    • 10.15.5.1. eFuel production facilities, current and planned
  • 10.15.6. Electrolysers
    • 10.15.6.1. Commercial alkaline electrolyser cells (AECs)
    • 10.15.6.2. PEM electrolysers (PEMEC)
    • 10.15.6.3. High-temperature solid oxide electrolyser cells (SOECs)
  • 10.15.7. Prices
  • 10.15.8. Market challenges
  • 10.15.9. Companies
• 10.16. Algae-derived biofuels
  • 10.16.1. Technology description
  • 10.16.2. Conversion pathways
  • 10.16.3. SWOT analysis
  • 10.16.4. Production
  • 10.16.5. Market challenges
  • 10.16.6. Prices
  • 10.16.7. Producers
• 10.17. Green Ammonia
  • 10.17.1. Production
    • 10.17.1.1. Decarbonisation of ammonia production
    • 10.17.1.2. Green ammonia projects
  • 10.17.2. Green ammonia synthesis methods
    • 10.17.2.1. Haber-Bosch process
    • 10.17.2.2. Biological nitrogen fixation
    • 10.17.2.3. Electrochemical production
    • 10.17.2.4. Chemical looping processes
  • 10.17.3. SWOT analysis
  • 10.17.4. Blue ammonia
    • 10.17.4.1. Blue ammonia projects
  • 10.17.5. Markets and applications
    • 10.17.5.1. Chemical energy storage
      • 10.17.5.1.1. Ammonia fuel cells
    • 10.17.5.2. Marine fuel
  • 10.17.6. Prices
  • 10.17.7. Estimated market demand
  • 10.17.8. Companies and projects
• 10.18. Biofuels from carbon capture
  • 10.18.1. Overview
  • 10.18.2. CO2 capture from point sources
  • 10.18.3. Production routes
  • 10.18.4. SWOT analysis
  • 10.18.5. Direct air capture (DAC)
    • 10.18.5.1. Description
    • 10.18.5.2. Deployment
    • 10.18.5.3. Point source carbon capture versus Direct Air Capture
    • 10.18.5.4. Technologies
      • 10.18.5.4.1. Solid sorbents
      • 10.18.5.4.2. Liquid sorbents
      • 10.18.5.4.3. Liquid solvents
      • 10.18.5.4.4. Airflow equipment integration
      • 10.18.5.4.5. Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC)
      • 10.18.5.4.6. Direct conversion
      • 10.18.5.4.7. Co-product generation
      • 10.18.5.4.8. Low Temperature DAC
      • 10.18.5.4.9. Regeneration methods
    • 10.18.5.5. Commercialization and plants
    • 10.18.5.6. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in DAC
    • 10.18.5.7. DAC plants and projects-current and planned
    • 10.18.5.8. Markets for DAC
    • 10.18.5.9. Costs
    • 10.18.5.10. Challenges
    • 10.18.5.11. Players and production
  • 10.18.6. Carbon utilization for biofuels
    • 10.18.6.1. Production routes
      • 10.18.6.1.1. Electrolyzers
      • 10.18.6.1.2. Low-carbon hydrogen
    • 10.18.6.2. Products & applications
      • 10.18.6.2.1. Vehicles
      • 10.18.6.2.2. Shipping
      • 10.18.6.2.3. Aviation
      • 10.18.6.2.4. Costs
      • 10.18.6.2.5. Ethanol
      • 10.18.6.2.6. Methanol
      • 10.18.6.2.7. Sustainable Aviation Fuel
      • 10.18.6.2.8. Methane
      • 10.18.6.2.9. Algae based biofuels
      • 10.18.6.2.10. CO2-fuels from solar
    • 10.18.6.3. Challenges
    • 10.18.6.4. SWOT analysis
    • 10.18.6.5. Companies
• 10.19. Bio-oils (pyrolysis oils)
  • 10.19.1. Description
    • 10.19.1.1. Advantages of bio-oils
  • 10.19.2. Production
    • 10.19.2.1. Fast Pyrolysis
    • 10.19.2.2. Costs of production
    • 10.19.2.3. Upgrading
  • 10.19.3. SWOT analysis
  • 10.19.4. Applications
  • 10.19.5. Bio-oil producers
  • 10.19.6. Prices
• 10.20. Refuse Derived Fuels (RDF)
  • 10.20.1. Overview
  • 10.20.2. Production
    • 10.20.2.1. Production process
    • 10.20.2.2. Mechanical biological treatment
  • 10.20.3. Markets
• 10.21. Company profiles (211 company profiles)

11. SUSTAINABLE ELECTRONICS

• 11.1. Overview
  • 11.1.1. Green electronics manufacturing
  • 11.1.2. Drivers for sustainable electronics
  • 11.1.3. Environmental Impacts of Electronics Manufacturing
    • 11.1.3.1. E-Waste Generation
    • 11.1.3.2. Carbon Emissions
    • 11.1.3.3. Resource Utilization
    • 11.1.3.4. Waste Minimization
    • 11.1.3.5. Supply Chain Impacts
  • 11.1.4. New opportunities from sustainable electronics
  • 11.1.5. Regulations
    • 11.1.5.1. Certifications
  • 11.1.6. Powering sustainable electronics (Bio-based batteries)
  • 11.1.7. Bioplastics in injection moulded electronics parts
• 11.2. Green electronics manufacturing
  • 11.2.1. Conventional electronics manufacturing
  • 11.2.2. Benefits of Green Electronics manufacturing
  • 11.2.3. Challenges in adopting Green Electronics manufacturing
  • 11.2.4. Approaches
    • 11.2.4.1. Closed-Loop Manufacturing
    • 11.2.4.2. Digital Manufacturing
      • 11.2.4.2.1. Advanced robotics & automation
      • 11.2.4.2.2. AI & machine learning analytics
      • 11.2.4.2.3. Internet of Things (IoT)
      • 11.2.4.2.4. Additive manufacturing
      • 11.2.4.2.5. Virtual prototyping
      • 11.2.4.2.6. Blockchain-enabled supply chain traceability
    • 11.2.4.3. Renewable Energy Usage
    • 11.2.4.4. Energy Efficiency
    • 11.2.4.5. Materials Efficiency
    • 11.2.4.6. Sustainable Chemistry
    • 11.2.4.7. Recycled Materials
      • 11.2.4.7.1. Advanced chemical recycling
    • 11.2.4.8. Bio-Based Materials
  • 11.2.5. Greening the Supply Chain
    • 11.2.5.1. Key focus areas
    • 11.2.5.2. Sustainability activities from major electronics brands
    • 11.2.5.3. Key challenges
    • 11.2.5.4. Use of digital technologies
  • 11.2.6. Sustainable Printed Circuit Board (PCB) manufacturing
    • 11.2.6.1. Conventional PCB manufacturing
    • 11.2.6.2. Trends in PCBs
      • 11.2.6.2.1. High-Speed PCBs
      • 11.2.6.2.2. Flexible PCBs
      • 11.2.6.2.3. 3D Printed PCBs
      • 11.2.6.2.4. Sustainable PCBs
    • 11.2.6.3. Reconciling sustainability with performance
    • 11.2.6.4. Sustainable supply chains
    • 11.2.6.5. Sustainability in PCB manufacturing
      • 11.2.6.5.1. Sustainable cleaning of PCBs
    • 11.2.6.6. Design of PCBs for sustainability
      • 11.2.6.6.1. Rigid
      • 11.2.6.6.2. Flexible
      • 11.2.6.6.3. Additive manufacturing
      • 11.2.6.6.4. In-mold elctronics (IME)
    • 11.2.6.7. Materials
      • 11.2.6.7.1. Metal cores
      • 11.2.6.7.2. Recycled laminates
      • 11.2.6.7.3. Conductive inks
      • 11.2.6.7.4. Green and lead-free solder
      • 11.2.6.7.5. Biodegradable substrates
        • 11.2.6.7.5.1. Bacterial Cellulose
        • 11.2.6.7.5.2. Mycelium
        • 11.2.6.7.5.3. Lignin
        • 11.2.6.7.5.4. Cellulose Nanofibers
        • 11.2.6.7.5.5. Soy Protein
        • 11.2.6.7.5.6. Algae
        • 11.2.6.7.5.7. PHAs
      • 11.2.6.7.6. Biobased inks
    • 11.2.6.8. Substrates
      • 11.2.6.8.1. Halogen-free FR4
        • 11.2.6.8.1.1. FR4 limitations
        • 11.2.6.8.1.2. FR4 alternatives
        • 11.2.6.8.1.3. Bio-Polyimide
      • 11.2.6.8.2. Metal-core PCBs
      • 11.2.6.8.3. Biobased PCBs
        • 11.2.6.8.3.1. Flexible (bio) polyimide PCBs
        • 11.2.6.8.3.2. Recent commercial activity
      • 11.2.6.8.4. Paper-based PCBs
      • 11.2.6.8.5. PCBs without solder mask
      • 11.2.6.8.6. Thinner dielectrics
      • 11.2.6.8.7. Recycled plastic substrates
      • 11.2.6.8.8. Flexible substrates
    • 11.2.6.9. Sustainable patterning and metallization in electronics manufacturing
      • 11.2.6.9.1. Introduction
      • 11.2.6.9.2. Issues with sustainability
      • 11.2.6.9.3. Regeneration and reuse of etching chemicals
      • 11.2.6.9.4. Transition from Wet to Dry phase patterning
      • 11.2.6.9.5. Print-and-plate
      • 11.2.6.9.6. Approaches
        • 11.2.6.9.6.1. Direct Printed Electronics
        • 11.2.6.9.6.2. Photonic Sintering
        • 11.2.6.9.6.3. Biometallization
        • 11.2.6.9.6.4. Plating Resist Alternatives
        • 11.2.6.9.6.5. Laser-Induced Forward Transfer
        • 11.2.6.9.6.6. Electrohydrodynamic Printing
        • 11.2.6.9.6.7. Electrically conductive adhesives (ECAs
        • 11.2.6.9.6.8. Green electroless plating
        • 11.2.6.9.6.9. Smart Masking
        • 11.2.6.9.6.10. Component Integration
        • 11.2.6.9.6.11. Bio-inspired material deposition
        • 11.2.6.9.6.12. Multi-material jetting
        • 11.2.6.9.6.13. Vacuumless deposition
        • 11.2.6.9.6.14. Upcycling waste streams
    • 11.2.6.10. Sustainable attachment and integration of components
      • 11.2.6.10.1. Conventional component attachment materials
      • 11.2.6.10.2. Materials
        • 11.2.6.10.2.1. Conductive adhesives
        • 11.2.6.10.2.2. Biodegradable adhesives
        • 11.2.6.10.2.3. Magnets
        • 11.2.6.10.2.4. Bio-based solders
        • 11.2.6.10.2.5. Bio-derived solders
        • 11.2.6.10.2.6. Recycled plastics
        • 11.2.6.10.2.7. Nano adhesives
        • 11.2.6.10.2.8. Shape memory polymers
        • 11.2.6.10.2.9. Photo-reversible polymers
        • 11.2.6.10.2.10. Conductive biopolymers
      • 11.2.6.10.3. Processes
        • 11.2.6.10.3.1. Traditional thermal processing methods
        • 11.2.6.10.3.2. Low temperature solder
        • 11.2.6.10.3.3. Reflow soldering
        • 11.2.6.10.3.4. Induction soldering
        • 11.2.6.10.3.5. UV curing
        • 11.2.6.10.3.6. Near-infrared (NIR) radiation curing
        • 11.2.6.10.3.7. Photonic sintering/curing
        • 11.2.6.10.3.8. Hybrid integration
  • 11.2.7. Sustainable integrated circuits
    • 11.2.7.1. IC manufacturing
    • 11.2.7.2. Sustainable IC manufacturing
    • 11.2.7.3. Wafer production
      • 11.2.7.3.1. Silicon
      • 11.2.7.3.2. Gallium nitride ICs
      • 11.2.7.3.3. Flexible ICs
      • 11.2.7.3.4. Fully printed organic ICs
    • 11.2.7.4. Oxidation methods
      • 11.2.7.4.1. Sustainable oxidation
      • 11.2.7.4.2. Metal oxides
      • 11.2.7.4.3. Recycling
      • 11.2.7.4.4. Thin gate oxide layers
    • 11.2.7.5. Patterning and doping
      • 11.2.7.5.1. Processes
        • 11.2.7.5.1.1. Wet etching
        • 11.2.7.5.1.2. Dry plasma etching
        • 11.2.7.5.1.3. Lift-off patterning
        • 11.2.7.5.1.4. Surface doping
    • 11.2.7.6. Metallization
      • 11.2.7.6.1. Evaporation
      • 11.2.7.6.2. Plating
      • 11.2.7.6.3. Printing
        • 11.2.7.6.3.1. Printed metal gates for organic thin film transistors
      • 11.2.7.6.4. Physical vapour deposition (PVD)
  • 11.2.8. End of life
    • 11.2.8.1. Hazardous waste
    • 11.2.8.2. Emissions
    • 11.2.8.3. Water Usage
    • 11.2.8.4. Recycling
      • 11.2.8.4.1. Mechanical recycling
      • 11.2.8.4.2. Electro-Mechanical Separation
      • 11.2.8.4.3. Chemical Recycling
    • 11.2.8.5. Electrochemical Processes
      • 11.2.8.5.1. Thermal Recycling
    • 11.2.8.6. Green Certification
• 11.3. Global market
  • 11.3.1. Global PCB manufacturing industry
    • 11.3.1.1. PCB revenues
  • 11.3.2. Sustainable PCBs
  • 11.3.3. Sustainable ICs
• 11.4. Company profiles (45 company profiles)

12. BIOBASED ADHESIVES AND SEALANTS

• 12.1. Overview
  • 12.1.1. Biobased Epoxy Adhesives
  • 12.1.2. Bioobased Polyurethane Adhesives
  • 12.1.3. Other Biobased Adhesives and Sealants
• 12.2. Types
  • 12.2.1. Cellulose-Based
  • 12.2.2. Starch-Based
  • 12.2.3. Lignin-Based
  • 12.2.4. Vegetable Oils
  • 12.2.5. Protein-Based
  • 12.2.6. Tannin-Based
  • 12.2.7. Algae-based
  • 12.2.8. Chitosan-based
  • 12.2.9. Natural Rubber-based
  • 12.2.10. Silkworm Silk-based
  • 12.2.11. Mussel Protein-based
  • 12.2.12. Soy-based Foam
• 12.3. Global revenues
  • 12.3.1. By types
  • 12.3.2. By market
• 12.4. Company profiles. (15 company profiles)

13. REFERENCES

List of Tables

• Table 1. Plant-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced
• Table 2. Waste-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced
• Table 3. Microbial and mineral-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced
• Table 4. Common starch sources that can be used as feedstocks for producing biochemicals
• Table 5. Common lysine sources that can be used as feedstocks for producing biochemicals
• Table 6. Applications of lysine as a feedstock for biochemicals
• Table 7. HDMA sources that can be used as feedstocks for producing biochemicals
• Table 8. Applications of bio-based HDMA
• Table 9. Biobased feedstocks that can be used to produce 1,5-diaminopentane (DA5)
• Table 10. Applications of DN5
• Table 11. Biobased feedstocks for isosorbide
• Table 12. Applications of bio-based isosorbide
• Table 13. Lactide applications
• Table 14. Biobased feedstock sources for itaconic acid
• Table 15. Applications of bio-based itaconic acid
• Table 16. Biobased feedstock sources for 3-HP
• Table 17. Applications of 3-HP
• Table 18. Applications of bio-based acrylic acid
• Table 19. Applications of bio-based 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO)
• Table 20. Biobased feedstock sources for Succinic acid
• Table 21. Applications of succinic acid
• Table 22. Applications of bio-based 1,4-Butanediol (BDO)
• Table 23. Applications of bio-based Tetrahydrofuran (THF)
• Table 24. Applications of bio-based adipic acid
• Table 25. Applications of bio-based caprolactam
• Table 26. Biobased feedstock sources for isobutanol
• Table 27. Applications of bio-based isobutanol
• Table 28. Biobased feedstock sources for p-Xylene
• Table 29. Applications of bio-based p-Xylene
• Table 30. Applications of bio-based Terephthalic acid (TPA)
• Table 31. Biobased feedstock sources for 1,3 Proppanediol
• Table 32. Applications of bio-based 1,3 Proppanediol
• Table 33. Biobased feedstock sources for MEG
• Table 34. Applications of bio-based MEG
• Table 35. Biobased MEG producers capacities
• Table 36. Biobased feedstock sources for ethanol
• Table 37. Applications of bio-based ethanol
• Table 38. Applications of bio-based ethylene
• Table 39. Applications of bio-based propylene
• Table 40. Applications of bio-based vinyl chloride
• Table 41. Applications of bio-based Methly methacrylate
• Table 42. Applications of bio-based aniline
• Table 43. Applications of biobased fructose
• Table 44. Applications of bio-based 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF)
• Table 45. Applications of 5-(Chloromethyl)furfural (CMF)
• Table 46. Applications of Levulinic acid
• Table 47. Markets and applications for bio-based FDME
• Table 48. Applications of FDCA
• Table 49. Markets and applications for bio-based levoglucosenone
• Table 50. Biochemicals derived from hemicellulose
• Table 51. Markets and applications for bio-based hemicellulose
• Table 52. Markets and applications for bio-based furfuryl alcohol
• Table 53. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes
• Table 54. Lignin aromatic compound products
• Table 55. Prices of benzene, toluene, xylene and their derivatives
• Table 56. Lignin products in polymeric materials
• Table 57. Application of lignin in plastics and composites
• Table 58. Markets and applications for bio-based glycerol
• Table 59. Markets and applications for Bio-based MPG
• Table 60. Markets and applications: Bio-based ECH
• Table 61. Mineral source products and applications
• Table 62. Type of biodegradation
• Table 63. Advantages and disadvantages of biobased plastics compared to conventional plastics
• Table 64. Types of Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastics, applications
• Table 65. Key market players by Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastic types
• Table 66. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
• Table 67. Lactic acid producers and production capacities
• Table 68. PLA producers and production capacities
• Table 69. Planned PLA capacity expansions in China
• Table 70. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
• Table 71. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) producers and production capacities,
• Table 72. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
• Table 73. Production capacities of Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT), by leading producers
• Table 74. Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
• Table 75. PEF vs. PET
• Table 76. FDCA and PEF producers
• Table 77. Bio-based polyamides (Bio-PA) market analysis - manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
• Table 78. Leading Bio-PA producers production capacities
• Table 79. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
• Table 80. Leading PBAT producers, production capacities and brands
• Table 81. Bio-PBS market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
• Table 82. Leading PBS producers and production capacities
• Table 83. Bio-based Polyethylene (Bio-PE) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
• Table 84. Leading Bio-PE producers
• Table 85. Bio-PP market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
• Table 86. Leading Bio-PP producers and capacities
• Table 87.Types of PHAs and properties
• Table 88. Comparison of the physical properties of different PHAs with conventional petroleum-based polymers
• Table 89. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) extraction methods
• Table 90. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) market analysis
• Table 91. Commercially available PHAs
• Table 92. Markets and applications for PHAs
• Table 93. Applications, advantages and disadvantages of PHAs in packaging
• Table 94. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) producers
• Table 95. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
• Table 96. Leading MFC producers and capacities
• Table 97. Synthesis methods for cellulose nanocrystals (CNC)
• Table 98. CNC sources, size and yield
• Table 99. CNC properties
• Table 100. Mechanical properties of CNC and other reinforcement materials
• Table 101. Applications of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC)
• Table 102. Cellulose nanocrystals analysis
• Table 103: Cellulose nanocrystal production capacities and production process, by producer
• Table 104. Applications of cellulose nanofibers (CNF)
• Table 105. Cellulose nanofibers market analysis
• Table 106. CNF production capacities (by type, wet or dry) and production process, by producer, metric tonnes
• Table 107. Applications of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC)
• Table 108. Types of protein based-bioplastics, applications and companies
• Table 109. Types of algal and fungal based-bioplastics, applications and companies
• Table 110. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size
• Table 111. Companies developing algal-based bioplastics
• Table 112. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 113. Companies developing mycelium-based bioplastics
• Table 114. Overview of chitosan-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 115. Applications of Bio-rubber
• Table 116. Production of Bio-Rubber from Residues and Recycled Materials
• Table 117. Raw Material Sourcing and Selection
• Table 118. Production Methods and Processing Techniques
• Table 119. Material Properties and Testing
• Table 120. Physical and Mechanical Properties of Bio-Rubber
• Table 121. Comparison with Conventional Rubber
• Table 122. Implemented Projects in Construction
• Table 123. Applications of Bio-Rubber in Automotive Industry
• Table 124. Performance Analysis in Vehicle Durability and Safety
• Table 125.Automotive Bio-Rubber Market Analysis
• Table 126. Applications of Bio-rubber in Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
• Table 127. Standards Compliance and Health Implications
• Table 128. Challenges and Limitations
• Table 129. Technological Challenges in Bio-Rubber Production
• Table 130. Regulatory and Safety Concerns
• Table 131. Bio-rubber Sustainability and Environmental Impact Analysis
• Table 132. Innovations and Emerging Technologies in Bio-Rubber
• Table 133. Summary of Applications and Industry Impact
• Table 134. Production and Properties
• Table 135. Raw Material Sourcing
• Table 136. Manufacturing Processes and Techniques
• Table 137. Material Properties Analysis
• Table 138. Case Studies in Sustainable Packaging
• Table 139. Bio-Plastic in Face Shields, Gloves, and Masks
• Table 140. Biodegradability and Safety Standards
• Table 141. Market Trends in Eco-Friendly PPE
• Table 142. Sterility, Safety, and Bio-Compatibility Standards
• Table 143.Bio-Plastic in Mulch Films, Plant Pots, and Seed Coatings
• Table 144. Biodegradable Solutions in Agriculture and Environmental Impact
• Table 145. Case Studies of Bio-Plastic Adoption in Farming
• Table 146. Bio-Plastic in Cosmetic Jars, Food Containers, and Wraps
• Table 147. Demand Trends for Sustainable Cosmetic and Food Packaging
• Table 148. Bio-Plastic Automotive Interior Components
• Table 149. Performance and Durability Standards
• Table 150. Global production of bioplastics in 2019-2035, by region, 1,000 tonnes
• Table 151. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in North America
• Table 152. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Europe
• Table 153. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Asia-Pacific
• Table 154. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Latin America
• Table 155. Processes for bioplastics in packaging
• Table 156. Comparison of bioplastics' (PLA and PHAs) properties to other common polymers used in product packaging
• Table 157. Typical applications for bioplastics in flexible packaging
• Table 158. Typical applications for bioplastics in rigid packaging
• Table 159. Technical lignin types and applications
• Table 160. Classification of technical lignins
• Table 161. Lignin content of selected biomass
• Table 162. Properties of lignins and their applications
• Table 163. Example markets and applications for lignin
• Table 164. Processes for lignin production
• Table 165. Biorefinery feedstocks
• Table 166. Comparison of pulping and biorefinery lignins
• Table 167. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes
• Table 168. Market drivers and trends for lignin
• Table 169. Production capacities of technical lignin producers
• Table 170. Production capacities of biorefinery lignin producers
• Table 171. Estimated consumption of lignin, by type, 2019-2035 (000 MT)
• Table 172. Estimated consumption of lignin, by market, 2019-2034 (000 MT)
• Table 173. Prices of benzene, toluene, xylene and their derivatives
• Table 174. Application of lignin in plastics and polymers
• Table 175. Lactips plastic pellets
• Table 176. Oji Holdings CNF products
• Table 177. Types of natural fibers
• Table 178. Markets and applications for natural fibers
• Table 179. Commercially available natural fiber products
• Table 180. Market drivers for natural fibers
• Table 181. Typical properties of natural fibers
• Table 182. Overview of kapok fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 183. Overview of luffa fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 184. Overview of jute fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 185. Overview of hemp fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 186. Overview of flax fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 187. Overview of ramie fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 188. Overview of kenaf fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 189. Overview of sisal fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 190. Overview of abaca fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 191. Overview of coir fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 192. Overview of banana fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 193. Overview of pineapple fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 194. Overview of rice fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 195. Overview of corn fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 196. Overview of switch grass fibers-description, properties and applications
• Table 197. Overview of sugarcane fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and application and market size
• Table 198. Overview of bamboo fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 199. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 200. Overview of chitosan fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 201. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size
• Table 202. Overview of silk fibers-description, properties, application and market size
• Table 203. Next-gen silk producers
• Table 204. Companies developing cellulose fibers for application in plastic composites
• Table 205. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) market analysis
• Table 206. Leading MFC producers and capacities
• Table 207. Cellulose nanocrystals market overview
• Table 208. Cellulose nanocrystal production capacities and production process, by producer
• Table 209. Cellulose nanofibers market analysis
• Table 210. CNF production capacities and production process, by producer, in metric tons
• Table 211. Processing and treatment methods for natural fibers used in plastic composites
• Table 212. Application, manufacturing method, and matrix materials of natural fibers
• Table 213. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer compounds
• Table 214. Typical properties of short natural fiber-thermoplastic composites
• Table 215. Properties of non-woven natural fiber mat composites
• Table 216. Applications of natural fibers in plastics
• Table 217. Applications of natural fibers in the automotive industry
• Table 218. Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composite in the automotive market
• Table 219. Applications of natural fibers in packaging
• Table 220. Applications of natural fibers in construction
• Table 221. Applications of natural fibers in the appliances market
• Table 222. Applications of natural fibers in the consumer electronics market
• Table 223. Key Applications and Market Potential in Wood Composites
• Table 224. Wood Composite Production and Material Properties
• Table 225. Types of Wood Composite Materials
• Table 226. Production Technologies
• Table 227. Performance Characteristics: Durability, Strength, and Cost-Efficiency
• Table 228. Performance in Sliding Bearing Applications
• Table 229. Case studies of wood composites in tools and applicances
• Table 230. Industry Trends in Wood Composite Tool Components
• Table 231. Benefits in Construction: Strength, Insulation, and Aesthetics
• Table 232. Fire Resistance and Weather Durability for Exterior Applications
• Table 233. Case Studies in Commercial and Residential Construction
• Table 234. Trends and Innovations in Wood Composite for Automotive and Machinery Engines
• Table 235. Technological Barriers in Wood Composite Production
• Table 236. Environmental impact and sustainability
• Table 237. Emerging Technologies in Wood Composite Manufacturing
• Table 238. Global market for natural fiber based plastics, 2018-2035, by end use sector (Billion USD)
• Table 239. Global market for natural fiber based plastics, 2018-2035, by material type (Billion USD)
• Table 240. Global market for natural fiber based plastics, 2018-2035, by plastic type (Billion USD)
• Table 241. Global market for natural fiber based plastics, 2018-2035, by region (Billion USD)
• Table 242. Granbio Nanocellulose Processes
• Table 243. Oji Holdings CNF products
• Table 244. Global trends and drivers in sustainable construction materials
• Table 245. Global revenues in sustainable construction materials, by materials type, 2020-2035 (millions USD)
• Table 246. Global revenues in sustainable construction materials, by market, 2020-2035 (millions USD)
• Table 247. Established bio-based construction materials
• Table 248. Types of self-healing concrete
• Table 249. General properties and value of aerogels
• Table 250. Key properties of silica aerogels
• Table 251. Chemical precursors used to synthesize silica aerogels
• Table 252. Commercially available aerogel-enhanced blankets
• Table 253. Main manufacturers of silica aerogels and product offerings
• Table 254. Typical structural properties of metal oxide aerogels
• Table 255. Polymer aerogels companies
• Table 256. Types of biobased aerogels
• Table 257. Carbon aerogel companies
• Table 258. Conversion pathway for CO2-derived building materials
• Table 259. Carbon capture technologies and projects in the cement sector
• Table 260. Carbonation of recycled concrete companies
• Table 261. Current and projected costs for some key CO2 utilization applications in the construction industry
• Table 262. Market challenges for CO2 utilization in construction materials
• Table 263. Global Decarbonization Targets and Policies related to Green Steel
• Table 264. Estimated cost for iron and steel industry under the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)
• Table 265. Hydrogen-based steelmaking technologies
• Table 266. Comparison of green steel production technologies
• Table 267. Advantages and disadvantages of each potential hydrogen carrier
• Table 268. CCUS in green steel production
• Table 269. Biochar in steel and metal
• Table 270. Hydrogen blast furnace schematic
• Table 271. Applications of microwave processing in green steelmaking
• Table 272. Applications of additive manufacturing (AM) in steelmaking
• Table 273. Technology readiness level (TRL) for key green steel production technologies
• Table 274. Properties of Green steels
• Table 275. Applications of green steel in the construction industry
• Table 276. Market trends in bio-based and sustainable packaging
• Table 277. Drivers for recent growth in the bioplastics and biopolymers markets
• Table 278. Challenges for bio-based and sustainable packaging
• Table 279. Types of bio-based plastics and fossil-fuel-based plastics
• Table 280. Comparison of synthetic fossil-based and bio-based polymers
• Table 281. Processes for bioplastics in packaging
• Table 282. PLA properties for packaging applications
• Table 283. Applications, advantages and disadvantages of PHAs in packaging
• Table 284. Major polymers found in the extracellular covering of different algae
• Table 285. Market overview for cellulose microfibers (microfibrillated cellulose) in paperboard and packaging-market age, key benefits, applications and producers
• Table 286. Applications of nanocrystalline cellulose (CNC)
• Table 287. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in packaging
• Table 288. Types of protein based-bioplastics, applications and companies
• Table 289. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size
• Table 290. Companies developing algal-based bioplastics
• Table 291. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 292. Overview of chitosan-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 293. Bio-based naphtha markets and applications
• Table 294. Bio-naphtha market value chain
• Table 295. Pros and cons of different type of food packaging materials
• Table 296. Active Biodegradable Films films and their food applications
• Table 297. Intelligent Biodegradable Films
• Table 298. Edible films and coatings market summary
• Table 299. Summary of barrier films and coatings for packaging
• Table 300. Types of polyols
• Table 301. Polyol producers
• Table 302. Bio-based polyurethane coating products
• Table 303. Bio-based acrylate resin products
• Table 304. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis
• Table 305. Commercially available PHAs
• Table 306. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in paints and coatings
• Table 307. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in paints and coatings
• Table 308. Types of protein based-biomaterials, applications and companies
• Table 309. CO2 utilization and removal pathways
• Table 310. CO2 utilization products developed by chemical and plastic producers
• Table 311. Comparison of bioplastics' (PLA and PHAs) properties to other common polymers used in product packaging
• Table 312. Typical applications for bioplastics in flexible packaging
• Table 313. Typical applications for bioplastics in rigid packaging
• Table 314. Market revenues for bio-based coatings, 2018-2035 (billions USD), high estimate
• Table 315. Lactips plastic pellets
• Table 316. Oji Holdings CNF products
• Table 317. Properties and applications of the main natural fibres
• Table 318. Types of sustainable alternative leathers
• Table 319. Properties of bio-based leathers
• Table 320. Comparison with conventional leathers
• Table 321. Price of commercially available sustainable alternative leather products
• Table 322. Comparative analysis of sustainable alternative leathers
• Table 323. Key processing steps involved in transforming plant fibers into leather materials
• Table 324. Current and emerging plant-based leather products
• Table 325. Companies developing plant-based leather products
• Table 326. Overview of mycelium-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 327. Companies developing mycelium-based leather products
• Table 328. Types of microbial-derived leather alternative
• Table 329. Companies developing microbial leather products
• Table 330. Companies developing plant-based leather products
• Table 331. Types of protein-based leather alternatives
• Table 332. Companies developing protein based leather
• Table 333. Companies developing sustainable coatings and dyes for leather -
• Table 334. Markets and applications for bio-based textiles and leather
• Table 335. Applications of biobased leather in furniture and upholstery
• Table 336. Global revenues for bio-based textiles by type, 2018-2035 (millions USD)
• Table 337. Global revenues for bio-based and sustainable textiles by end use market, 2018-2035 (millions USD)
• Table 338. Market drivers and trends in bio-based and sustainable coatings
• Table 339. Example envinronmentally friendly coatings, advantages and disadvantages
• Table 340. Plant Waxes
• Table 341. Types of alkyd resins and properties
• Table 342. Market summary for bio-based alkyd coatings-raw materials, advantages, disadvantages, applications and producers
• Table 343. Bio-based alkyd coating products
• Table 344. Types of polyols
• Table 345. Polyol producers
• Table 346. Bio-based polyurethane coating products
• Table 347. Market summary for bio-based epoxy resins
• Table 348. Bio-based polyurethane coating products
• Table 349. Bio-based acrylate resin products
• Table 350. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis
• Table 351. PLA producers and production capacities
• Table 352. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) market analysis
• Table 353.Types of PHAs and properties
• Table 354. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) producers
• Table 355. Commercially available PHAs
• Table 356. Properties of micro/nanocellulose, by type
• Table 357: Types of nanocellulose
• Table 358. Microfibrillated Cellulose (MFC) production capacities in metric tons and production process, by producer, metric tons
• Table 359. Commercially available Microfibrillated Cellulose products
• Table 360. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in paints and coatings
• Table 361. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in paints and coatings-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global paints and coatings OEMs
• Table 362. Companies developing CNF products in paints and coatings, applications targeted and stage of commercialization
• Table 363. CNC properties
• Table 364: Cellulose nanocrystal capacities (by type, wet or dry) and production process, by producer, metric tonnes
• Table 365. Applications of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC)
• Table 366. Edible films and coatings market summary
• Table 367. Types of protein based-biomaterials, applications and companies
• Table 368. Overview of algal coatings-description, properties, application and market size
• Table 369. Companies developing algal-based plastics
• Table 370. Market revenues for bio-based coatings by market, 2018-2035 (billions USD), conservative estimate
• Table 371. Lactips plastic pellets
• Table 372. Oji Holdings CNF products
• Table 373. Market drivers for biofuels
• Table 374. Market challenges for biofuels
• Table 375. Liquid biofuels market 2020-2035, by type and production
• Table 376. Comparison of biofuels
• Table 377. Comparison of biofuel costs (USD/liter) 2023, by type
• Table 378. Categories and examples of solid biofuel
• Table 379. Comparison of biofuels and e-fuels to fossil and electricity
• Table 380. Classification of biomass feedstock
• Table 381. Biorefinery feedstocks
• Table 382. Feedstock conversion pathways
• Table 383. First-Generation Feedstocks
• Table 384. Lignocellulosic ethanol plants and capacities
• Table 385. Comparison of pulping and biorefinery lignins
• Table 386. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes
• Table 387. Operating and planned lignocellulosic biorefineries and industrial flue gas-to-ethanol
• Table 388. Properties of microalgae and macroalgae
• Table 389. Yield of algae and other biodiesel crops
• Table 390. Advantages and disadvantages of biofuels, by generation
• Table 391. Biodiesel by generation
• Table 392. Biodiesel production techniques
• Table 393. Summary of pyrolysis technique under different operating conditions
• Table 394. Biomass materials and their bio-oil yield
• Table 395. Biofuel production cost from the biomass pyrolysis process
• Table 396. Properties of vegetable oils in comparison to diesel
• Table 397. Main producers of HVO and capacities
• Table 398. Example commercial Development of BtL processes
• Table 399. Pilot or demo projects for biomass to liquid (BtL) processes
• Table 400. Global biodiesel consumption, 2010-2035 (M litres/year)
• Table 401. Global renewable diesel consumption, 2010-2035 (M litres/year)
• Table 402. Renewable diesel price ranges
• Table 403. Advantages and disadvantages of Bio-aviation fuel
• Table 404. Production pathways for Bio-aviation fuel
• Table 405. Current and announced Bio-aviation fuel facilities and capacities
• Table 406. Global bio-jet fuel consumption 2019-2035 (Million litres/year)
• Table 407. Bio-based naphtha markets and applications
• Table 408. Bio-naphtha market value chain
• Table 409. Bio-naphtha pricing against petroleum-derived naphtha and related fuel products
• Table 410. Bio-based Naphtha production capacities, by producer
• Table 411. Comparison of biogas, biomethane and natural gas
• Table 412. Processes in bioethanol production
• Table 413. Microorganisms used in CBP for ethanol production from biomass lignocellulosic
• Table 414. Ethanol consumption 2010-2035 (million litres)
• Table 415. Biogas feedstocks
• Table 416. Existing and planned bio-LNG production plants
• Table 417. Methods for capturing carbon dioxide from biogas
• Table 418. Comparison of different Bio-H2 production pathways
• Table 419. Markets and applications for biohydrogen
• Table 420. Summary of gasification technologies
• Table 421. Overview of hydrothermal cracking for advanced chemical recycling
• Table 422. Applications of e-fuels, by type
• Table 423. Overview of e-fuels
• Table 424. Benefits of e-fuels
• Table 425. eFuel production facilities, current and planned
• Table 426. Main characteristics of different electrolyzer technologies
• Table 427. Market challenges for e-fuels
• Table 428. E-fuels companies
• Table 429. Algae-derived biofuel producers
• Table 430. Green ammonia projects (current and planned)
• Table 431. Blue ammonia projects
• Table 432. Ammonia fuel cell technologies
• Table 433. Market overview of green ammonia in marine fuel
• Table 434. Summary of marine alternative fuels
• Table 435. Estimated costs for different types of ammonia
• Table 436. Main players in green ammonia
• Table 437. Market overview for CO2 derived fuels
• Table 438. Point source examples
• Table 439. Advantages and disadvantages of DAC
• Table 440. Companies developing airflow equipment integration with DAC
• Table 441. Companies developing Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC) technologies
• Table 442. Companies developing regeneration methods for DAC technologies
• Table 443. DAC companies and technologies
• Table 444. DAC technology developers and production
• Table 445. DAC projects in development
• Table 446. Markets for DAC
• Table 447. Costs summary for DAC
• Table 448. Cost estimates of DAC
• Table 449. Challenges for DAC technology
• Table 450. DAC companies and technologies
• Table 451. Market overview for CO2 derived fuels
• Table 452. Main production routes and processes for manufacturing fuels from captured carbon dioxide
• Table 453. CO2-derived fuels projects
• Table 454. Thermochemical methods to produce methanol from CO2
• Table 455. pilot plants for CO2-to-methanol conversion
• Table 456. Microalgae products and prices
• Table 457. Main Solar-Driven CO2 Conversion Approaches
• Table 458. Market challenges for CO2 derived fuels
• Table 459. Companies in CO2-derived fuel products
• Table 460. Typical composition and physicochemical properties reported for bio-oils and heavy petroleum-derived oils
• Table 461. Properties and characteristics of pyrolysis liquids derived from biomass versus a fuel oil
• Table 462. Main techniques used to upgrade bio-oil into higher-quality fuels
• Table 463. Markets and applications for bio-oil
• Table 464. Bio-oil producers
• Table 465. Key resource recovery technologies
• Table 466. Markets and end uses for refuse-derived fuels (RDF)
• Table 467. Granbio Nanocellulose Processes
• Table 468. Key factors driving adoption of green electronics
• Table 469. Key circular economy strategies for electronics
• Table 470. Regulations pertaining to green electronics
• Table 471. Companies developing bio-based batteries for application in sustainable electronics
• Table 472. Benefits of Green Electronics Manufacturing
• Table 473. Challenges in adopting Green Electronics manufacturing
• Table 474. Major chipmakers' renewable energy road maps
• Table 475. Energy efficiency in sustainable electronics manufacturing
• Table 476. Composition of plastic waste streams
• Table 477. Comparison of mechanical and advanced chemical recycling
• Table 478. Example chemically recycled plastic products
• Table 479. Bio-based and non-toxic materials in sustainable electronics
• Table 480. Key focus areas for enabling greener and ethically responsible electronics supply chains
• Table 481. Sustainability programs and disclosure from major electronics brands
• Table 482. PCB manufacturing process
• Table 483. Challenges in PCB manufacturing
• Table 484. 3D PCB manufacturing
• Table 485. Comparison of some sustainable PCB alternatives against conventional options in terms of key performance factors
• Table 486. Sustainable PCB supply chain
• Table 487. Key areas where the PCB industry can improve sustainability
• Table 488. Improving sustainability of PCB design
• Table 489. PCB design options for sustainability
• Table 490. Sustainability benefits and challenges associated with 3D printing
• Table 491. Conductive ink producers
• Table 492. Green and lead-free solder companies
• Table 493. Biodegradable substrates for PCBs
• Table 494. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 495. Application of lignin in composites
• Table 496. Properties of lignins and their applications
• Table 497. Properties of flexible electronics-cellulose nanofiber film (nanopaper)
• Table 498. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers for electronics
• Table 499. Commercially available PHAs
• Table 500. Main limitations of the FR4 material system used for manufacturing printed circuit boards (PCBs)
• Table 501. Halogen-free FR4 companies
• Table 502. Properties of biobased PCBs
• Table 503. Applications of flexible (bio) polyimide PCBs
• Table 504. Main patterning and metallization steps in PCB fabrication and sustainable options
• Table 505. Sustainability issues with conventional metallization processes
• Table 506. Benefits of print-and-plate
• Table 507. Sustainable alternative options to standard plating resists used in printed circuit board (PCB) fabrication
• Table 508. Applications for laser induced forward transfer
• Table 509. Copper versus silver inks in laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) for electronics fabrication
• Table 510. Approaches for in-situ oxidation prevention
• Table 511. Market readiness and maturity of different lead-free solders and electrically conductive adhesives (ECAs) for electronics manufacturing
• Table 512. Advantages of green electroless plating
• Table 513. Comparison of component attachment materials
• Table 514. Comparison between sustainable and conventional component attachment materials for printed circuit boards
• Table 515. Comparison between the SMAs and SMPs
• Table 516. Comparison of conductive biopolymers versus conventional materials for printed circuit board fabrication
• Table 517. Comparison of curing and reflow processes used for attaching components in electronics assembly
• Table 518. Low temperature solder alloys
• Table 519. Thermally sensitive substrate materials
• Table 520. Limitations of existing IC production
• Table 521. Strategies for improving sustainability in integrated circuit (IC) manufacturing
• Table 522. Comparison of oxidation methods and level of sustainability
• Table 523. Stage of commercialization for oxides
• Table 524. Alternative doping techniques
• Table 525. Metal content mg / Kg in Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) from waste desktop computers
• Table 526. Chemical recycling methods for handling electronic waste
• Table 527. Electrochemical processes for recycling metals from electronic waste
• Table 528. Thermal recycling processes for electronic waste
• Table 529. Global PCB revenues 2018-2035 (billions USD), by substrate types
• Table 530. Global sustainable PCB revenues 2018-2035, by type (millions USD)
• Table 531. Global sustainable ICs revenues 2018-2035, by type (millions USD)
• Table 532. Oji Holdings CNF products
• Table 533. Global market revenues for bio-based adhesives & sealants, by types, 2018-2035 (millions USD)
• Table 534. Global market revenues for bio-based adhesives & sealants, by market, 2018-2035 (millions USD)

List of Figures

• Figure 1. Schematic of biorefinery processes
• Figure 2. Global production of starch for biobased chemicals and intermediates, 2018-2035 (million metric tonnes)
• Figure 3. Global production of biobased lysine, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
• Figure 4. Global glucose production for bio-based chemicals and intermediates 2018-2035 (million metric tonnes)
• Figure 5. Global production volumes of bio-HMDA, 2018 to 2035 in metric tonnes
• Figure 6. Global production of bio-based DN5, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
• Figure 7. Global production of bio-based isosorbide, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
• Figure 8. L-lactic acid (L-LA) production, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
• Figure 9. Global lactide production, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
• Figure 10. Global production of bio-itaconic acid, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
• Figure 11. Global production of 3-HP, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
• Figure 12. Global production of bio-based acrylic acid, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
• Figure 13. Global production of bio-based 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO), 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
• Figure 14. Global production of bio-based Succinic acid, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
• Figure 15. Global production of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO), 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
• Figure 16. Global production of bio-based tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
• Figure 17. Overview of Toray process
• Figure 18. Global production of bio-based caprolactam, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
• Figure 19. Global production of bio-based isobutanol, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
• Figure 20. Global production of bio-based p-xylene, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
• Figure 21. Global production of biobased terephthalic acid (TPA), 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
• Figure 22. Global production of biobased 1,3 Proppanediol, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
• Figure 23. Global production of biobased MEG, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
• Figure 24. Global production of biobased ethanol, 2018-2035 (million metric tonnes)
• Figure 25. Global production of biobased ethylene, 2018-2035 (million metric tonnes)
• Figure 26. Global production of biobased propylene, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
• Figure 27. Global production of biobased vinyl chloride, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
• Figure 28. Global production of bio-based Methly methacrylate, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
• Figure 29. Global production of biobased aniline, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
• Figure 30. Global production of biobased fructose, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
• Figure 31. Global production of biobased 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
• Figure 32. Global production of biobased 5-(Chloromethyl)furfural (CMF), 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
• Figure 33. Global production of biobased Levulinic acid, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
• Figure 34. Global production of biobased FDME, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
• Figure 35. Global production of biobased Furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid (FDCA), 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
• Figure 36. Global production projections for bio-based levoglucosenone from 2018 to 2035 in metric tonnes:
• Figure 37. Global production of hemicellulose, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
• Figure 38. Global production of biobased furfural, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
• Figure 39. Global production of biobased furfuryl alcohol, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
• Figure 40. Schematic of WISA plywood home
• Figure 41. Global production of biobased lignin, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
• Figure 42. Global production of biobased glycerol, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
• Figure 43. Global production of Bio-MPG, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
• Figure 44. Global production of biobased ECH, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
• Figure 45. Global production of biobased fatty acids, 2018-2035 (million metric tonnes)
• Figure 46. Global production of biobased sebacic acid, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
• Figure 47. Global production of biobased 11-Aminoundecanoic acid (11-AA), 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
• Figure 48. Global production of biobased Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA), 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
• Figure 49. Global production of biobased Pentamethylene diisocyanate, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
• Figure 50. Global production of biobased casein, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
• Figure 51. Global production of food waste for biochemicals, 2018-2035 (million metric tonnes)
• Figure 52. Global production of agricultural waste for biochemicals, 2018-2035 (million metric tonnes)
• Figure 53. Global production of forestry waste for biochemicals, 2018-2035 (million metric tonnes)
• Figure 54. Global production of aquaculture/fishing waste for biochemicals, 2018-2035 (million metric tonnes)
• Figure 55. Global production of municipal solid waste for biochemicals, 2018-2035 (million metric tonnes)
• Figure 56. Global production of waste oils for biochemicals, 2018-2035 (million metric tonnes)
• Figure 57. Global microalgae production, 2018-2035 (million metric tonnes)
• Figure 58. Global macroalgae production, 2018-2035 (million metric tonnes)
• Figure 59. Global production of biogas, 2018-2035 (billion m3)
• Figure 60. Global production of syngas, 2018-2035 (billion m3)
• Figure 61. formicobio(TM) technology
• Figure 62. Domsjo process
• Figure 63. TMP-Bio Process
• Figure 64. Lignin gel
• Figure 65. BioFlex process
• Figure 66. LX Process
• Figure 67. METNIN(TM) Lignin refining technology
• Figure 68. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process
• Figure 69. Precision Photosynthesis(TM) technology
• Figure 70. Fabric consisting of 70 per cent wool and 30 per cent Qmilk
• Figure 71. UPM biorefinery process
• Figure 72. The Proesa-R Process
• Figure 73. Goldilocks process and applications
• Figure 74. Coca-Cola PlantBottle-R
• Figure 75. Interrelationship between conventional, bio-based and biodegradable plastics
• Figure 76. Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)
• Figure 77. Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)
• Figure 78. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)
• Figure 79. Production capacities of Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) to 2025
• Figure 80. Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)
• Figure 81. Polyamides (Bio-PA) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)
• Figure 82. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)
• Figure 83. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)
• Figure 84. Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)
• Figure 85. Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production capacities 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)
• Figure 86. PHA family
• Figure 87. TEM image of cellulose nanocrystals
• Figure 88. CNC preparation
• Figure 89. Extracting CNC from trees
• Figure 90. CNC slurry
• Figure 91. CNF gel
• Figure 92. Bacterial nanocellulose shapes
• Figure 93. BLOOM masterbatch from Algix
• Figure 94. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam
• Figure 95. Commercial mycelium composite construction materials
• Figure 96. Global production capacities for bioplastics by region 2019-2035, 1,000 tonnes
• Figure 97. Global production capacities for bioplastics by end user market 2019-2035, 1,000 tonnes
• Figure 98. PHA bioplastics products
• Figure 99. The global market for biobased and biodegradable plastics for flexible packaging 2019-2033 ('000 tonnes)
• Figure 100. Production volumes for bioplastics for rigid packaging, 2019-2033 ('000 tonnes)
• Figure 101. Global production for biobased and biodegradable plastics in consumer products 2019-2035, in 1,000 tonnes
• Figure 102. Global production capacities for biobased and biodegradable plastics in automotive 2019-2035, in 1,000 tonnes
• Figure 103. Global production volumes for biobased and biodegradable plastics in building and construction 2019-2035, in 1,000 tonnes
• Figure 104. Global production volumes for biobased and biodegradable plastics in textiles 2019-2035, in 1,000 tonnes
• Figure 105. Global production volumes for biobased and biodegradable plastics in electronics 2019-2035, in 1,000 tonnes
• Figure 106. Biodegradable mulch films
• Figure 107. Global production volulmes for biobased and biodegradable plastics in agriculture 2019-2035, in 1,000 tonnes
• Figure 108. High purity lignin
• Figure 109. Lignocellulose architecture
• Figure 110. Extraction processes to separate lignin from lignocellulosic biomass and corresponding technical lignins
• Figure 111. The lignocellulose biorefinery
• Figure 112. LignoBoost process
• Figure 113. LignoForce system for lignin recovery from black liquor
• Figure 114. Sequential liquid-lignin recovery and purification (SLPR) system
• Figure 115. A-Recovery+ chemical recovery concept
• Figure 116. Schematic of a biorefinery for production of carriers and chemicals
• Figure 117. Organosolv lignin
• Figure 118. Hydrolytic lignin powder
• Figure 119. Estimated consumption of lignin, by type, 2019-2035 (000 MT)
• Figure 120. Estimated consumption of lignin, by market, 2019-2035 (000 MT)
• Figure 121. Pluumo
• Figure 122. ANDRITZ Lignin Recovery process
• Figure 123. Anpoly cellulose nanofiber hydrogel
• Figure 124. MEDICELLU(TM)
• Figure 125. Asahi Kasei CNF fabric sheet
• Figure 126. Properties of Asahi Kasei cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabric
• Figure 127. CNF nonwoven fabric
• Figure 128. Roof frame made of natural fiber
• Figure 129. Beyond Leather Materials product
• Figure 130. BIOLO e-commerce mailer bag made from PHA
• Figure 131. Reusable and recyclable foodservice cups, lids, and straws from Joinease Hong Kong Ltd., made with plant-based NuPlastiQ BioPolymer from BioLogiQ, Inc
• Figure 132. Fiber-based screw cap
• Figure 133. formicobio(TM) technology
• Figure 134. nanoforest-S
• Figure 135. nanoforest-PDP
• Figure 136. nanoforest-MB
• Figure 137. sunliquid-R production process
• Figure 138. CuanSave film
• Figure 139. Celish
• Figure 140. Trunk lid incorporating CNF
• Figure 141. ELLEX products
• Figure 142. CNF-reinforced PP compounds
• Figure 143. Kirekira! toilet wipes
• Figure 144. Color CNF
• Figure 145. Rheocrysta spray
• Figure 146. DKS CNF products
• Figure 147. Domsjo process
• Figure 148. Mushroom leather
• Figure 149. CNF based on citrus peel
• Figure 150. Citrus cellulose nanofiber
• Figure 151. Filler Bank CNC products
• Figure 152. Fibers on kapok tree and after processing
• Figure 153. TMP-Bio Process
• Figure 154. Flow chart of the lignocellulose biorefinery pilot plant in Leuna
• Figure 155. Water-repellent cellulose
• Figure 156. Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) composite with polyethylene (PE)
• Figure 157. PHA production process
• Figure 158. CNF products from Furukawa Electric
• Figure 159. AVAPTM process
• Figure 160. GreenPower+(TM) process
• Figure 161. Cutlery samples (spoon, knife, fork) made of nano cellulose and biodegradable plastic composite materials
• Figure 162. Non-aqueous CNF dispersion "Senaf" (Photo shows 5% of plasticizer)
• Figure 163. CNF gel
• Figure 164. Block nanocellulose material
• Figure 165. CNF products developed by Hokuetsu
• Figure 166. Marine leather products
• Figure 167. Inner Mettle Milk products
• Figure 168. Kami Shoji CNF products
• Figure 169. Dual Graft System
• Figure 170. Engine cover utilizing Kao CNF composite resins
• Figure 171. Acrylic resin blended with modified CNF (fluid) and its molded product (transparent film), and image obtained with AFM (CNF 10wt% blended)
• Figure 172. Kel Labs yarn
• Figure 173. 0.3% aqueous dispersion of sulfated esterified CNF and dried transparent film (front side)
• Figure 174. Lignin gel
• Figure 175. BioFlex process
• Figure 176. Nike Algae Ink graphic tee
• Figure 177. LX Process
• Figure 178. Made of Air's HexChar panels
• Figure 179. TransLeather
• Figure 180. Chitin nanofiber product
• Figure 181. Marusumi Paper cellulose nanofiber products
• Figure 182. FibriMa cellulose nanofiber powder
• Figure 183. METNIN(TM) Lignin refining technology
• Figure 184. IPA synthesis method
• Figure 185. MOGU-Wave panels
• Figure 186. CNF slurries
• Figure 187. Range of CNF products
• Figure 188. Reishi
• Figure 189. Compostable water pod
• Figure 190. Leather made from leaves
• Figure 191. Nike shoe with beLEAF(TM)
• Figure 192. CNF clear sheets
• Figure 193. Oji Holdings CNF polycarbonate product
• Figure 194. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process
• Figure 195. Fabric consisting of 70 per cent wool and 30 per cent Qmilk
• Figure 196. XCNF
• Figure 197: Plantrose process
• Figure 198. LOVR hemp leather
• Figure 199. CNF insulation flat plates
• Figure 200. Hansa lignin
• Figure 201. Manufacturing process for STARCEL
• Figure 202. Manufacturing process for STARCEL
• Figure 203. 3D printed cellulose shoe
• Figure 204. Lyocell process
• Figure 205. North Face Spiber Moon Parka
• Figure 206. PANGAIA LAB NXT GEN Hoodie
• Figure 207. Spider silk production
• Figure 208. Stora Enso lignin battery materials
• Figure 209. 2 wt.% CNF suspension
• Figure 210. BiNFi-s Dry Powder
• Figure 211. BiNFi-s Dry Powder and Propylene (PP) Complex Pellet
• Figure 212. Silk nanofiber (right) and cocoon of raw material
• Figure 213. Sulapac cosmetics containers
• Figure 214. Sulzer equipment for PLA polymerization processing
• Figure 215. Solid Novolac Type lignin modified phenolic resins
• Figure 216. Teijin bioplastic film for door handles
• Figure 217. Corbion FDCA production process
• Figure 218. Comparison of weight reduction effect using CNF
• Figure 219. CNF resin products
• Figure 220. UPM biorefinery process
• Figure 221. Vegea production process
• Figure 222. The Proesa-R Process
• Figure 223. Goldilocks process and applications
• Figure 224. Visolis' Hybrid Bio-Thermocatalytic Process
• Figure 225. HefCel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test
• Figure 226. Worn Again products
• Figure 227. Zelfo Technology GmbH CNF production process
• Figure 228. Absolut natural based fiber bottle cap
• Figure 229. Adidas algae-ink tees
• Figure 230. Carlsberg natural fiber beer bottle
• Figure 231. Miratex watch bands
• Figure 232. Adidas Made with Nature Ultraboost 22
• Figure 233. PUMA RE:SUEDE sneaker
• Figure 234. Types of natural fibers
• Figure 235. Luffa cylindrica fiber
• Figure 236. Pineapple fiber
• Figure 237. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam
• Figure 238. Commercial mycelium composite construction materials
• Figure 239. SEM image of microfibrillated cellulose
• Figure 240. Hemp fibers combined with PP in car door panel
• Figure 241. Car door produced from Hemp fiber
• Figure 242. Natural fiber composites in the BMW M4 GT4 racing car
• Figure 243. Mercedes-Benz components containing natural fibers
• Figure 244. SWOT analysis: natural fibers in the automotive market
• Figure 245. SWOT analysis: natural fibers in the packaging market
• Figure 246. SWOT analysis: natural fibers in the appliances market
• Figure 247. SWOT analysis: natural fibers in the appliances market
• Figure 248. SWOT analysis: natural fibers in the consumer electronics market
• Figure 249. SWOT analysis: natural fibers in the furniture market
• Figure 250. Global market for natural fiber based plastics, 2018-2035, by market (Billion USD)
• Figure 251. Global market for natural fiber based plastics, 2018-2035, by material type (Billion USD)
• Figure 252. Global market for natural fiber based plastics, 2018-2035, by plastic type (Billion USD)
• Figure 253. Global market for natural fiber based plastics, 2018-2035, by region (Billion USD)
• Figure 254. Asahi Kasei CNF fabric sheet
• Figure 255. Properties of Asahi Kasei cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabric
• Figure 256. CNF nonwoven fabric
• Figure 257. Roof frame made of natural fiber
• Figure 258.Tras Rei chair incorporating ampliTex fibers
• Figure 259. Natural fibres racing seat
• Figure 260. Porche Cayman GT4 Clubsport incorporating BComp flax fibers
• Figure 261. Fiber-based screw cap
• Figure 262. Cellugy materials
• Figure 263. CuanSave film
• Figure 264. Trunk lid incorporating CNF
• Figure 265. ELLEX products
• Figure 266. CNF-reinforced PP compounds
• Figure 267. Kirekira! toilet wipes
• Figure 268. DKS CNF products
• Figure 269. Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) composite with polyethylene (PE)
• Figure 270. CNF products from Furukawa Electric
• Figure 271. Cutlery samples (spoon, knife, fork) made of nano cellulose and biodegradable plastic composite materials
• Figure 272. CNF gel
• Figure 273. Block nanocellulose material
• Figure 274. CNF products developed by Hokuetsu
• Figure 275. Dual Graft System
• Figure 276. Engine cover utilizing Kao CNF composite resins
• Figure 277. Acrylic resin blended with modified CNF (fluid) and its molded product (transparent film), and image obtained with AFM (CNF 10wt% blended)
• Figure 278. Cellulomix production process
• Figure 279. Nanobase versus conventional products
• Figure 280. MOGU-Wave panels
• Figure 281. CNF clear sheets
• Figure 282. Oji Holdings CNF polycarbonate product
• Figure 283. A vacuum cleaner part made of cellulose fiber (left) and the assembled vacuum cleaner
• Figure 284. XCNF
• Figure 285. Manufacturing process for STARCEL
• Figure 286. 2 wt.% CNF suspension
• Figure 287. Sulapac cosmetics containers
• Figure 288. Comparison of weight reduction effect using CNF
• Figure 289. CNF resin products
• Figure 290. Global revenues in sustainable construction materials, by materials type, 2020-2035 (millions USD)
• Figure 291. Global revenues in sustainable construction materials, by market, 2020-2035 (millions USD)
• Figure 292. Luum Temple, constructed from Bamboo
• Figure 293. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam
• Figure 294. Commercial mycelium composite construction materials
• Figure 295. Self-healing concrete test study with cracked concrete (left) and self-healed concrete after 28 days (right)
• Figure 296. Self-healing bacteria crack filler for concrete
• Figure 297. Self-healing bio concrete
• Figure 298. Microalgae based biocement masonry bloc
• Figure 299. Classification of aerogels
• Figure 300. Flower resting on a piece of silica aerogel suspended in mid air by the flame of a bunsen burner
• Figure 301. Monolithic aerogel
• Figure 302. Aerogel granules
• Figure 303. Internal aerogel granule applications
• Figure 304. 3D printed aerogels
• Figure 305. Lignin-based aerogels
• Figure 306. Fabrication routes for starch-based aerogels
• Figure 307. Graphene aerogel
• Figure 308. Schematic of CCUS in cement sector
• Figure 309. Carbon8 Systems' ACT process
• Figure 310. CO2 utilization in the Carbon Cure process
• Figure 311. Share of (a) production, (b) energy consumption and (c) CO2 emissions from different steel making routes
• Figure 312. Transition to hydrogen-based production
• Figure 313. CO2 emissions from steelmaking (tCO2/ton crude steel)
• Figure 314. CO2 emissions of different process routes for liquid steel
• Figure 315. Hydrogen Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) process
• Figure 316. Molten oxide electrolysis process
• Figure 317. Steelmaking with CCS
• Figure 318. Flash ironmaking process
• Figure 319. Hydrogen Plasma Iron Ore Reduction process
• Figure 320. Aizawa self-healing concrete
• Figure 321. ArcelorMittal decarbonization strategy
• Figure 322. Thermal Conductivity Performance of ArmaGel HT
• Figure 323. SLENTEX-R roll (piece)
• Figure 324. Biozeroc Biocement
• Figure 325. Carbon Re's DeltaZero dashboard
• Figure 326. Neustark modular plant
• Figure 327. HIP AERO paint
• Figure 328. Sunthru Aerogel pane
• Figure 329. Quartzene-R
• Figure 330. Schematic of HyREX technology
• Figure 331. EAF Quantum
• Figure 332. CNF insulation flat plates
• Figure 333. Global packaging market by material type
• Figure 334. Routes for synthesizing polymers from fossil-based and bio-based resources
• Figure 335. Organization and morphology of cellulose synthesizing terminal complexes (TCs) in different organisms
• Figure 336. Biosynthesis of (a) wood cellulose (b) tunicate cellulose and (c) BC
• Figure 337. Cellulose microfibrils and nanofibrils
• Figure 338. TEM image of cellulose nanocrystals
• Figure 339. CNC slurry
• Figure 340. CNF gel
• Figure 341. Bacterial nanocellulose shapes
• Figure 342. BLOOM masterbatch from Algix
• Figure 343. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam
• Figure 344. Commercial mycelium composite construction materials
• Figure 345. Types of bio-based materials used for antimicrobial food packaging application
• Figure 346. Schematic of gas barrier properties of nanoclay film
• Figure 347. Hefcel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test
• Figure 348. Applications for CO2
• Figure 349. Life cycle of CO2-derived products and services
• Figure 350. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived polymeric materials
• Figure 351. Bioplastics for flexible packaging by bioplastic material type, 2019-2035 ('000 tonnes)
• Figure 352. Bioplastics for rigid packaging by bioplastic material type, 2019-2035 ('000 tonnes)
• Figure 353. Market revenues for bio-based coatings, 2018-2035 (billions USD), conservative estimate
• Figure 354. Pluumo
• Figure 355. Anpoly cellulose nanofiber hydrogel
• Figure 356. MEDICELLU(TM)
• Figure 357. Asahi Kasei CNF fabric sheet
• Figure 358. Properties of Asahi Kasei cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabric
• Figure 359. CNF nonwoven fabric
• Figure 360. Passionfruit wrapped in Xgo Circular packaging
• Figure 361. BIOLO e-commerce mailer bag made from PHA
• Figure 362. Reusable and recyclable foodservice cups, lids, and straws from Joinease Hong Kong Ltd., made with plant-based NuPlastiQ BioPolymer from BioLogiQ, Inc
• Figure 363. Fiber-based screw cap
• Figure 364. CuanSave film
• Figure 365. ELLEX products
• Figure 366. CNF-reinforced PP compounds
• Figure 367. Kirekira! toilet wipes
• Figure 368. Rheocrysta spray
• Figure 369. DKS CNF products
• Figure 370. Photograph (a) and micrograph (b) of mineral/ MFC composite showing the high viscosity and fibrillar structure
• Figure 371. PHA production process
• Figure 372. AVAPTM process
• Figure 373. GreenPower+(TM) process
• Figure 374. Cutlery samples (spoon, knife, fork) made of nano cellulose and biodegradable plastic composite materials
• Figure 375. CNF gel
• Figure 376. Block nanocellulose material
• Figure 377. CNF products developed by Hokuetsu
• Figure 378. Kami Shoji CNF products
• Figure 379. IPA synthesis method
• Figure 380. Compostable water pod
• Figure 381. XCNF
• Figure 382: Innventia AB movable nanocellulose demo plant
• Figure 383. Shellworks packaging containers
• Figure 384. Thales packaging incorporating Fibrease
• Figure 385. Sulapac cosmetics containers
• Figure 386. Sulzer equipment for PLA polymerization processing
• Figure 387. Silver / CNF composite dispersions
• Figure 388. CNF/nanosilver powder
• Figure 389. Corbion FDCA production process
• Figure 390. UPM biorefinery process
• Figure 391. Vegea production process
• Figure 392. Worn Again products
• Figure 393. S-CNF in powder form
• Figure 394. AlgiKicks sneaker, made with the Algiknit biopolymer gel
• Figure 395. Conceptual landscape of next-gen leather materials
• Figure 396. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam
• Figure 397. Hermes bag made of MycoWorks' mycelium leather
• Figure 398. Ganni blazer made from bacterial cellulose
• Figure 399. Bou Bag by GANNI and Modern Synthesis
• Figure 400. Global revenues for bio-based textiles by type, 2018-2035 (millions USD)
• Figure 401. Global revenues for bio-based and sustainable textiles by end use market, 2018-2035 (millions USD)
• Figure 402. Beyond Leather Materials product
• Figure 403. Treekind
• Figure 404. Examples of Stella McCartney and Adidas products made using leather alternative Mylo
• Figure 405. Mushroom leather
• Figure 406. Ecovative Design Forager Hides
• Figure 407. LUNA-R leather
• Figure 408. TransLeather
• Figure 409. Reishi
• Figure 410. AirCarbon Pellets and AirCarbon Leather
• Figure 411. Leather made from leaves
• Figure 412. Nike shoe with beLEAF(TM)
• Figure 413. Persiskin leather
• Figure 414. LOVR hemp leather
• Figure 415. North Face Spiber Moon Parka
• Figure 416. PANGAIA LAB NXT GEN Hoodie
• Figure 417. Ultrasuede headrest covers
• Figure 418. Vegea production process
• Figure 419. Schematic of production of powder coatings
• Figure 420. Organization and morphology of cellulose synthesizing terminal complexes (TCs) in different organisms
• Figure 421. PHA family
• Figure 422: Schematic diagram of partial molecular structure of cellulose chain with numbering for carbon atoms and n= number of cellobiose repeating unit
• Figure 423: Scale of cellulose materials
• Figure 424. Nanocellulose preparation methods and resulting materials
• Figure 425: Relationship between different kinds of nanocelluloses
• Figure 426. SEM image of microfibrillated cellulose
• Figure 427. Applications of cellulose nanofibers in paints and coatings
• Figure 428: CNC slurry
• Figure 429. Types of bio-based materials used for antimicrobial food packaging application
• Figure 430. BLOOM masterbatch from Algix
• Figure 431. Market revenues for bio-based coatings by market, 2018-2035 (billions USD), conservative estimate
• Figure 432. Dulux Better Living Air Clean Bio-based
• Figure 433. NCCTM Process
• Figure 434. CNC produced at Tech Futures' pilot plant; cloudy suspension (1 wt.%), gel-like (10 wt.%), flake-like crystals, and very fine powder. Product advantages include:
• Figure 435. Cellugy materials
• Figure 436. EcoLine-R 3690 (left) vs Solvent-Based Competitor Coating (right)
• Figure 437. Rheocrysta spray
• Figure 438. DKS CNF products
• Figure 439. Domsjo process
• Figure 440. CNF gel
• Figure 441. Block nanocellulose material
• Figure 442. CNF products developed by Hokuetsu
• Figure 443. VIVAPUR-R MCC Spheres
• Figure 444. BioFlex process
• Figure 445. Marusumi Paper cellulose nanofiber products
• Figure 446. Melodea CNC barrier coating packaging
• Figure 447. Fluorene cellulose -R powder
• Figure 448. XCNF
• Figure 449. Plantrose process
• Figure 450. Spider silk production
• Figure 451. CNF dispersion and powder from Starlite
• Figure 452. 2 wt.% CNF suspension
• Figure 453. BiNFi-s Dry Powder
• Figure 454. BiNFi-s Dry Powder and Propylene (PP) Complex Pellet
• Figure 455. Silk nanofiber (right) and cocoon of raw material
• Figure 456. traceless-R hooks
• Figure 457. HefCel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test
• Figure 458. Bio-based barrier bags prepared from Tempo-CNF coated bio-HDPE film
• Figure 459. Bioalkyd products
• Figure 460. Liquid biofuel production and consumption (in thousands of m3), 2000-2022
• Figure 461. Distribution of global liquid biofuel production in 2023
• Figure 462. Diesel and gasoline alternatives and blends
• Figure 463. SWOT analysis for biofuels
• Figure 464. Schematic of a biorefinery for production of carriers and chemicals
• Figure 465. Hydrolytic lignin powder
• Figure 466. SWOT analysis for energy crops in biofuels
• Figure 467. SWOT analysis for agricultural residues in biofuels
• Figure 468. SWOT analysis for Manure, sewage sludge and organic waste in biofuels
• Figure 469. SWOT analysis for forestry and wood waste in biofuels
• Figure 470. Range of biomass cost by feedstock type
• Figure 471. Regional production of biodiesel (billion litres)
• Figure 472. SWOT analysis for biodiesel
• Figure 473. Flow chart for biodiesel production
• Figure 474. Biodiesel (B20) average prices, current and historical, USD/litre
• Figure 475. Global biodiesel consumption, 2010-2035 (M litres/year)
• Figure 476. SWOT analysis for renewable iesel
• Figure 477. Global renewable diesel consumption, 2010-2035 (M litres/year)
• Figure 478. SWOT analysis for Bio-aviation fuel
• Figure 479. Global bio-jet fuel consumption to 2019-2035 (Million litres/year)
• Figure 480. SWOT analysis for bio-naphtha
• Figure 481. Bio-based naphtha production capacities, 2018-2035 (tonnes)
• Figure 482. SWOT analysis biomethanol
• Figure 483. Renewable Methanol Production Processes from Different Feedstocks
• Figure 484. Production of biomethane through anaerobic digestion and upgrading
• Figure 485. Production of biomethane through biomass gasification and methanation
• Figure 486. Production of biomethane through the Power to methane process
• Figure 487. SWOT analysis for ethanol
• Figure 488. Ethanol consumption 2010-2035 (million litres)
• Figure 489. Properties of petrol and biobutanol
• Figure 490. Biobutanol production route
• Figure 491. Biogas and biomethane pathways
• Figure 492. Overview of biogas utilization
• Figure 493. Biogas and biomethane pathways
• Figure 494. Schematic overview of anaerobic digestion process for biomethane production
• Figure 495. Schematic overview of biomass gasification for biomethane production
• Figure 496. SWOT analysis for biogas
• Figure 497. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm3/h of Syngas, 2021
• Figure 498. SWOT analysis for biohydrogen
• Figure 499. Waste plastic production pathways to (A) diesel and (B) gasoline
• Figure 500. Schematic for Pyrolysis of Scrap Tires
• Figure 501. Used tires conversion process
• Figure 502. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm3/h of Syngas, 2021
• Figure 503. Overview of biogas utilization
• Figure 504. Biogas and biomethane pathways
• Figure 505. SWOT analysis for chemical recycling of biofuels
• Figure 506. Process steps in the production of electrofuels
• Figure 507. Mapping storage technologies according to performance characteristics
• Figure 508. Production process for green hydrogen
• Figure 509. SWOT analysis for E-fuels
• Figure 510. E-liquids production routes
• Figure 511. Fischer-Tropsch liquid e-fuel products
• Figure 512. Resources required for liquid e-fuel production
• Figure 513. Levelized cost and fuel-switching CO2 prices of e-fuels
• Figure 514. Cost breakdown for e-fuels
• Figure 515. Pathways for algal biomass conversion to biofuels
• Figure 516. SWOT analysis for algae-derived biofuels
• Figure 517. Algal biomass conversion process for biofuel production
• Figure 518. Classification and process technology according to carbon emission in ammonia production
• Figure 519. Green ammonia production and use
• Figure 520. Schematic of the Haber Bosch ammonia synthesis reaction
• Figure 521. Schematic of hydrogen production via steam methane reformation
• Figure 522. SWOT analysis for green ammonia
• Figure 523. Estimated production cost of green ammonia
• Figure 524. Projected annual ammonia production, million tons
• Figure 525. CO2 capture and separation technology
• Figure 526. Conversion route for CO2-derived fuels and chemical intermediates
• Figure 527. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived methane, methanol and diesel
• Figure 528. SWOT analysis for biofuels from carbon capture
• Figure 529. CO2 captured from air using liquid and solid sorbent DAC plants, storage, and reuse
• Figure 530. Global CO2 capture from biomass and DAC in the Net Zero Scenario
• Figure 531. DAC technologies
• Figure 532. Schematic of Climeworks DAC system
• Figure 533. Climeworks' first commercial direct air capture (DAC) plant, based in Hinwil, Switzerland
• Figure 534. Flow diagram for solid sorbent DAC
• Figure 535. Direct air capture based on high temperature liquid sorbent by Carbon Engineering
• Figure 536. Global capacity of direct air capture facilities
• Figure 537. Global map of DAC and CCS plants
• Figure 538. Schematic of costs of DAC technologies
• Figure 539. DAC cost breakdown and comparison
• Figure 540. Operating costs of generic liquid and solid-based DAC systems
• Figure 541. Conversion route for CO2-derived fuels and chemical intermediates
• Figure 542. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived methane, methanol and diesel
• Figure 543. CO2 feedstock for the production of e-methanol
• Figure 544. Schematic illustration of (a) biophotosynthetic, (b) photothermal, (c) microbial-photoelectrochemical, (d) photosynthetic and photocatalytic (PS/PC), (e) photoelectrochemical (PEC), and (f) photovoltaic plus electrochemical (PV+EC) approaches for CO2
• Figure 545. SWOT analysis: CO2 utilization in fuels
• Figure 546. Audi synthetic fuels
• Figure 547. Bio-oil upgrading/fractionation techniques
• Figure 548. SWOT analysis for bio-oils
• Figure 549. ANDRITZ Lignin Recovery process
• Figure 550. ChemCyclingTM prototypes
• Figure 551. ChemCycling circle by BASF
• Figure 552. FBPO process
• Figure 553. Direct Air Capture Process
• Figure 554. CRI process
• Figure 555. Cassandra Oil process
• Figure 556. Colyser process
• Figure 557. ECFORM electrolysis reactor schematic
• Figure 558. Dioxycle modular electrolyzer
• Figure 559. Domsjo process
• Figure 560. FuelPositive system
• Figure 561. INERATEC unit
• Figure 562. Infinitree swing method
• Figure 563. Audi/Krajete unit
• Figure 564. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process
• Figure 565: Plantrose process
• Figure 566. Sunfire process for Blue Crude production
• Figure 567. Takavator
• Figure 568. O12 Reactor
• Figure 569. Sunglasses with lenses made from CO2-derived materials
• Figure 570. CO2 made car part
• Figure 571. The Velocys process
• Figure 572. Goldilocks process and applications
• Figure 573. The Proesa-R Process
• Figure 574. Closed-loop manufacturing
• Figure 575. Sustainable supply chain for electronics
• Figure 576. Flexible PCB
• Figure 577. Vapor degreasing
• Figure 578. Multi-layered PCB
• Figure 579. 3D printed PCB
• Figure 580. In-mold electronics prototype devices and products
• Figure 581. Silver nanocomposite ink after sintering and resin bonding of discrete electronic components
• Figure 582. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam
• Figure 583. Flexible electronic substrate made from CNF
• Figure 584. CNF composite
• Figure 585. Oji CNF transparent sheets
• Figure 586. Electronic components using cellulose nanofibers as insulating materials
• Figure 587. BLOOM masterbatch from Algix
• Figure 588. Dell's Concept Luna laptop
• Figure 589. Direct-write, precision dispensing, and 3D printing platform for 3D printed electronics
• Figure 590. 3D printed circuit boards from Nano Dimension
• Figure 591. Photonic sintering
• Figure 592. Laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT)
• Figure 593. Material jetting 3d printing
• Figure 594. Material jetting 3d printing product
• Figure 595. The molecular mechanism of the shape memory effect under different stimuli
• Figure 596. Supercooled Soldering(TM) Technology
• Figure 597. Reflow soldering schematic
• Figure 598. Schematic diagram of induction heating reflow
• Figure 599. Fully-printed organic thin-film transistors and circuitry on one-micron-thick polymer films
• Figure 600. Types of PCBs after dismantling waste computers and monitors
• Figure 601. Global PCB revenues 2018-2035 (billions USD), by substrate types
• Figure 602. Global sustainable PCB revenues 2018-2035, by type (millions USD)
• Figure 603. Global sustainable ICs revenues 2018-2035, by type (millions USD)
• Figure 604. Piezotech-R FC
• Figure 605. PowerCoat-R paper
• Figure 606. BeFC-R biofuel cell and digital platform
• Figure 607. DPP-360 machine
• Figure 608. P-Flex-R Flexible Circuit
• Figure 609. Fairphone 4
• Figure 610. In2tec's fully recyclable flexible circuit board assembly
• Figure 611. C.L.A.D. system
• Figure 612. Soluboard immersed in water
• Figure 613. Infineon PCB before and after immersion
• Figure 614. Nano OPS Nanoscale wafer printing system
• Figure 615. Stora Enso lignin battery materials
• Figure 616. 3D printed electronics
• Figure 617. Tactotek IME device
• Figure 618. TactoTek-R IMSE-R SiP - System In Package
• Figure 619. Verde Bio-based resins
• Figure 620. Global market revenues for bio-based adhesives & sealants, by types, 2018-2035 (millions USD)
• Figure 621. Global market revenues for bio-based adhesives & sealants, by market, 2018-2035 (millions USD)
• Figure 622. sunliquid-R production process
• Figure 623. Spider silk production