The Global Market for Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS) 2025-2045

Table of Contents

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

• 1.1. Main sources of carbon dioxide emissions
• 1.2. CO2 as a commodity
• 1.3. Meeting climate targets
• 1.4. Market drivers and trends
• 1.5. The current market and future outlook
• 1.6. CCUS Industry developments 2020-2024
• 1.7. CCUS investments
  • 1.7.1. Venture Capital Funding
    • 1.7.1.1. 2010-2023
    • 1.7.1.2. CCUS VC deals 2022-2024
• 1.8. Government CCUS initiatives
  • 1.8.1. North America
  • 1.8.2. Europe
  • 1.8.3. Asia
    • 1.8.3.1. Japan
    • 1.8.3.2. Singapore
    • 1.8.3.3. China
• 1.9. Market map
• 1.10. Commercial CCUS facilities and projects
  • 1.10.1. Facilities
    • 1.10.1.1. Operational
    • 1.10.1.2. Under development/construction
• 1.11. CCUS Value Chain
• 1.12. Key market barriers for CCUS
• 1.13. Carbon pricing
  • 1.13.1. Compliance Carbon Pricing Mechanisms
  • 1.13.2. Alternative to Carbon Pricing: 45Q Tax Credits
  • 1.13.3. Business models
  • 1.13.4. The European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS)
  • 1.13.5. Carbon Pricing in the US
  • 1.13.6. Carbon Pricing in China
  • 1.13.7. Voluntary Carbon Markets
  • 1.13.8. Challenges with Carbon Pricing
• 1.14. Global market forecasts
  • 1.14.1. CCUS capture capacity forecast by end point
  • 1.14.2. Capture capacity by region to 2045, Mtpa
  • 1.14.3. Revenues
  • 1.14.4. CCUS capacity forecast by capture type

2. INTRODUCTION

• 2.1. What is CCUS?
  • 2.1.1. Carbon Capture
    • 2.1.1.1. Source Characterization
    • 2.1.1.2. Purification
    • 2.1.1.3. CO2 capture technologies
  • 2.1.2. Carbon Utilization
    • 2.1.2.1. CO2 utilization pathways
  • 2.1.3. Carbon storage
    • 2.1.3.1. Passive storage
    • 2.1.3.2. Enhanced oil recovery
• 2.2. Transporting CO2
  • 2.2.1. Methods of CO2 transport
    • 2.2.1.1. Pipeline
    • 2.2.1.2. Ship
    • 2.2.1.3. Road
    • 2.2.1.4. Rail
  • 2.2.2. Safety
• 2.3. Costs
  • 2.3.1. Cost of CO2 transport
• 2.4. Carbon credits

3. CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE

• 3.1. CO2 capture technologies
• 3.2. >90% capture rate
• 3.3. 99% capture rate
• 3.4. CO2 capture from point sources
  • 3.4.1. Energy Availability and Costs
  • 3.4.2. Power plants with CCUS
  • 3.4.3. Transportation
  • 3.4.4. Global point source CO2 capture capacities
  • 3.4.5. By source
  • 3.4.6. Blue hydrogen
    • 3.4.6.1. Steam-methane reforming (SMR)
    • 3.4.6.2. Autothermal reforming (ATR)
    • 3.4.6.3. Partial oxidation (POX)
    • 3.4.6.4. Sorption Enhanced Steam Methane Reforming (SE-SMR)
    • 3.4.6.5. Pre-Combustion vs. Post-Combustion carbon capture
    • 3.4.6.6. Blue hydrogen projects
    • 3.4.6.7. Costs
    • 3.4.6.8. Market players
  • 3.4.7. Carbon capture in cement
    • 3.4.7.1. CCUS Projects
    • 3.4.7.2. Carbon capture technologies
    • 3.4.7.3. Costs
    • 3.4.7.4. Challenges
  • 3.4.8. Maritime carbon capture
• 3.5. Main carbon capture processes
  • 3.5.1. Materials
  • 3.5.2. Post-combustion
    • 3.5.2.1. Chemicals/Solvents
    • 3.5.2.2. Amine-based post-combustion CO2 absorption
    • 3.5.2.3. Physical absorption solvents
  • 3.5.3. Oxy-fuel combustion
    • 3.5.3.1. Oxyfuel CCUS cement projects
    • 3.5.3.2. Chemical Looping-Based Capture
  • 3.5.4. Liquid or supercritical CO2: Allam-Fetvedt Cycle
  • 3.5.5. Pre-combustion
• 3.6. Carbon separation technologies
  • 3.6.1. Absorption capture
  • 3.6.2. Adsorption capture
    • 3.6.2.1. Solid sorbent-based CO2 separation
    • 3.6.2.2. Metal organic framework (MOF) adsorbents
    • 3.6.2.3. Zeolite-based adsorbents
    • 3.6.2.4. Solid amine-based adsorbents
    • 3.6.2.5. Carbon-based adsorbents
    • 3.6.2.6. Polymer-based adsorbents
    • 3.6.2.7. Solid sorbents in pre-combustion
    • 3.6.2.8. Sorption Enhanced Water Gas Shift (SEWGS)
    • 3.6.2.9. Solid sorbents in post-combustion
  • 3.6.3. Membranes
    • 3.6.3.1. Membrane-based CO2 separation
    • 3.6.3.2. Post-combustion CO2 capture
      • 3.6.3.2.1. Facilitated transport membranes
    • 3.6.3.3. Pre-combustion capture
  • 3.6.4. Liquid or supercritical CO2 (Cryogenic) capture
    • 3.6.4.1. Cryogenic CO2 capture
  • 3.6.5. Calcium Looping
    • 3.6.5.1. Calix Advanced Calciner
  • 3.6.6. Other technologies
    • 3.6.6.1. LEILAC process
    • 3.6.6.2. CO2 capture with Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs)
    • 3.6.6.3. CO2 capture with Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFCs)
    • 3.6.6.4. Microalgae Carbon Capture
  • 3.6.7. Comparison of key separation technologies
  • 3.6.8. Technology readiness level (TRL) of gas separation technologies
• 3.7. Opportunities and barriers
• 3.8. Costs of CO2 capture
• 3.9. CO2 capture capacity
• 3.10. Direct air capture (DAC)
  • 3.10.1. Technology description
    • 3.10.1.1. Sorbent-based CO2 Capture
    • 3.10.1.2. Solvent-based CO2 Capture
    • 3.10.1.3. DAC Solid Sorbent Swing Adsorption Processes
    • 3.10.1.4. Electro-Swing Adsorption (ESA) of CO2 for DAC
    • 3.10.1.5. Solid and liquid DAC
  • 3.10.2. Advantages of DAC
  • 3.10.3. Deployment
  • 3.10.4. Point source carbon capture versus Direct Air Capture
  • 3.10.5. Technologies
    • 3.10.5.1. Solid sorbents
    • 3.10.5.2. Liquid sorbents
    • 3.10.5.3. Liquid solvents
    • 3.10.5.4. Airflow equipment integration
    • 3.10.5.5. Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC)
    • 3.10.5.6. Direct conversion
    • 3.10.5.7. Co-product generation
    • 3.10.5.8. Low Temperature DAC
    • 3.10.5.9. Regeneration methods
  • 3.10.6. Electricity and Heat Sources
  • 3.10.7. Commercialization and plants
  • 3.10.8. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in DAC
  • 3.10.9. DAC plants and projects-current and planned
  • 3.10.10. Capacity forecasts
  • 3.10.11. Costs
  • 3.10.12. Market challenges for DAC
  • 3.10.13. Market prospects for direct air capture
  • 3.10.14. Players and production
  • 3.10.15. Co2 utilization pathways
  • 3.10.16. Markets for Direct Air Capture and Storage (DACCS)
    • 3.10.16.1. Fuels
      • 3.10.16.1.1. Overview
      • 3.10.16.1.2. Production routes
      • 3.10.16.1.3. Methanol
      • 3.10.16.1.4. Algae based biofuels
      • 3.10.16.1.5. CO2-fuels from solar
      • 3.10.16.1.6. Companies
      • 3.10.16.1.7. Challenges
    • 3.10.16.2. Chemicals, plastics and polymers
      • 3.10.16.2.1. Overview
      • 3.10.16.2.2. Scalability
      • 3.10.16.2.3. Plastics and polymers
        • 3.10.16.2.3.1. CO2 utilization products
      • 3.10.16.2.4. Urea production
      • 3.10.16.2.5. Inert gas in semiconductor manufacturing
      • 3.10.16.2.6. Carbon nanotubes
      • 3.10.16.2.7. Companies
    • 3.10.16.3. Construction materials
      • 3.10.16.3.1. Overview
      • 3.10.16.3.2. CCUS technologies
      • 3.10.16.3.3. Carbonated aggregates
      • 3.10.16.3.4. Additives during mixing
      • 3.10.16.3.5. Concrete curing
      • 3.10.16.3.6. Costs
      • 3.10.16.3.7. Companies
      • 3.10.16.3.8. Challenges
    • 3.10.16.4. CO2 Utilization in Biological Yield-Boosting
      • 3.10.16.4.1. Overview
      • 3.10.16.4.2. Applications
        • 3.10.16.4.2.1. Greenhouses
        • 3.10.16.4.2.2. Algae cultivation
        • 3.10.16.4.2.3. Microbial conversion
      • 3.10.16.4.3. Companies
    • 3.10.16.5. Food and feed production
    • 3.10.16.6. CO2 Utilization in Enhanced Oil Recovery
      • 3.10.16.6.1. Overview
        • 3.10.16.6.1.1. Process
        • 3.10.16.6.1.2. CO2 sources
      • 3.10.16.6.2. CO2-EOR facilities and projects

4. CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVAL

• 4.1. Conventional CDR on land
  • 4.1.1. Wetland and peatland restoration
  • 4.1.2. Cropland, grassland, and agroforestry
• 4.2. Technological CDR Solutions
• 4.3. Main CDR methods
• 4.4. Novel CDR methods
• 4.5. Technology Readiness Level (TRL): Carbon Dioxide Removal Methods
• 4.6. Carbon Credits
  • 4.6.1. CO2 Utilization
  • 4.6.2. Biochar and Agricultural Products
  • 4.6.3. Renewable Energy Generation
  • 4.6.4. Ecosystem Services
• 4.7. Types of Carbon Credits
  • 4.7.1. Voluntary Carbon Credits
  • 4.7.2. Compliance Carbon Credits
  • 4.7.3. Corporate commitments
  • 4.7.4. Increasing government support and regulations
  • 4.7.5. Advancements in carbon offset project verification and monitoring
  • 4.7.6. Potential for blockchain technology in carbon credit trading
  • 4.7.7. Prices
  • 4.7.8. Buying and Selling Carbon Credits
    • 4.7.8.1. Carbon credit exchanges and trading platforms
    • 4.7.8.2. Over-the-counter (OTC) transactions
    • 4.7.8.3. Pricing mechanisms and factors affecting carbon credit prices
  • 4.7.9. Certification
  • 4.7.10. Challenges and risks
• 4.8. Value chain
• 4.9. Monitoring, reporting, and verification
• 4.10. Government policies
• 4.11. Bioenergy with Carbon Removal and Storage (BiCRS)
  • 4.11.1. Advantages
  • 4.11.2. Challenges
  • 4.11.3. Costs
  • 4.11.4. Feedstocks
• 4.12. BECCS
  • 4.12.1. Technology overview
    • 4.12.1.1. Point Source Capture Technologies for BECCS
    • 4.12.1.2. Energy efficiency
    • 4.12.1.3. Heat generation
    • 4.12.1.4. Waste-to-Energy
    • 4.12.1.5. Blue Hydrogen Production
  • 4.12.2. Biomass conversion
  • 4.12.3. CO2 capture technologies
  • 4.12.4. BECCS facilities
  • 4.12.5. Cost analysis
  • 4.12.6. BECCS carbon credits
  • 4.12.7. Sustainability
  • 4.12.8. Challenges
• 4.13. Enhanced Weathering
  • 4.13.1. Overview
    • 4.13.1.1. Role of enhanced weathering in carbon dioxide removal
    • 4.13.1.2. CO2 mineralization
  • 4.13.2. Enhanced Weathering Processes and Materials
  • 4.13.3. Enhanced Weathering Applications
  • 4.13.4. Trends and Opportunities
  • 4.13.5. Challenges and Risks
  • 4.13.6. Cost analysis
  • 4.13.7. SWOT analysis
• 4.14. Afforestation/Reforestation
  • 4.14.1. Overview
  • 4.14.2. Carbon dioxide removal methods
  • 4.14.3. Projects
  • 4.14.4. Remote sensing in A/R
  • 4.14.5. Robotics
  • 4.14.6. Trends and Opportunities
  • 4.14.7. Challenges and Risks
  • 4.14.8. SWOT analysis
• 4.15. Soil carbon sequestration (SCS)
  • 4.15.1. Overview
  • 4.15.2. Practices
  • 4.15.3. Measuring and Verifying
  • 4.15.4. Trends and Opportunities
  • 4.15.5. Carbon credits
  • 4.15.6. Challenges and Risks
  • 4.15.7. SWOT analysis
• 4.16. Biochar
  • 4.16.1. What is biochar?
  • 4.16.2. Carbon sequestration
  • 4.16.3. Properties of biochar
  • 4.16.4. Feedstocks
  • 4.16.5. Production processes
    • 4.16.5.1. Sustainable production
    • 4.16.5.2. Pyrolysis
      • 4.16.5.2.1. Slow pyrolysis
      • 4.16.5.2.2. Fast pyrolysis
    • 4.16.5.3. Gasification
    • 4.16.5.4. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC)
    • 4.16.5.5. Torrefaction
    • 4.16.5.6. Equipment manufacturers
  • 4.16.6. Biochar pricing
  • 4.16.7. Biochar carbon credits
    • 4.16.7.1. Overview
    • 4.16.7.2. Removal and reduction credits
    • 4.16.7.3. The advantage of biochar
    • 4.16.7.4. Prices
    • 4.16.7.5. Buyers of biochar credits
    • 4.16.7.6. Competitive materials and technologies
  • 4.16.8. Bio-oil based CDR
  • 4.16.9. Biomass burial for CO2 removal
  • 4.16.10. Bio-based construction materials for CDR
  • 4.16.11. SWOT analysis
• 4.17. Ocean-based CDR
  • 4.17.1. Overview
  • 4.17.2. Ocean pumps
  • 4.17.3. CO2 capture from seawater
  • 4.17.4. Ocean fertilisation
  • 4.17.5. Coastal blue carbon
  • 4.17.6. Algal cultivation
  • 4.17.7. Artificial upwelling
  • 4.17.8. MRV for marine CDR
  • 4.17.9. Ocean alkalinisation
  • 4.17.10. Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE)
  • 4.17.11. Electrochemical ocean alkalinity enhancement
  • 4.17.12. Direct ocean capture technology
  • 4.17.13. Artificial downwelling
  • 4.17.14. Trends and Opportunities
  • 4.17.15. Ocean-based carbon credits
  • 4.17.16. Cost analysis
  • 4.17.17. Challenges and Risks
  • 4.17.18. SWOT analysis

5. CARBON DIOXIDE UTILIZATION

• 5.1. Overview
  • 5.1.1. Current market status
• 5.2. Carbon utilization business models
  • 5.2.1. Benefits of carbon utilization
  • 5.2.2. Market challenges
• 5.3. Co2 utilization pathways
• 5.4. Conversion processes
  • 5.4.1. Thermochemical
    • 5.4.1.1. Process overview
    • 5.4.1.2. Plasma-assisted CO2 conversion
  • 5.4.2. Electrochemical conversion of CO2
    • 5.4.2.1. Process overview
  • 5.4.3. Photocatalytic and photothermal catalytic conversion of CO2
  • 5.4.4. Catalytic conversion of CO2
  • 5.4.5. Biological conversion of CO2
  • 5.4.6. Copolymerization of CO2
  • 5.4.7. Mineral carbonation
• 5.5. CO2-Utilization in Fuels
  • 5.5.1. Overview
  • 5.5.2. Production routes
  • 5.5.3. CO2 -fuels in road vehicles
  • 5.5.4. CO2 -fuels in shipping
  • 5.5.5. CO2 -fuels in aviation
  • 5.5.6. Costs of e-fuel
  • 5.5.7. Power-to-methane
    • 5.5.7.1. Thermocatalytic pathway to e-methane
    • 5.5.7.2. Biological fermentation
    • 5.5.7.3. Costs
  • 5.5.8. Algae based biofuels
  • 5.5.9. DAC for e-fuels
  • 5.5.10. Syngas Production Options
  • 5.5.11. CO2-fuels from solar
  • 5.5.12. Companies
  • 5.5.13. Challenges
  • 5.5.14. Global market forecasts 2025-2045
• 5.6. CO2-Utilization in Chemicals
  • 5.6.1. Overview
  • 5.6.2. Carbon nanostructures
  • 5.6.3. Scalability
  • 5.6.4. Pathways
    • 5.6.4.1. Thermochemical
    • 5.6.4.2. Electrochemical
      • 5.6.4.2.1. Low-Temperature Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
      • 5.6.4.2.2. High-Temperature Solid Oxide Electrolyzers
      • 5.6.4.2.3. Coupling H2 and Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
    • 5.6.4.3. Microbial conversion
    • 5.6.4.4. Other
      • 5.6.4.4.1. Photocatalytic
      • 5.6.4.4.2. Plasma technology
  • 5.6.5. Applications
    • 5.6.5.1. Urea production
    • 5.6.5.2. CO2-derived polymers
      • 5.6.5.2.1. Pathways
      • 5.6.5.2.2. Polycarbonate from CO2
      • 5.6.5.2.3. Methanol to olefins (polypropylene production)
      • 5.6.5.2.4. Ethanol to polymers
    • 5.6.5.3. Inert gas in semiconductor manufacturing
  • 5.6.6. Companies
  • 5.6.7. Global market forecasts 2025-2045
• 5.7. CO2-Utilization in Construction and Building Materials
  • 5.7.1. Overview
  • 5.7.2. Market drivers
  • 5.7.3. Key CO2 utilization technologies in construction
  • 5.7.4. Carbonated aggregates
  • 5.7.5. Additives during mixing
  • 5.7.6. Concrete curing
  • 5.7.7. Costs
  • 5.7.8. Market trends and business models
  • 5.7.9. Carbon credits
  • 5.7.10. Companies
  • 5.7.11. Challenges
  • 5.7.12. Global market forecasts
• 5.8. CO2-Utilization in Biological Yield-Boosting
  • 5.8.1. Overview
  • 5.8.2. CO2 utilization in biological processes
  • 5.8.3. Applications
    • 5.8.3.1. Greenhouses
      • 5.8.3.1.1. CO2 enrichment
    • 5.8.3.2. Algae cultivation
      • 5.8.3.2.1. CO2-enhanced algae cultivation: open systems
      • 5.8.3.2.2. CO2-enhanced algae cultivation: closed systems
    • 5.8.3.3. Microbial conversion
    • 5.8.3.4. Food and feed production
  • 5.8.4. Companies
  • 5.8.5. Global market forecasts 2025-2045
• 5.9. CO2 Utilization in Enhanced Oil Recovery
  • 5.9.1. Overview
    • 5.9.1.1. Process
    • 5.9.1.2. CO2 sources
  • 5.9.2. CO2-EOR facilities and projects
  • 5.9.3. Challenges
  • 5.9.4. Global market forecasts 2025-2045
• 5.10. Enhanced mineralization
  • 5.10.1. Advantages
  • 5.10.2. In situ and ex-situ mineralization
  • 5.10.3. Enhanced mineralization pathways
  • 5.10.4. Challenges

6. CARBON DIOXIDE STORAGE

• 6.1. Introduction
• 6.2. CO2 storage sites
  • 6.2.1. Storage types for geologic CO2 storage
  • 6.2.2. Oil and gas fields
  • 6.2.3. Saline formations
  • 6.2.4. Coal seams and shale
  • 6.2.5. Basalts and ultra-mafic rocks
• 6.3. CO2 leakage
• 6.4. Global CO2 storage capacity
• 6.5. CO2 Storage Projects
• 6.6. CO2 -EOR
  • 6.6.1. Description
  • 6.6.2. Injected CO2
  • 6.6.3. CO2 capture with CO2 -EOR facilities
  • 6.6.4. Companies
  • 6.6.5. Economics
• 6.7. Costs
• 6.8. Challenges

7. CARBON DIOXIDE TRANSPORTATION

• 7.1. Introduction
• 7.2. CO2 transportation methods and conditions
• 7.3. CO2 transportation by pipeline
• 7.4. CO2 transportation by ship
• 7.5. CO2 transportation by rail and truck
• 7.6. Cost analysis of different methods
• 7.7. Companies

8. COMPANY PROFILES (313 company profiles)

9. APPENDICES

• 9.1. Abbreviations
• 9.2. Research Methodology
• 9.3. Definition of Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage (CCUS)
• 9.4. Technology Readiness Level (TRL)

10. REFERENCES

List of Tables

• Table 1. Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage (CCUS) market drivers and trends
• Table 2. Carbon capture, usage, and storage (CCUS) industry developments 2020-2024
• Table 3. CCUS VC deals 2022-2024
• Table 4. CCUS government funding and investment-10 year outlook
• Table 5. Demonstration and commercial CCUS facilities in China
• Table 6. Global commercial CCUS facilities-in operation
• Table 7. Global commercial CCUS facilities-under development/construction
• Table 8. Key market barriers for CCUS
• Table 9. Key compliance carbon pricing initiatives around the world
• Table 10. CCUS business models: full chain, part chain, and hubs and clusters
• Table 11. CCUS capture capacity forecast by CO2 endpoint, Mtpa of CO2, to 2045
• Table 12. Capture capacity by region to 2045, Mtpa
• Table 13. CCUS revenue potential for captured CO2 offtaker, billion US $ to 2045
• Table 14. CCUS capacity forecast by capture type, Mtpa of CO2, to 2045
• Table 15. Point-source CCUS capture capacity forecast by CO2 source sector, Mtpa of CO2, to 2045
• Table 16. CO2 utilization and removal pathways
• Table 17. Approaches for capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from point sources
• Table 18. CO2 capture technologies
• Table 19. Advantages and challenges of carbon capture technologies
• Table 20. Overview of commercial materials and processes utilized in carbon capture
• Table 21. Methods of CO2 transport
• Table 22. Carbon capture, transport, and storage cost per unit of CO2
• Table 23. Estimated capital costs for commercial-scale carbon capture
• Table 24. Comparison of CO2 capture technologies
• Table 25. Typical conditions and performance for different capture technologies
• Table 26. PSCC technologies
• Table 27. Point source examples
• Table 28. Comparison of point-source CO2 capture systems
• Table 29. Blue hydrogen projects
• Table 30. Commercial CO2 capture systems for blue H2
• Table 31. Market players in blue hydrogen
• Table 32. CCUS Projects in the Cement Sector
• Table 33. Carbon capture technologies in the cement sector
• Table 34. Cost and technological status of carbon capture in the cement sector
• Table 35. Assessment of carbon capture materials
• Table 36. Chemical solvents used in post-combustion
• Table 37. Comparison of key chemical solvent-based systems
• Table 38. Chemical absorption solvents used in current operational CCUS point-source projects
• Table 39.Comparison of key physical absorption solvents
• Table 40.Physical solvents used in current operational CCUS point-source projects
• Table 41.Emerging solvents for carbon capture
• Table 42. Oxygen separation technologies for oxy-fuel combustion
• Table 43. Large-scale oxyfuel CCUS cement projects
• Table 44. Commercially available physical solvents for pre-combustion carbon capture
• Table 45. Main capture processes and their separation technologies
• Table 46. Absorption methods for CO2 capture overview
• Table 47. Commercially available physical solvents used in CO2 absorption
• Table 48. Adsorption methods for CO2 capture overview
• Table 49. Solid sorbents explored for carbon capture
• Table 50. Carbon-based adsorbents for CO2 capture
• Table 51. Polymer-based adsorbents
• Table 52. Solid sorbents for post-combustion CO2 capture
• Table 53. Emerging Solid Sorbent Systems
• Table 54. Membrane-based methods for CO2 capture overview
• Table 55. Comparison of membrane materials for CCUS
• Table 56.Commercial status of membranes in carbon capture
• Table 57. Membranes for pre-combustion capture
• Table 58. Status of cryogenic CO2 capture technologies
• Table 59. Benefits and drawbacks of microalgae carbon capture
• Table 60. Comparison of main separation technologies
• Table 61. Technology readiness level (TRL) of gas separation technologies
• Table 62. Opportunities and Barriers by sector
• Table 63. DAC technologies
• Table 64. Advantages and disadvantages of DAC
• Table 65. Advantages of DAC as a CO2 removal strategy
• Table 66. Companies developing airflow equipment integration with DAC
• Table 67. Companies developing Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC) technologies
• Table 68. Companies developing regeneration methods for DAC technologies
• Table 69. DAC companies and technologies
• Table 70. DAC technology developers and production
• Table 71. DAC projects in development
• Table 72. DACCS carbon removal capacity forecast (million metric tons of CO2 per year), 2024-2045, base case
• Table 73. DACCS carbon removal capacity forecast (million metric tons of CO2 per year), 2030-2045, optimistic case
• Table 74. Costs summary for DAC
• Table 75. Typical cost contributions of the main components of a DACCS system
• Table 76. Cost estimates of DAC
• Table 77. Challenges for DAC technology
• Table 78. DAC companies and technologies
• Table 79. Example CO2 utilization pathways
• Table 80. Markets for Direct Air Capture and Storage (DACCS)
• Table 81. Market overview for CO2 derived fuels
• Table 82. Microalgae products and prices
• Table 83. Main Solar-Driven CO2 Conversion Approaches
• Table 84. Companies in CO2-derived fuel products
• Table 85. Commodity chemicals and fuels manufactured from CO2
• Table 86. CO2 utilization products developed by chemical and plastic producers
• Table 87. Companies in CO2-derived chemicals products
• Table 88. Carbon capture technologies and projects in the cement sector
• Table 89. Companies in CO2 derived building materials
• Table 90. Market challenges for CO2 utilization in construction materials
• Table 91. Companies in CO2 Utilization in Biological Yield-Boosting
• Table 92. CO2 sequestering technologies and their use in food
• Table 93. Applications of CCS in oil and gas production
• Table 94.Market Drivers for Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR)
• Table 95. CDR versus CCUS
• Table 96. Status and Potential of CDR Technologies
• Table 97. Main CDR methods
• Table 98. Novel CDR Methods
• Table 99.Carbon Dioxide Removal Technology Benchmarking
• Table 100. Comparison of voluntary and compliance carbon credits
• Table 101. DACCS carbon credit revenue forecast (million US$), 2024-2045
• Table 102. Examples of government support and regulations
• Table 103. Carbon credit prices
• Table 104. Carbon credit prices by company and technology
• Table 105. Carbon credit market sizes
• Table 106. Carbon Credit Exchanges and Trading Platforms
• Table 107. Challenges and Risks
• Table 108. CDR Value Chain
• Table 109. Feedstocks for Bioenergy with Carbon Removal and Storage (BiCRS):
• Table 110. CO2 capture technologies for BECCS
• Table 111. Existing and planned capacity for sequestration of biogenic carbon
• Table 112. Existing facilities with capture and/or geologic sequestration of biogenic CO2
• Table 113. Challenges of BECCS
• Table 114.Comparison of enhanced weathering materials
• Table 115. Enhanced Weathering Applications
• Table 116. Trends and opportunities in enhanced weathering
• Table 117. Challenges and risks in enhanced weathering
• Table 118. Nature-based CDR approaches
• Table 119. Comparison of A/R and BECCS Solutions
• Table 120. Status of Forest Carbon Removal Projects
• Table 121. Companies in robotics in afforestation/reforestation
• Table 122. Comparison of A/R and BECCS
• Table 123. Trends and Opportunities in afforestation/reforestation
• Table 124. Challenges and risks in afforestation/reforestation
• Table 125. Soil carbon sequestration practices
• Table 126. Soil sampling and analysis methods
• Table 127. Remote sensing and modeling techniques
• Table 128. Carbon credit protocols and standards
• Table 129. Trends and opportunities in soil carbon sequestration (SCS)
• Table 130. Key aspects of soil carbon credits
• Table 131. Challenges and Risks in SCS
• Table 132. Summary of key properties of biochar
• Table 133. Biochar physicochemical and morphological properties
• Table 134. Biochar feedstocks-source, carbon content, and characteristics
• Table 135. Biochar production technologies, description, advantages and disadvantages
• Table 136. Comparison of slow and fast pyrolysis for biomass
• Table 137. Comparison of thermochemical processes for biochar production
• Table 138. Biochar production equipment manufacturers
• Table 139. Competitive materials and technologies that can also earn carbon credits
• Table 140. Bio-oil-based CDR pros and cons
• Table 141. Ocean-based CDR methods
• Table 142. Benchmarking of ocean-based CDR methods:
• Table 143.Ocean-based CDR: biotic methods
• Table 144. Technology in direct ocean capture
• Table 145. Future direct ocean capture technologies
• Table 146. Trends and opportunities in ocean-based CDR
• Table 147. Challenges and risks in ocean-based CDR
• Table 148. Carbon utilization revenue forecast by product (US$)
• Table 149. Carbon utilization business models
• Table 150. CO2 utilization and removal pathways
• Table 151. Market challenges for CO2 utilization
• Table 152. Example CO2 utilization pathways
• Table 153. CO2 derived products via Thermochemical conversion-applications, advantages and disadvantages
• Table 154. CO2 derived products via electrochemical conversion-applications, advantages and disadvantages
• Table 155. CO2 derived products via biological conversion-applications, advantages and disadvantages
• Table 156. Companies developing and producing CO2-based polymers
• Table 157. Companies developing mineral carbonation technologies
• Table 158. Comparison of emerging CO2 utilization applications
• Table 159. Main routes to CO2-fuels
• Table 160. Market overview for CO2 derived fuels
• Table 161. Main routes to CO2 -fuels
• Table 162.Comparison of e-fuels to fossil and biofuels
• Table 163. Existing and future CO2-derived synfuels (kerosene, diesel, and gasoline) projects.. :
• Table 164. CO2-Derived Methane Projects
• Table 165. Power-to-Methane projects worldwide
• Table 166. Power-to-Methane projects
• Table 167. Microalgae products and prices
• Table 168. Syngas Production Options for E-fuels
• Table 169. Main Solar-Driven CO2 Conversion Approaches
• Table 170. Companies in CO2-derived fuel products
• Table 171. CO2 utilization forecast for fuels by fuel type (million tonnes of CO2/year), 2025-2045
• Table 172. Global revenue forecast for CO2-derived fuels by fuel type (million US$), 2025-2045
• Table 173. Commodity chemicals and fuels manufactured from CO2
• Table 174.CO2-derived Chemicals: Thermochemical Pathways
• Table 175. Thermochemical Methods: CO2-derived Methanol
• Table 176. CO2-derived Methanol Projects
• Table 177. CO2-Derived Methanol: Economic and Market Analysis (Next 5-10 Years)
• Table 178. Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Technologies
• Table 179. Comparison of RWGS and SOEC Co-electrolysis Routes
• Table 180. Cost Comparison of CO2 Electrochemical Technologies
• Table 181. Technology Readiness Level (TRL): CO2U Chemicals
• Table 182. Companies in CO2-derived chemicals products
• Table 183. CO2 utilization forecast in chemicals by end-use (million tonnes of CO2/year), 2025-2045
• Table 184. Global revenue forecast for CO2-derived chemicals by end-use (million US$), 2025-2045
• Table 185. Carbon capture technologies and projects in the cement sector
• Table 186. Prefabricated versus ready-mixed concrete markets
• Table 187. CO2 utilization in concrete curing or mixing
• Table 188. CO2 utilization business models in building materials
• Table 189. Companies in CO2 derived building materials
• Table 190. Market challenges for CO2 utilization in construction materials
• Table 191. CO2 utilization forecast in building materials by end-use (million tonnes of CO2/year), 2025-2045
• Table 192. Global revenue forecast for CO2-derived building materials by product (million US$), 2025-2045
• Table 193. Enrichment Technology
• Table 194. Food and Feed Production from CO2
• Table 195. Companies in CO2 Utilization in Biological Yield-Boosting
• Table 196. CO2 utilization forecast in biological yield-boosting by end-use (million tonnes of CO2 per year), 2025-2045
• Table 197. Global revenue forecast for CO2 use in biological yield-boosting by end-use (million US$), 2025-2045
• Table 198. Applications of CCS in oil and gas production
• Table 199. CO2 utilization forecast in enhanced oil recovery (million tonnes of CO2/year), 2025-2045
• Table 200. Global revenue forecast for CO2-enhanced oil recovery (billion US$), 2025-2045
• Table 201. CO2 EOR/Storage Challenges
• Table 202. Storage and utilization of CO2
• Table 203. Mechanisms of subsurface CO2 trapping
• Table 204. Global depleted reservoir storage projects
• Table 205. Global CO2 ECBM storage projects
• Table 206. CO2 EOR/storage projects
• Table 207. Global storage sites-saline aquifer projects
• Table 208. Global storage capacity estimates, by region
• Table 209. MRV Technologies and Costs in CO2 Storage
• Table 210. Carbon storage challenges
• Table 211. Status of CO2 Storage Projects
• Table 212. Types of CO2 -EOR designs
• Table 213. CO2 capture with CO2 -EOR facilities
• Table 214. CO2 -EOR companies
• Table 215. Phases of CO2 for transportation
• Table 216. CO2 transportation methods and conditions
• Table 217. Status of CO2 transportation methods in CCS projects
• Table 218. CO2 pipelines Technical challenges
• Table 219. Cost comparison of CO2 transportation methods
• Table 220. CO2 transport operators
• Table 221. List of abbreviations
• Table 222. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) Examples

List of Figures

• Figure 1. Carbon emissions by sector
• Figure 2. Overview of CCUS market
• Figure 3. CCUS business model
• Figure 4. Pathways for CO2 use
• Figure 5. Regional capacity share 2025-2035
• Figure 6. Global investment in carbon capture 2010-2023, millions USD
• Figure 7. Carbon Capture, Utilization, & Storage (CCUS) Market Map
• Figure 8. CCS deployment projects, historical and to 2035
• Figure 9. Existing and planned CCS projects
• Figure 10. CCUS Value Chain
• Figure 11. Schematic of CCUS process
• Figure 12. Pathways for CO2 utilization and removal
• Figure 13. A pre-combustion capture system
• Figure 14. Carbon dioxide utilization and removal cycle
• Figure 15. Various pathways for CO2 utilization
• Figure 16. Example of underground carbon dioxide storage
• Figure 17. Transport of CCS technologies
• Figure 18. Railroad car for liquid CO2 transport
• Figure 19. Estimated costs of capture of one metric ton of carbon dioxide (Co2) by sector
• Figure 20. Cost of CO2 transported at different flowrates
• Figure 21. Cost estimates for long-distance CO2 transport
• Figure 22. CO2 capture and separation technology
• Figure 23. Global capacity of point-source carbon capture and storage facilities
• Figure 24. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 source, 2023
• Figure 25. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 source, 2045
• Figure 26. SMR process flow diagram of steam methane reforming with carbon capture and storage (SMR-CCS)
• Figure 27. Process flow diagram of autothermal reforming with a carbon capture and storage (ATR-CCS) plant
• Figure 28. POX process flow diagram
• Figure 29. Process flow diagram for a typical SE-SMR
• Figure 30. Post-combustion carbon capture process
• Figure 31. Post-combustion CO2 Capture in a Coal-Fired Power Plant
• Figure 32. Oxy-combustion carbon capture process
• Figure 33. Process schematic of chemical looping
• Figure 34. Liquid or supercritical CO2 carbon capture process
• Figure 35. Pre-combustion carbon capture process
• Figure 36. Amine-based absorption technology
• Figure 37. Pressure swing absorption technology
• Figure 38. Membrane separation technology
• Figure 39. Liquid or supercritical CO2 (cryogenic) distillation
• Figure 40. CryocapTM process
• Figure 41. Calix advanced calcination reactor
• Figure 42. LEILAC process
• Figure 43. Fuel Cell CO2 Capture diagram
• Figure 44. Microalgal carbon capture
• Figure 45. Cost of carbon capture
• Figure 46. CO2 capture capacity to 2030, MtCO2
• Figure 47. Capacity of large-scale CO2 capture projects, current and planned vs. the Net Zero Scenario, 2020-2030
• Figure 48. CO2 captured from air using liquid and solid sorbent DAC plants, storage, and reuse
• Figure 49. Global CO2 capture from biomass and DAC in the Net Zero Scenario
• Figure 50. Potential for DAC removal versus other carbon removal methods
• Figure 51. DAC technologies
• Figure 52. Schematic of Climeworks DAC system
• Figure 53. Climeworks' first commercial direct air capture (DAC) plant, based in Hinwil, Switzerland
• Figure 54. Flow diagram for solid sorbent DAC
• Figure 55. Direct air capture based on high temperature liquid sorbent by Carbon Engineering
• Figure 56. Global capacity of direct air capture facilities
• Figure 57. Global map of DAC and CCS plants
• Figure 58. Schematic of costs of DAC technologies
• Figure 59. DAC cost breakdown and comparison
• Figure 60. Operating costs of generic liquid and solid-based DAC systems
• Figure 61. Co2 utilization pathways and products
• Figure 62. Conversion route for CO2-derived fuels and chemical intermediates
• Figure 63. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived methane, methanol and diesel
• Figure 64. CO2 feedstock for the production of e-methanol
• Figure 65. Schematic illustration of (a) biophotosynthetic, (b) photothermal, (c) microbial-photoelectrochemical, (d) photosynthetic and photocatalytic (PS/PC), (e) photoelectrochemical (PEC), and (f) photovoltaic plus electrochemical (PV+EC) approaches for CO2 c
• Figure 66. Audi synthetic fuels
• Figure 67. Conversion of CO2 into chemicals and fuels via different pathways
• Figure 68. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived polymeric materials
• Figure 69. Conversion pathway for CO2-derived building materials
• Figure 70. Schematic of CCUS in cement sector
• Figure 71. Carbon8 Systems' ACT process
• Figure 72. CO2 utilization in the Carbon Cure process
• Figure 73. Algal cultivation in the desert
• Figure 74. Example pathways for products from cyanobacteria
• Figure 75. Typical Flow Diagram for CO2 EOR
• Figure 76. Large CO2-EOR projects in different project stages by industry
• Figure 77. Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) process
• Figure 78. SWOT analysis: enhanced weathering
• Figure 79. SWOT analysis: afforestation/reforestation
• Figure 80. SWOT analysis: SCS
• Figure 81. Schematic of biochar production
• Figure 82. Biochars from different sources, and by pyrolyzation at different temperatures
• Figure 83. Compressed biochar
• Figure 84. Biochar production diagram
• Figure 85. Pyrolysis process and by-products in agriculture
• Figure 86. SWOT analysis: Biochar for CDR
• Figure 87. SWOT analysis: ocean-based CDR
• Figure 88. CO2 non-conversion and conversion technology, advantages and disadvantages
• Figure 89. Applications for CO2
• Figure 90. Cost to capture one metric ton of carbon, by sector
• Figure 91. Life cycle of CO2-derived products and services
• Figure 92. Co2 utilization pathways and products
• Figure 93. Plasma technology configurations and their advantages and disadvantages for CO2 conversion
• Figure 94. Electrochemical CO2 reduction products
• Figure 95. LanzaTech gas-fermentation process
• Figure 96. Schematic of biological CO2 conversion into e-fuels
• Figure 97. Econic catalyst systems
• Figure 98. Mineral carbonation processes
• Figure 99. Conversion route for CO2-derived fuels and chemical intermediates
• Figure 100. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived methane, methanol and diesel
• Figure 101. SWOT analysis: e-fuels
• Figure 102. CO2 feedstock for the production of e-methanol
• Figure 103. Schematic illustration of (a) biophotosynthetic, (b) photothermal, (c) microbial-photoelectrochemical, (d) photosynthetic and photocatalytic (PS/PC), (e) photoelectrochemical (PEC), and (f) photovoltaic plus electrochemical (PV+EC) approaches for CO2 c
• Figure 104. Audi synthetic fuels
• Figure 105. Conversion of CO2 into chemicals and fuels via different pathways
• Figure 106. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived polymeric materials
• Figure 107. Conversion pathway for CO2-derived building materials
• Figure 108. Schematic of CCUS in cement sector
• Figure 109. Carbon8 Systems' ACT process
• Figure 110. CO2 utilization in the Carbon Cure process
• Figure 111. Algal cultivation in the desert
• Figure 112. Example pathways for products from cyanobacteria
• Figure 113. Typical Flow Diagram for CO2 EOR
• Figure 114. Large CO2-EOR projects in different project stages by industry
• Figure 115. Carbon mineralization pathways
• Figure 116. CO2 Storage Overview - Site Options
• Figure 117. CO2 injection into a saline formation while producing brine for beneficial use
• Figure 118. Subsurface storage cost estimation
• Figure 119. Air Products production process
• Figure 120. ALGIECEL PhotoBioReactor
• Figure 121. Schematic of carbon capture solar project
• Figure 122. Aspiring Materials method
• Figure 123. Aymium's Biocarbon production
• Figure 124. Capchar prototype pyrolysis kiln
• Figure 125. Carbonminer technology
• Figure 126. Carbon Blade system
• Figure 127. CarbonCure Technology
• Figure 128. Direct Air Capture Process
• Figure 129. CRI process
• Figure 130. PCCSD Project in China
• Figure 131. Orca facility
• Figure 132. Process flow scheme of Compact Carbon Capture Plant
• Figure 133. Colyser process
• Figure 134. ECFORM electrolysis reactor schematic
• Figure 135. Dioxycle modular electrolyzer
• Figure 136. Fuel Cell Carbon Capture
• Figure 137. Topsoe's SynCORTM autothermal reforming technology
• Figure 138. Carbon Capture balloon
• Figure 139. Holy Grail DAC system
• Figure 140. INERATEC unit
• Figure 141. Infinitree swing method
• Figure 142. Audi/Krajete unit
• Figure 143. Made of Air's HexChar panels
• Figure 144. Mosaic Materials MOFs
• Figure 145. Neustark modular plant
• Figure 146. OCOchem's Carbon Flux Electrolyzer
• Figure 147. ZerCaLTM process
• Figure 148. CCS project at Arthit offshore gas field
• Figure 149. RepAir technology
• Figure 150. Aker (SLB Capturi) carbon capture system
• Figure 151. Soletair Power unit
• Figure 152. Sunfire process for Blue Crude production
• Figure 153. CALF-20 has been integrated into a rotating CO2 capture machine (left), which operates inside a CO2 plant module (right)
• Figure 154. Takavator
• Figure 155. O12 Reactor
• Figure 156. Sunglasses with lenses made from CO2-derived materials
• Figure 157. CO2 made car part
• Figure 158. Molecular sieving membrane