The Global Market for Biofuels and EFuels 2025-2035

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

• 2.1. Decarbonization
• 2.2. Comparison to fossil fuels
• 2.3. Role in the circular economy
• 2.4. Government policies
• 2.5. Market drivers
• 2.6. Market challenges
• 2.7. Liquid biofuels market
  • 2.7.1. Liquid biofuel production and consumption (in thousands of m3), 2000-2022
  • 2.7.2. Liquid biofuels market 2020-2035, by type and production.
• 2.8. Sustainability of biofuels

3. INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENTS 2022-2024

4. BIOFUELS

• 4.1. Overview
• 4.2. The global biofuels market
  • 4.2.1. Diesel substitutes and alternatives
  • 4.2.2. Gasoline substitutes and alternatives
• 4.3. SWOT analysis: Biofuels market
• 4.4. Comparison of biofuel costs 2024, by type
• 4.5. Types
  • 4.5.1. Solid Biofuels
  • 4.5.2. Liquid Biofuels
  • 4.5.3. Gaseous Biofuels
  • 4.5.4. Conventional Biofuels
  • 4.5.5. Advanced Biofuels
• 4.6. Refineries
• 4.7. Feedstocks
  • 4.7.1. First-generation (1-G)
  • 4.7.2. Second-generation (2-G)
    • 4.7.2.1. Lignocellulosic wastes and residues
    • 4.7.2.2. Biorefinery lignin
  • 4.7.3. Third-generation (3-G)
    • 4.7.3.1. Algal biofuels
      • 4.7.3.1.1. Properties
      • 4.7.3.1.2. Advantages
  • 4.7.4. Fourth-generation (4-G)
  • 4.7.5. Advantages and disadvantages, by generation
  • 4.7.6. Energy crops
    • 4.7.6.1. Feedstocks
    • 4.7.6.2. SWOT analysis
  • 4.7.7. Agricultural residues
    • 4.7.7.1. Feedstocks
    • 4.7.7.2. SWOT analysis
  • 4.7.8. Manure, sewage sludge and organic waste
    • 4.7.8.1. Processing pathways
    • 4.7.8.2. SWOT analysis
  • 4.7.9. Forestry and wood waste
    • 4.7.9.1. Feedstocks
    • 4.7.9.2. SWOT analysis
  • 4.7.10. Feedstock costs

5. HYDROCARBON BIOFUELS

• 5.1. Biodiesel
  • 5.1.1. Biodiesel by generation
  • 5.1.2. SWOT analysis
  • 5.1.3. Production of biodiesel and other biofuels
    • 5.1.3.1. Pyrolysis of biomass
    • 5.1.3.2. Vegetable oil transesterification
    • 5.1.3.3. Vegetable oil hydrogenation (HVO)
      • 5.1.3.3.1. Production process
    • 5.1.3.4. Biodiesel from tall oil
    • 5.1.3.5. Fischer-Tropsch BioDiesel
    • 5.1.3.6. Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass
    • 5.1.3.7. CO2 capture and Fischer-Tropsch (FT)
    • 5.1.3.8. Dymethyl ether (DME)
  • 5.1.4. Biodiesel Projects
  • 5.1.5. Recent market developments 2023-2024
  • 5.1.6. Prices
  • 5.1.7. Companies
  • 5.1.8. Global consumption
• 5.2. Renewable diesel
  • 5.2.1. Production
  • 5.2.2. SWOT analysis
  • 5.2.3. Global consumption
  • 5.2.4. Prices
• 5.3. Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF)
  • 5.3.1. Description
  • 5.3.2. Recent market developments
  • 5.3.3. SWOT analysis
  • 5.3.4. Global production and consumption
  • 5.3.5. Production pathways
  • 5.3.6. Prices
  • 5.3.7. Sustainable aviation fuel production capacities
  • 5.3.8. Challenges
  • 5.3.9. Companies
  • 5.3.10. Global consumption
• 5.4. Bio-naphtha
  • 5.4.1. Overview
  • 5.4.2. SWOT analysis
  • 5.4.3. Markets and applications
  • 5.4.4. Prices
  • 5.4.5. Production capacities, by producer, current and planned
  • 5.4.6. Production capacities, total (tonnes), historical, current and planned

6. ALCOHOL FUELS

• 6.1. Biomethanol
  • 6.1.1. SWOT analysis
  • 6.1.2. Methanol-to gasoline technology
    • 6.1.2.1. Production processes
      • 6.1.2.1.1. Biomethanol from Biogas Reforming
      • 6.1.2.1.2. Biomethanol from Hydrothermal Gasification
      • 6.1.2.1.3. Anaerobic digestion
      • 6.1.2.1.4. Biomass gasification
      • 6.1.2.1.5. Power to Methane
  • 6.1.3. Methanol Synthesis Companies
• 6.2. Bioethanol
  • 6.2.1. Technology description
  • 6.2.2. 1G Bio-Ethanol
  • 6.2.3. SWOT analysis
  • 6.2.4. Alcohol-to-jet (ATJ) & alcohol-to-gasoline (ATG): methanol & ethanol
    • 6.2.4.1. ATJ and ATG processes
    • 6.2.4.2. Ethanol Feedstocks
    • 6.2.4.3. Methanol-to-Gasoline (MTG) and Methanol-to-Jet (MTJ) processes
    • 6.2.4.4. Companies
  • 6.2.5. Cellulosic Ethanol Production
  • 6.2.6. Sulfite spent liquor fermentation
  • 6.2.7. Gasification
    • 6.2.7.1. Biomass gasification and syngas fermentation
    • 6.2.7.2. Biomass gasification and syngas thermochemical conversion
  • 6.2.8. CO2 capture and alcohol synthesis
  • 6.2.9. Biomass hydrolysis and fermentation
    • 6.2.9.1. Separate hydrolysis and fermentation
    • 6.2.9.2. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF)
    • 6.2.9.3. Pre-hydrolysis and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (PSSF)
    • 6.2.9.4. Simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF)
    • 6.2.9.5. Direct conversion (consolidated bioprocessing) (CBP)
  • 6.2.10. Global ethanol consumption
• 6.3. Biobutanol
  • 6.3.1. Production
  • 6.3.2. Prices

7. BIOMASS-BASED GAS

• 7.1. Feedstocks
  • 7.1.1. Biomethane
  • 7.1.2. Production pathways
    • 7.1.2.1. Landfill gas recovery
    • 7.1.2.2. Anaerobic digestion
    • 7.1.2.3. Thermal gasification
  • 7.1.3. SWOT analysis
  • 7.1.4. Global production
  • 7.1.5. Prices
    • 7.1.5.1. Raw Biogas
    • 7.1.5.2. Upgraded Biomethane
  • 7.1.6. Bio-LNG
    • 7.1.6.1. Markets
      • 7.1.6.1.1. Trucks
      • 7.1.6.1.2. Marine
    • 7.1.6.2. Production
    • 7.1.6.3. Plants
  • 7.1.7. bio-CNG (compressed natural gas derived from biogas)
  • 7.1.8. Carbon capture from biogas
• 7.2. Biosyngas
  • 7.2.1. Production
  • 7.2.2. Prices
• 7.3. Biohydrogen
  • 7.3.1. Description
  • 7.3.2. SWOT analysis
  • 7.3.3. Production of biohydrogen from biomass
    • 7.3.3.1. Biological Conversion Routes
      • 7.3.3.1.1. Bio-photochemical Reaction
      • 7.3.3.1.2. Fermentation and Anaerobic Digestion
    • 7.3.3.2. Thermochemical conversion routes
      • 7.3.3.2.1. Biomass Gasification
      • 7.3.3.2.2. Biomass Pyrolysis
      • 7.3.3.2.3. Biomethane Reforming
  • 7.3.4. Applications
  • 7.3.5. Prices
• 7.4. Biochar in biogas production
• 7.5. Bio-DME

8. CHEMICAL RECYCLING FOR BIOFUELS

• 8.1. Plastic pyrolysis
• 8.2. Used tires pyrolysis
  • 8.2.1. Conversion to biofuel
• 8.3. Co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic wastes
• 8.4. Gasification
  • 8.4.1. Syngas conversion to methanol
  • 8.4.2. Biomass gasification and syngas fermentation
  • 8.4.3. Biomass gasification and syngas thermochemical conversion
• 8.5. Hydrothermal cracking
• 8.6. SWOT analysis

9. ELECTROFUELS (E-FUELS)

• 9.1. Introduction
  • 9.1.1. Costs
  • 9.1.2. Benefits of e-fuels
  • 9.1.3. Production pathways
• 9.2. Green hydrogen
  • 9.2.1. Electrolyzer Technologies
• 9.3. CO2 capture
  • 9.3.1. Overview
  • 9.3.2. CO2 Capture Systems
  • 9.3.3. Direct Air Capture (DAC) technology for e-fuel production
• 9.4. Syngas production
  • 9.4.1. Overview
  • 9.4.2. Syngas Production Technologies
    • 9.4.2.1. Reverse Water Gas Shift (RWGS)
    • 9.4.2.2. Direct Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis: CO2 to Hydrocarbons
    • 9.4.2.3. Low-Temperature Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
    • 9.4.2.4. Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOECs)
  • 9.4.3. Solar power in E-Fuels
    • 9.4.3.1. Overview
    • 9.4.3.2. Key advantages
    • 9.4.3.3. Projects
  • 9.4.4. Companies
• 9.5. E-methane
  • 9.5.1. Overview
  • 9.5.2. Methanation
    • 9.5.2.1. Thermocatalytic methanation
    • 9.5.2.2. Biological methanation
    • 9.5.2.3. Companies
• 9.6. E-methanol
  • 9.6.1. Overview
  • 9.6.2. E-Methanol Production
  • 9.6.3. Direct methanol synthesis
  • 9.6.4. Companies
• 9.7. SWOT analysis
• 9.8. Production
  • 9.8.1. eFuel production facilities, current and planned
• 9.9. Electrolysers
• 9.10. Prices
• 9.11. Market challenges
• 9.12. Companies

10. ALGAE-DERIVED BIOFUELS

• 10.1. Technology description
• 10.2. CO2 capture and utilization
• 10.3. Conversion pathways
  • 10.3.1. Macroalgae
  • 10.3.2. Microalgae / Cyanobacteria
    • 10.3.2.1. Microalgae cultivation for biofuel production
    • 10.3.2.2. Open cultivation systems
    • 10.3.2.3. Closed photobioreactors (PBRs)
  • 10.3.3. Companies
  • 10.3.4. Projects
• 10.4. SWOT analysis
• 10.5. Production
  • 10.5.1. Algal Biofuel Production
• 10.6. Market challenges
• 10.7. Prices
• 10.8. Producers

11. GREEN AMMONIA

• 11.1. Production
  • 11.1.1. Decarbonisation of ammonia production
  • 11.1.2. Green ammonia projects
• 11.2. Green ammonia synthesis methods
  • 11.2.1. Haber-Bosch process
  • 11.2.2. Biological nitrogen fixation
  • 11.2.3. Electrochemical production
  • 11.2.4. Chemical looping processes
• 11.3. SWOT analysis
• 11.4. Blue ammonia
  • 11.4.1. Blue ammonia projects
• 11.5. Markets and applications
  • 11.5.1. Chemical energy storage
    • 11.5.1.1. Ammonia fuel cells
  • 11.5.2. Marine fuel
• 11.6. Prices
• 11.7. Estimated market demand
• 11.8. Companies and projects

12. BIOFUELS FROM CARBON CAPTURE

• 12.1. Overview
• 12.2. CO2 capture from point sources
• 12.3. Production routes
• 12.4. SWOT analysis
• 12.5. Direct air capture (DAC)
  • 12.5.1. Description
  • 12.5.2. Deployment
  • 12.5.3. Point source carbon capture versus Direct Air Capture
  • 12.5.4. Technologies
    • 12.5.4.1. Solid sorbents
    • 12.5.4.2. Liquid sorbents
    • 12.5.4.3. Liquid solvents
    • 12.5.4.4. Airflow equipment integration
    • 12.5.4.5. Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC)
    • 12.5.4.6. Direct conversion
    • 12.5.4.7. Co-product generation
    • 12.5.4.8. Low Temperature DAC
    • 12.5.4.9. Regeneration methods
  • 12.5.5. Commercialization and plants
  • 12.5.6. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in DAC
  • 12.5.7. DAC plants and projects-current and planned
  • 12.5.8. Markets for DAC
  • 12.5.9. Costs
  • 12.5.10. Challenges
  • 12.5.11. Players and production
• 12.6. Carbon utilization for biofuels
  • 12.6.1. Production routes
    • 12.6.1.1. Electrolyzers
    • 12.6.1.2. Low-carbon hydrogen
  • 12.6.2. Products & applications
    • 12.6.2.1. Vehicles
    • 12.6.2.2. Shipping
    • 12.6.2.3. Aviation
    • 12.6.2.4. Costs
    • 12.6.2.5. Ethanol
    • 12.6.2.6. Methanol
    • 12.6.2.7. Sustainable Aviation Fuel
    • 12.6.2.8. Methane
    • 12.6.2.9. Algae based biofuels
    • 12.6.2.10. CO2-fuels from solar
  • 12.6.3. Challenges
  • 12.6.4. SWOT analysis
  • 12.6.5. Companies

13. BIO-OILS (PYROLYSIS OIL)

• 13.1. Description
  • 13.1.1. Advantages of bio-oils
• 13.2. Production
  • 13.2.1. Biomass Pyrolysis
  • 13.2.2. Plastic Waste Pyrolysis
  • 13.2.3. Catalytic Pyrolysis of Plastic
  • 13.2.4. Costs of production
  • 13.2.5. Upgrading
• 13.3. Pyrolysis reactors
• 13.4. SWOT analysis
• 13.5. Applications
• 13.6. Bio-oil producers
• 13.7. Prices

14. REFUSE-DERIVED FUELS (RDF)

• 14.1. Overview
• 14.2. Production
  • 14.2.1. Production process
  • 14.2.2. Mechanical biological treatment
• 14.3. Markets (238 company profiles)

16. REFERENCES

List of Tables

• Table 1. Market drivers for biofuels
• Table 2. Market challenges for biofuels
• Table 3. Liquid biofuels market 2020-2035, by type and production
• Table 4. Industry developments in biofuels 2022-2024
• Table 5. Comparison of biofuels
• Table 6. Comparison of biofuel costs (USD/liter) 2024, by type
• Table 7. Categories and examples of solid biofuel
• Table 8. Comparison of biofuels and e-fuels to fossil and electricity
• Table 9. Classification of biomass feedstock
• Table 10. Biorefinery feedstocks
• Table 11. Feedstock conversion pathways
• Table 12. First-Generation Feedstocks
• Table 13. Lignocellulosic ethanol plants and capacities
• Table 14. Comparison of pulping and biorefinery lignins
• Table 15. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes
• Table 16. Operating and planned lignocellulosic biorefineries and industrial flue gas-to-ethanol
• Table 17. Properties of microalgae and macroalgae
• Table 18. Yield of algae and other biodiesel crops
• Table 19. Advantages and disadvantages of biofuels, by generation
• Table 20. Biodiesel by generation
• Table 21. Comparison of Fossil Diesel, Biodiesel & Renewable Diesel
• Table 22. Biodiesel production techniques
• Table 23. Summary of pyrolysis technique under different operating conditions
• Table 24. Biomass materials and their bio-oil yield
• Table 25. Biofuel production cost from the biomass pyrolysis process
• Table 26. Properties of vegetable oils in comparison to diesel
• Table 27. Main producers of HVO and capacities
• Table 28. Example commercial Development of BtL processes
• Table 29. Pilot or demo projects for biomass to liquid (BtL) processes
• Table 30. Comparison of Biodiesel vs Renewable Diesel: Properties & Engine Compatibility
• Table 31. Biodiesel Projects by Scale, Company and Location
• Table 32. Recent biodiesel market developments 2023-2024
• Table 33. Recent company activity in Biodiesel
• Table 34. Global biodiesel consumption, 2020-2035 (M litres/year)
• Table 35. Global renewable diesel consumption, 2020-2035 (M litres/year)
• Table 36. Renewable diesel price ranges
• Table 37. Advantages and disadvantages of Sustainable aviation fuel
• Table 38. Recent market developments in Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)
• Table 39. Production pathways for Sustainable aviation fuel
• Table 40. Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Projects by Scale, Company, Location, Technology Pathway, and Start Date
• Table 41. Recent company activity in SAF
• Table 42. Global Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Consumption 2019-2035 (Million litres/year)
• Table 43. Bio-based naphtha markets and applications
• Table 44. Bio-naphtha market value chain
• Table 45. Bio-naphtha pricing against petroleum-derived naphtha and related fuel products
• Table 46. Bio-based Naphtha production capacities, by producer
• Table 47.Methanol Production & Colors
• Table 48. Main Pathways to Biomethanol Production
• Table 49. Comparison of biogas, biomethane and natural gas
• Table 50. 1st Generation Bioethanol Production Processes
• Table 51.Ethanol Feedstocks
• Table 52. Methanol Feedstocks
• Table 53. Methanol-to-Gasoline (MTG) Process Overview
• Table 54. Alcohol-to-Jet (ATJ) Process Steps
• Table 55. MTG vs MTJ Process Comparison
• Table 56. Methanol-to-Gasoline (MTG) Companies
• Table 57. Alcohol-to-Jet (ATJ) Technology Companies
• Table 58. Cellulosic Ethanol Production
• Table 59. Lignocellulosic Biomass Feedstocks
• Table 60. Challenges in Breaking Down Lignocellulosic Biomass
• Table 61. Processes in bioethanol production
• Table 62. Microorganisms used in CBP for ethanol production from biomass lignocellulosic
• Table 63. Ethanol consumption 2020-2035 (million litres)
• Table 64. Properties of petrol and biobutanol
• Table 65. Biogas feedstocks
• Table 66. Existing and planned bio-LNG production plants
• Table 67. Methods for capturing carbon dioxide from biogas
• Table 68. Comparison of different Bio-H2 production pathways
• Table 69. Markets and applications for biohydrogen
• Table 70. Summary of gasification technologies
• Table 71. Overview of hydrothermal cracking for advanced chemical recycling
• Table 72. Technology & Process Developers in E-Fuels by End-Product
• Table 73. E-Fuel Production Costs Breakdown
• Table 74. Applications of e-fuels, by type
• Table 75. Overview of e-fuels
• Table 76. Benefits of e-fuels
• Table 77. E-fuel production efficiencies
• Table 78. Production Pathways for E-Fuels
• Table 79. Electrolyzer Performance Metrics
• Table 80. Overview of Electrolyzer Technologies
• Table 81. Electrolyzer Technology Companies
• Table 82. Main CO2 Capture Systems
• Table 83.Technologies for Carbon Capture
• Table 84. Syngas Production Technologies for E-Fuels
• Table 85. Comparison of RWGS & SOEC Co-Electrolysis Routes
• Table 86.Companies using Reverse Water Gas Shift (RWGS) for E-Fuels
• Table 87. SOEC & SOFC System Suppliers
• Table 88. Companies in CO2 reduction technologies
• Table 89. Comparison of Thermocatalytic vs Biocatalytic Methanation
• Table 90. Methanation Companies
• Table 91. Power-to-Methane Projects,
• Table 92. Methanol Production & Colors
• Table 93. E-methanol production methods
• Table 94. Main process steps, key equipment, and operating conditions
• Table 95.Companies in Methanol Synthesis
• Table 96. eFuel production facilities, current and planned
• Table 97. Main characteristics of different electrolyzer technologies
• Table 98. Market challenges for e-fuels
• Table 99. E-fuels companies
• Table 100. 3rd Generation Biofuel Production Feedstocks
• Table 101. Biofuel Production Process Using Macroalgae
• Table 102. Biofuel Production Process Using Microalgae / Cyanobacteria
• Table 103. Open vs Closed Algae Cultivation Systems
• Table 104. Microalgae Cultivation System Suppliers: Photobioreactors (PBRs) & Ponds
• Table 105. Algal and Microbial Biofuel Processes & Projects
• Table 106. Algae-derived biofuel producers
• Table 107. Green ammonia projects (current and planned)
• Table 108. Blue ammonia projects
• Table 109. Ammonia fuel cell technologies
• Table 110. Market overview of green ammonia in marine fuel
• Table 111. Summary of marine alternative fuels
• Table 112. Estimated costs for different types of ammonia
• Table 113. Main players in green ammonia
• Table 114. Market overview for CO2 derived fuels
• Table 115. Point source examples
• Table 116. Advantages and disadvantages of DAC
• Table 117. Companies developing airflow equipment integration with DAC
• Table 118. Companies developing Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC) technologies
• Table 119. Companies developing regeneration methods for DAC technologies
• Table 120. DAC companies and technologies
• Table 121. DAC technology developers and production
• Table 122. DAC projects in development
• Table 123. Markets for DAC
• Table 124. Costs summary for DAC
• Table 125. Cost estimates of DAC
• Table 126. Challenges for DAC technology
• Table 127. DAC companies and technologies
• Table 128. Market overview for CO2 derived fuels
• Table 129. Main production routes and processes for manufacturing fuels from captured carbon dioxide
• Table 130. CO2-derived fuels projects
• Table 131. Thermochemical methods to produce methanol from CO2
• Table 132. Pilot plants for CO2-to-methanol conversion
• Table 133. Microalgae products and prices
• Table 134. Main Solar-Driven CO2 Conversion Approaches
• Table 135. Market challenges for CO2 derived fuels
• Table 136. Companies in CO2-derived fuel products
• Table 137. Typical composition and physicochemical properties reported for bio-oils and heavy petroleum-derived oils
• Table 138. Properties and characteristics of pyrolysis liquids derived from biomass versus a fuel oil
• Table 139. Comparison of Pyrolysis Technologies
• Table 140. Pyrolysis Products & Market Applications
• Table 141. Main techniques used to upgrade bio-oil into higher-quality fuels
• Table 142. Pyrolysis reactor companies
• Table 143. Markets and applications for bio-oil
• Table 144. Bio-oil producers
• Table 145. Key resource recovery technologies
• Table 146. Markets and end uses for refuse-derived fuels (RDF)
• Table 147. Granbio Nanocellulose Processes

List of Figures

• Figure 1. Liquid biofuel production and consumption (in thousands of m3), 2000-2023
• Figure 2. Distribution of global liquid biofuel production in 2023
• Figure 3. Diesel and gasoline alternatives and blends
• Figure 4. SWOT analysis for biofuels
• Figure 5. Schematic of a biorefinery for production of carriers and chemicals
• Figure 6. SWOT analysis for energy crops in biofuels
• Figure 7. SWOT analysis for agricultural residues in biofuels
• Figure 8. SWOT analysis for Manure, sewage sludge and organic waste in biofuels
• Figure 9. SWOT analysis for forestry and wood waste in biofuels
• Figure 10. Range of biomass cost by feedstock type
• Figure 11. Regional production of biodiesel (billion litres)
• Figure 12. SWOT analysis for biodiesel
• Figure 13. Flow chart for biodiesel production
• Figure 14. Biodiesel (B20) average prices, current and historical, USD/litre, 2012-2023
• Figure 15. Global biodiesel consumption, 2020-2035 (M litres/year)
• Figure 16. SWOT analysis for renewable iesel
• Figure 17. Global renewable diesel consumption, 2010-2035 (M litres/year)
• Figure 18. SWOT analysis for Sustainable aviation fuel
• Figure 19. Global Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Production and Consumption 2019-2035 (Million litres/year)
• Figure 20. SWOT analysis for bio-naphtha
• Figure 21. Bio-based naphtha production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes)
• Figure 22. SWOT analysis biomethanol
• Figure 23. Renewable Methanol Production Processes from Different Feedstocks
• Figure 24. Production of biomethane through anaerobic digestion and upgrading
• Figure 25. Production of biomethane through biomass gasification and methanation
• Figure 26. Production of biomethane through the Power to methane process
• Figure 27. SWOT analysis for ethanol
• Figure 28. Ethanol consumption 2020-2035 (million litres)
• Figure 29. Biobutanol production route
• Figure 30. Biogas and biomethane pathways
• Figure 31. Overview of biogas utilization
• Figure 32. Schematic overview of anaerobic digestion process for biomethane production
• Figure 33. Schematic overview of biomass gasification for biomethane production
• Figure 34. SWOT analysis for biogas
• Figure 35. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm3/h of Syngas, 2023
• Figure 36. SWOT analysis for biohydrogen
• Figure 37. Waste plastic production pathways to (A) diesel and (B) gasoline
• Figure 38. Schematic for Pyrolysis of Scrap Tires
• Figure 39. Used tires conversion process
• Figure 40. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm3/h of Syngas, 2023
• Figure 41. Overview of biogas utilization
• Figure 42. Biogas and biomethane pathways
• Figure 43. SWOT analysis for chemical recycling of biofuels
• Figure 44. Process steps in the production of electrofuels
• Figure 45. Mapping storage technologies according to performance characteristics
• Figure 46. Production process for green hydrogen
• Figure 47. SWOT analysis for E-fuels
• Figure 48. E-liquids production routes
• Figure 49. Fischer-Tropsch liquid e-fuel products
• Figure 50. Resources required for liquid e-fuel production
• Figure 51. Levelized cost and fuel-switching CO2 prices of e-fuels
• Figure 52. Pathways for algal biomass conversion to biofuels
• Figure 53. SWOT analysis for algae-derived biofuels
• Figure 54. Algal biomass conversion process for biofuel production
• Figure 55. Classification and process technology according to carbon emission in ammonia production
• Figure 56. Green ammonia production and use
• Figure 57. Schematic of the Haber Bosch ammonia synthesis reaction
• Figure 58. Schematic of hydrogen production via steam methane reformation
• Figure 59. SWOT analysis for green ammonia
• Figure 60. Estimated production cost of green ammonia
• Figure 61. Projected annual ammonia production, million tons to 2050
• Figure 62. CO2 capture and separation technology
• Figure 63. Conversion route for CO2-derived fuels and chemical intermediates
• Figure 64. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived methane, methanol and diesel
• Figure 65. SWOT analysis for biofuels from carbon capture
• Figure 66. CO2 captured from air using liquid and solid sorbent DAC plants, storage, and reuse
• Figure 67. Global CO2 capture from biomass and DAC in the Net Zero Scenario
• Figure 68. DAC technologies
• Figure 69. Schematic of Climeworks DAC system
• Figure 70. Climeworks' first commercial direct air capture (DAC) plant, based in Hinwil, Switzerland
• Figure 71. Flow diagram for solid sorbent DAC
• Figure 72. Direct air capture based on high temperature liquid sorbent by Carbon Engineering
• Figure 73. Global capacity of direct air capture facilities
• Figure 74. Global map of DAC and CCS plants
• Figure 75. Schematic of costs of DAC technologies
• Figure 76. DAC cost breakdown and comparison
• Figure 77. Operating costs of generic liquid and solid-based DAC systems
• Figure 78. Conversion route for CO2-derived fuels and chemical intermediates
• Figure 79. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived methane, methanol and diesel
• Figure 80. CO2 feedstock for the production of e-methanol
• Figure 81. Schematic illustration of (a) biophotosynthetic, (b) photothermal, (c) microbial-photoelectrochemical, (d) photosynthetic and photocatalytic (PS/PC), (e) photoelectrochemical (PEC), and (f) photovoltaic plus electrochemical (PV+EC) approaches for CO2
• Figure 82. SWOT analysis: CO2 utilization in fuels
• Figure 83. Audi synthetic fuels
• Figure 84. Bio-oil upgrading/fractionation techniques
• Figure 85. SWOT analysis for bio-oils
• Figure 86. ANDRITZ Lignin Recovery process
• Figure 87. ChemCyclingTM prototypes
• Figure 88. ChemCycling circle by BASF
• Figure 89. FBPO process
• Figure 90. Direct Air Capture Process
• Figure 91. CRI process
• Figure 92. Cassandra Oil process
• Figure 93. Colyser process
• Figure 94. ECFORM electrolysis reactor schematic
• Figure 95. Dioxycle modular electrolyzer
• Figure 96. Domsjo process
• Figure 97. FuelPositive system
• Figure 98. INERATEC unit
• Figure 99. Infinitree swing method
• Figure 100. Audi/Krajete unit
• Figure 101. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process
• Figure 102: Plantrose process
• Figure 103. Sunfire process for Blue Crude production
• Figure 104. Takavator
• Figure 105. O12 Reactor
• Figure 106. Sunglasses with lenses made from CO2-derived materials
• Figure 107. CO2 made car part
• Figure 108. The Velocys process
• Figure 109. Goldilocks process and applications
• Figure 110. The Proesa-R Process