The Global Market for Bio- and CO2- based Plastics and Polymers

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

2. BIO-BASED CHEMICALS AND FEEDSTOCKS

• 2.1. Types
• 2.2. Production capacities
• 2.3. Bio-based adipic acid
  • 2.3.1. Applications and production
• 2.4. 11-Aminoundecanoic acid (11-AA)
  • 2.4.1. Applications and production
• 2.5. 1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BDO)
  • 2.5.1. Applications and production
• 2.6. Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA)
  • 2.6.1. Applications and production
• 2.7. Epichlorohydrin (ECH)
  • 2.7.1. Applications and production
• 2.8. Ethylene
  • 2.8.1. Applications and production
• 2.9. Furfural
  • 2.9.1. Applications and production
• 2.10. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF)
  • 2.10.1. Applications and production
• 2.11. 5-Chloromethylfurfural (5-CMF)
  • 2.11.1. Applications and production
• 2.12. 2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid (2,5-FDCA)
  • 2.12.1. Applications and production
• 2.13. Furandicarboxylic methyl ester (FDME)
• 2.14. Isosorbide
  • 2.14.1. Applications and production
• 2.15. Itaconic acid
  • 2.15.1. Applications and production
• 2.16. 3-Hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP)
  • 2.16.1. Applications and production
• 2.17. 5 Hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF)
  • 2.17.1. Applications and production
• 2.18. Lactic acid (D-LA)
  • 2.18.1. Applications and production
• 2.19. Lactic acid - L-lactic acid (L-LA)
  • 2.19.1. Applications and production
• 2.20. Lactide
  • 2.20.1. Applications and production
• 2.21. Levoglucosenone
  • 2.21.1. Applications and production
• 2.22. Levulinic acid
  • 2.22.1. Applications and production
• 2.23. Monoethylene glycol (MEG)
  • 2.23.1. Applications and production
• 2.24. Monopropylene glycol (MPG)
  • 2.24.1. Applications and production
• 2.25. Muconic acid
  • 2.25.1. Applications and production
• 2.26. Bio-Naphtha
  • 2.26.1. Applications and production
  • 2.26.2. Production capacities
  • 2.26.3. Bio-naptha producers
• 2.27. Pentamethylene diisocyanate
  • 2.27.1. Applications and production
• 2.28. 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO)
  • 2.28.1. Applications and production
• 2.29. Sebacic acid
  • 2.29.1. Applications and production
• 2.30. Succinic acid (SA)
  • 2.30.1. Applications and production

3. BIO-BASED PLASTIC AND POLYMERS

• 3.1. Bio-based or renewable plastics
  • 3.1.1. Drop-in bio-based plastics
  • 3.1.2. Novel bio-based plastics
• 3.2. Biodegradable and compostable plastics
  • 3.2.1. Biodegradability
  • 3.2.2. Compostability
• 3.3. Advantages and disadvantages
• 3.4. Types of Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastics
• 3.5. Market leaders by biobased and/or biodegradable plastic types
• 3.6. Synthetic bio-based polymers
  • 3.6.1. Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)
    • 3.6.1.1. Market analysis
    • 3.6.1.2. Production
    • 3.6.1.3. Producers and production capacities, current and planned
      • 3.6.1.3.1. Lactic acid producers and production capacities
      • 3.6.1.3.2. PLA producers and production capacities
      • 3.6.1.3.3. Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
  • 3.6.2. Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET)
    • 3.6.2.1. Market analysis
    • 3.6.2.2. Producers and production capacities
    • 3.6.2.3. Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
  • 3.6.3. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT)
    • 3.6.3.1. Market analysis
    • 3.6.3.2. Producers and production capacities
    • 3.6.3.3. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
  • 3.6.4. Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF)
    • 3.6.4.1. Market analysis
    • 3.6.4.2. Comparative properties to PET
    • 3.6.4.3. Producers and production capacities
      • 3.6.4.3.1. FDCA and PEF producers and production capacities
      • 3.6.4.3.2. Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
  • 3.6.5. Polyamides (Bio-PA)
    • 3.6.5.1. Market analysis
    • 3.6.5.2. Producers and production capacities
    • 3.6.5.3. Polyamides (Bio-PA) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
  • 3.6.6. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT)
    • 3.6.6.1. Market analysis
    • 3.6.6.2. Producers and production capacities
    • 3.6.6.3. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
  • 3.6.7. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers
    • 3.6.7.1. Market analysis
    • 3.6.7.2. Producers and production capacities
    • 3.6.7.3. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
  • 3.6.8. Polyethylene (Bio-PE)
    • 3.6.8.1. Market analysis
    • 3.6.8.2. Producers and production capacities
    • 3.6.8.3. Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
  • 3.6.9. Polypropylene (Bio-PP)
    • 3.6.9.1. Market analysis
    • 3.6.9.2. Producers and production capacities
    • 3.6.9.3. Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
• 3.7. Natural bio-based polymers
  • 3.7.1. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
    • 3.7.1.1. Technology description
    • 3.7.1.2. Types
      • 3.7.1.2.1. PHB
      • 3.7.1.2.2. PHBV
    • 3.7.1.3. Synthesis and production processes
    • 3.7.1.4. Market analysis
    • 3.7.1.5. Commercially available PHAs
    • 3.7.1.6. Markets for PHAs
      • 3.7.1.6.1. Packaging
      • 3.7.1.6.2. Cosmetics
        • 3.7.1.6.2.1. PHA microspheres
      • 3.7.1.6.3. Medical
        • 3.7.1.6.3.1. Tissue engineering
        • 3.7.1.6.3.2. Drug delivery
      • 3.7.1.6.4. Agriculture
        • 3.7.1.6.4.1. Mulch film
        • 3.7.1.6.4.2. Grow bags
    • 3.7.1.7. Producers and production capacities
    • 3.7.1.8. PHA production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
  • 3.7.2. Cellulose
    • 3.7.2.1. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)
      • 3.7.2.1.1. Market analysis
      • 3.7.2.1.2. Producers and production capacities
    • 3.7.2.2. Nanocellulose
      • 3.7.2.2.1. Cellulose nanocrystals
        • 3.7.2.2.1.1. Synthesis
        • 3.7.2.2.1.2. Properties
        • 3.7.2.2.1.3. Production
        • 3.7.2.2.1.4. Applications
        • 3.7.2.2.1.5. Market analysis
        • 3.7.2.2.1.6. Producers and production capacities
      • 3.7.2.2.2. Cellulose nanofibers
        • 3.7.2.2.2.1. Applications
        • 3.7.2.2.2.2. Market analysis
        • 3.7.2.2.2.3. Producers and production capacities
      • 3.7.2.2.3. Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)
        • 3.7.2.2.3.1. Production
        • 3.7.2.2.3.2. Applications
  • 3.7.3. Protein-based bioplastics
    • 3.7.3.1. Types, applications and producers
  • 3.7.4. Algal and fungal
    • 3.7.4.1. Algal
      • 3.7.4.1.1. Advantages
      • 3.7.4.1.2. Production
      • 3.7.4.1.3. Producers
    • 3.7.4.2. Mycelium
      • 3.7.4.2.1. Properties
      • 3.7.4.2.2. Applications
      • 3.7.4.2.3. Commercialization
  • 3.7.5. Chitosan
    • 3.7.5.1. Technology description
• 3.8. Production of bio-based and biodegradable plastics, by region
  • 3.8.1. North America
  • 3.8.2. Europe
  • 3.8.3. Asia-Pacific
    • 3.8.3.1. China
    • 3.8.3.2. Japan
    • 3.8.3.3. Thailand
    • 3.8.3.4. Indonesia
  • 3.8.4. Latin America
• 3.9. Markets for bio-based plastic
  • 3.9.1. Packaging
    • 3.9.1.1. Processes for bioplastics in packaging
    • 3.9.1.2. Applications
    • 3.9.1.3. Flexible packaging
      • 3.9.1.3.1. Production volumes 2019-2033
    • 3.9.1.4. Rigid packaging
      • 3.9.1.4.1. Production volumes 2019-2033
  • 3.9.2. Consumer products
    • 3.9.2.1. Applications
  • 3.9.3. Automotive
    • 3.9.3.1. Applications
    • 3.9.3.2. Production capacities
  • 3.9.4. Building & construction
    • 3.9.4.1. Applications
    • 3.9.4.2. Production capacities
  • 3.9.5. Textiles
    • 3.9.5.1. Apparel
    • 3.9.5.2. Footwear
    • 3.9.5.3. Medical textiles
    • 3.9.5.4. Production capacities
  • 3.9.6. Electronics
    • 3.9.6.1. Applications
    • 3.9.6.2. Production capacities
  • 3.9.7. Agriculture and horticulture
    • 3.9.7.1. Production capacities
• 3.10. Natural fibers
  • 3.10.1. Manufacturing method, matrix materials and applications of natural fibers
  • 3.10.2. Advantages of natural fibers
  • 3.10.3. Commercially available next-gen natural fiber roducts
  • 3.10.4. Market drivers for next-gen natural fibers
  • 3.10.5. Challenges
  • 3.10.6. Plants
    • 3.10.6.1. Seed fibers
      • 3.10.6.1.1. Cotton
        • 3.10.6.1.1.1. Production volumes 2018-2033
      • 3.10.6.1.2. Kapok
        • 3.10.6.1.2.1. Production volumes 2018-2033
      • 3.10.6.1.3. Luffa
    • 3.10.6.2. Bast fibers
      • 3.10.6.2.1. Jute
        • 3.10.6.2.1.1. Production volumes 2018-2033
      • 3.10.6.2.2. Hemp
        • 3.10.6.2.2.1. Production volumes 2018-2033
      • 3.10.6.2.3. Flax
        • 3.10.6.2.3.1. Production volumes 2018-2033
      • 3.10.6.2.4. Ramie
        • 3.10.6.2.4.1. Production volumes 2018-2033
      • 3.10.6.2.5. Kenaf
        • 3.10.6.2.5.1. Production volumes 2018-2033
    • 3.10.6.3. Leaf fibers
      • 3.10.6.3.1. Sisal
        • 3.10.6.3.1.1. Production volumes 2018-2033
      • 3.10.6.3.2. Abaca
        • 3.10.6.3.2.1. Production volumes 2018-2033
    • 3.10.6.4. Fruit fibers
      • 3.10.6.4.1. Coir
        • 3.10.6.4.1.1. Production volumes 2018-2033
      • 3.10.6.4.2. Banana
        • 3.10.6.4.2.1. Production volumes 2018-2033
      • 3.10.6.4.3. Pineapple
    • 3.10.6.5. Stalk fibers from agricultural residues
      • 3.10.6.5.1. Rice fiber
      • 3.10.6.5.2. Corn
    • 3.10.6.6. Cane, grasses and reed
      • 3.10.6.6.1. Switch grass
      • 3.10.6.6.2. Sugarcane (agricultural residues)
      • 3.10.6.6.3. Bamboo
        • 3.10.6.6.3.1. Production volumes 2018-2033
      • 3.10.6.6.4. Fresh grass (green biorefinery)
    • 3.10.6.7. Modified natural polymers
      • 3.10.6.7.1. Mycelium
      • 3.10.6.7.2. Chitosan
      • 3.10.6.7.3. Alginate
  • 3.10.7. Animal (fibrous protein)
    • 3.10.7.1. Wool
      • 3.10.7.1.1. Alternative wool materials
      • 3.10.7.1.2. Producers
    • 3.10.7.2. Silk fiber
      • 3.10.7.2.1. Alternative silk materials
        • 3.10.7.2.1.1. Producers
    • 3.10.7.3. Leather
      • 3.10.7.3.1. Alternative leather materials
        • 3.10.7.3.1.1. Producers
    • 3.10.7.4. Fur
      • 3.10.7.4.1. Producers
    • 3.10.7.5. Down
      • 3.10.7.5.1. Alternative down materials
        • 3.10.7.5.1.1. Producers
  • 3.10.8. Natural fiber polymer composites and plastics
    • 3.10.8.1. Applications
    • 3.10.8.2. Natural fiber injection moulding compounds
      • 3.10.8.2.1. Properties
      • 3.10.8.2.2. Applications
    • 3.10.8.3. Non-woven natural fiber mat composites
      • 3.10.8.3.1. Automotive
      • 3.10.8.3.2. Applications
    • 3.10.8.4. Aligned natural fiber-reinforced composites
    • 3.10.8.5. Natural fiber biobased polymer compounds
    • 3.10.8.6. Natural fiber biobased polymer non-woven mats
      • 3.10.8.6.1. Flax
      • 3.10.8.6.2. Kenaf
    • 3.10.8.7. Natural fiber thermoset bioresin composites
    • 3.10.8.8. Aerospace
      • 3.10.8.8.1. Market overview
    • 3.10.8.9. Automotive
      • 3.10.8.9.1. Market overview
      • 3.10.8.9.2. Applications of natural fibers
    • 3.10.8.10. Sports and leisure
      • 3.10.8.10.1. Market overview
    • 3.10.8.11. Packaging
      • 3.10.8.11.1. Market overview
  • 3.10.9. Global production of natural fibers
    • 3.10.9.1. Overall global fibers market
    • 3.10.9.2. Plant-based fiber production
    • 3.10.9.3. Animal-based natural fiber production
• 3.11. Lignin
  • 3.11.1. Introduciton
    • 3.11.1.1. What is lignin?
      • 3.11.1.1.1. Lignin structure
    • 3.11.1.2. Types of lignin
      • 3.11.1.2.1. Sulfur containing lignin
      • 3.11.1.2.2. Sulfur-free lignin from biorefinery process
    • 3.11.1.3. Properties
    • 3.11.1.4. The lignocellulose biorefinery
    • 3.11.1.5. Markets and applications
    • 3.11.1.6. Challenges for using lignin
  • 3.11.2. Lignin production processes
    • 3.11.2.1. Lignosulphonates
    • 3.11.2.2. Kraft Lignin
      • 3.11.2.2.1. LignoBoost process
      • 3.11.2.2.2. LignoForce method
      • 3.11.2.2.3. Sequential Liquid Lignin Recovery and Purification
      • 3.11.2.2.4. A-Recovery+
    • 3.11.2.3. Soda lignin
    • 3.11.2.4. Biorefinery lignin
      • 3.11.2.4.1. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes
    • 3.11.2.5. Organosolv lignins
    • 3.11.2.6. Hydrolytic lignin
  • 3.11.3. Markets for lignin
    • 3.11.3.1. Market drivers and trends for lignin
    • 3.11.3.2. Production capacities
      • 3.11.3.2.1. Technical lignin availability (dry ton/y)
      • 3.11.3.2.2. Biomass conversion (Biorefinery)
    • 3.11.3.3. Estimated consumption of lignin
    • 3.11.3.4. Prices
    • 3.11.3.5. Aromatic compounds
      • 3.11.3.5.1. Benzene, toluene and xylene
      • 3.11.3.5.2. Phenol and phenolic resins
      • 3.11.3.5.3. Vanillin
    • 3.11.3.6. Lignin-based plastics and polymers
      • 3.11.3.6.1. Carbon materials
      • 3.11.3.6.2. Carbon fiber
      • 3.11.3.6.3. Automotive composites
      • 3.11.3.6.4. Fire retardants
• 3.12. Bio-based polymers company profiles. 258 (503 company profiles)

4. CARBON (CO2) CAPTURE AND UTILIZATION FOR POLYMERS

• 4.1. Main sources of carbon dioxide emissions
• 4.2. CO2 as a commodity
• 4.3. Meeting climate targets
• 4.4. Market drivers and trends
• 4.5. The current market and future outlook
• 4.6. CCUS Industry developments 2020-2023
• 4.7. CCUS investments
  • 4.7.1. Venture Capital Funding
• 4.8. Market map
• 4.9. Commercial CCUS facilities and projects
  • 4.9.1. Facilities
    • 4.9.1.1. Operational
    • 4.9.1.2. Under development/construction
• 4.10. CCUS Value Chain
• 4.11. Key market barriers for CCUS
• 4.12. Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS) technologies
  • 4.12.1. Carbon Capture
    • 4.12.1.1. Source Characterization
    • 4.12.1.2. Purification
    • 4.12.1.3. CO2 capture technologies
  • 4.12.2. Carbon Utilization
    • 4.12.2.1. CO2 utilization pathways
  • 4.12.3. Carbon storage
    • 4.12.3.1. Passive storage
    • 4.12.3.2. Enhanced oil recovery
• 4.13. Products from CO2 capture
  • 4.13.1. Current market status
  • 4.13.2. Benefits of carbon utilization
  • 4.13.3. Market challenges
  • 4.13.4. Co2 utilization pathways
  • 4.13.5. Conversion processes
    • 4.13.5.1. Thermochemical
      • 4.13.5.1.1. Process overview
      • 4.13.5.1.2. Plasma-assisted CO2 conversion
    • 4.13.5.2. Electrochemical conversion of CO2
      • 4.13.5.2.1. Process overview
    • 4.13.5.3. Photocatalytic and photothermal catalytic conversion of CO2
    • 4.13.5.4. Catalytic conversion of CO2
    • 4.13.5.5. Biological conversion of CO2
    • 4.13.5.6. Copolymerization of CO2
    • 4.13.5.7. Mineral carbonation
  • 4.13.6. CO2-derived polymers
    • 4.13.6.1. CO2 for the development of polymer materials
    • 4.13.6.2. Scalability
    • 4.13.6.3. Carbon nanotubes as by- products of CO2 conversion and sequestration
• 4.14. CO2-derived polymer producer profiles (30 company profiles)

5. REFERENCES

List of Tables

• Table 1. List of Bio-based chemicals
• Table 2. Lactide applications
• Table 3. Biobased MEG producers capacities
• Table 4. Bio-naphtha market value chain
• Table 5. Bio-naptha producers and production capacities
• Table 6. Type of biodegradation
• Table 7. Advantages and disadvantages of biobased plastics compared to conventional plastics
• Table 8. Types of Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastics, applications
• Table 9. Market leader by Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastic types
• Table 10. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
• Table 11. Lactic acid producers and production capacities
• Table 12. PLA producers and production capacities
• Table 13. Planned PLA capacity expansions in China
• Table 14. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
• Table 15. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) producers and production capacities,
• Table 16. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
• Table 17. Production capacities of Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT), by leading producers
• Table 18. Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
• Table 19. PEF vs. PET
• Table 20. FDCA and PEF producers
• Table 21. Bio-based polyamides (Bio-PA) market analysis - manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
• Table 22. Leading Bio-PA producers production capacities
• Table 23. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
• Table 24. Leading PBAT producers, production capacities and brands
• Table 25. Bio-PBS market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
• Table 26. Leading PBS producers and production capacities
• Table 27. Bio-based Polyethylene (Bio-PE) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
• Table 28. Leading Bio-PE producers
• Table 29. Bio-PP market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
• Table 30. Leading Bio-PP producers and capacities
• Table 31.Types of PHAs and properties
• Table 32. Comparison of the physical properties of different PHAs with conventional petroleum-based polymers
• Table 33. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) extraction methods
• Table 34. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) market analysis
• Table 35. Commercially available PHAs
• Table 36. Markets and applications for PHAs
• Table 37. Applications, advantages and disadvantages of PHAs in packaging
• Table 38. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) producers
• Table 39. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
• Table 40. Leading MFC producers and capacities
• Table 41. Synthesis methods for cellulose nanocrystals (CNC)
• Table 42. CNC sources, size and yield
• Table 43. CNC properties
• Table 44. Mechanical properties of CNC and other reinforcement materials
• Table 45. Applications of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC)
• Table 46. Cellulose nanocrystals analysis
• Table 47: Cellulose nanocrystal production capacities and production process, by producer
• Table 48. Applications of cellulose nanofibers (CNF)
• Table 49. Cellulose nanofibers market analysis
• Table 50. CNF production capacities (by type, wet or dry) and production process, by producer, metric tonnes
• Table 51. Applications of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC)
• Table 52. Types of protein based-bioplastics, applications and companies
• Table 53. Types of algal and fungal based-bioplastics, applications and companies
• Table 54. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size
• Table 55. Companies developing algal-based bioplastics
• Table 56. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 57. Companies developing mycelium-based bioplastics
• Table 58. Overview of chitosan-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 59. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics in 2019-2033, by region, tons
• Table 60. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in North America
• Table 61. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Europe
• Table 62. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Asia-Pacific
• Table 63. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Latin America
• Table 64. Processes for bioplastics in packaging
• Table 65. Comparison of bioplastics' (PLA and PHAs) properties to other common polymers used in product packaging
• Table 66. Typical applications for bioplastics in flexible packaging
• Table 67. Typical applications for bioplastics in rigid packaging
• Table 68. Types of next-gen natural fibers
• Table 69. Application, manufacturing method, and matrix materials of natural fibers
• Table 70. Typical properties of natural fibers
• Table 71. Commercially available next-gen natural fiber products
• Table 72. Market drivers for natural fibers
• Table 73. Overview of cotton fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 74. Overview of kapok fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 75. Overview of luffa fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 76. Overview of jute fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 77. Overview of hemp fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 78. Overview of flax fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 79. Overview of ramie fibers- description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 80. Overview of kenaf fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 81. Overview of sisal leaf fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 82. Overview of abaca fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 83. Overview of coir fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 84. Overview of banana fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 85. Overview of pineapple fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 86. Overview of rice fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 87. Overview of corn fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 88. Overview of switch grass fibers-description, properties and applications
• Table 89. Overview of sugarcane fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and application and market size
• Table 90. Overview of bamboo fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 91. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 92. Overview of chitosan fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 93. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size
• Table 94. Overview of wool fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 95. Alternative wool materials producers
• Table 96. Overview of silk fibers-description, properties, application and market size
• Table 97. Alternative silk materials producers
• Table 98. Alternative leather materials producers
• Table 99. Next-gen fur producers
• Table 100. Alternative down materials producers
• Table 101. Applications of natural fiber composites
• Table 102. Typical properties of short natural fiber-thermoplastic composites
• Table 103. Properties of non-woven natural fiber mat composites
• Table 104. Properties of aligned natural fiber composites
• Table 105. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer compounds
• Table 106. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer non-woven mats
• Table 107. Natural fibers in the aerospace sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use
• Table 108. Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composite in the automotive market
• Table 109. Natural fibers in the aerospace sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use
• Table 110. Applications of natural fibers in the automotive industry
• Table 111. Natural fibers in the sports and leisure sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use
• Table 112. Natural fibers in the packaging sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use
• Table 113. Technical lignin types and applications
• Table 114. Classification of technical lignins
• Table 115. Lignin content of selected biomass
• Table 116. Properties of lignins and their applications
• Table 117. Example markets and applications for lignin
• Table 118. Processes for lignin production
• Table 119. Biorefinery feedstocks
• Table 120. Comparison of pulping and biorefinery lignins
• Table 121. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes
• Table 122. Market drivers and trends for lignin
• Table 123. Production capacities of technical lignin producers
• Table 124. Production capacities of biorefinery lignin producers
• Table 125. Estimated consumption of lignin, 2019-2033 (000 MT)
• Table 126. Prices of benzene, toluene, xylene and their derivatives
• Table 127. Application of lignin in plastics and polymers
• Table 128. Lactips plastic pellets
• Table 129. Oji Holdings CNF products
• Table 130. Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage (CCUS) market drivers and trends
• Table 131. Carbon capture, usage, and storage (CCUS) industry developments 2020-2023
• Table 132. Global commercial CCUS facilities-in operation
• Table 133. Global commercial CCUS facilities-under development/construction
• Table 134. Key market barriers for CCUS
• Table 135. CO2 utilization and removal pathways
• Table 136. Approaches for capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from point sources
• Table 137. CO2 capture technologies
• Table 138. Advantages and challenges of carbon capture technologies
• Table 139. Overview of commercial materials and processes utilized in carbon capture
• Table 140. Carbon utilization revenue forecast by product (US$)
• Table 141. CO2 utilization and removal pathways
• Table 142. Market challenges for CO2 utilization
• Table 143. Example CO2 utilization pathways
• Table 144. CO2 derived products via Thermochemical conversion-applications, advantages and disadvantages
• Table 145. Electrochemical CO2 reduction products
• Table 146. CO2 derived products via electrochemical conversion-applications, advantages and disadvantages
• Table 147. CO2 derived products via biological conversion-applications, advantages and disadvantages
• Table 148. Companies developing and producing CO2-based polymers
• Table 149. Companies developing mineral carbonation technologies
• Table 150. Commodity chemicals and fuels manufactured from CO2

List of Figures

• Figure 1. Bio-based chemicals and feedstocks production capacities, 2018-2033
• Figure 2. Overview of Toray process. Overview of process
• Figure 3. Production capacities for 11-Aminoundecanoic acid (11-AA), tonnes
• Figure 4. 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes)
• Figure 5. Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA) production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes)
• Figure 6. Epichlorohydrin production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes)
• Figure 7. Ethylene production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes)
• Figure 8. Potential industrial uses of 3-hydroxypropanoic acid
• Figure 9. L-lactic acid (L-LA) production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes)
• Figure 10. Lactide production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes)
• Figure 11. Bio-MEG production capacities, 2018-2033
• Figure 12. Bio-MPG production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes)
• Figure 13. Biobased naphtha production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes)
• Figure 14. 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO) production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes)
• Figure 15. Sebacic acid production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes)
• Figure 16. Coca-Cola PlantBottle®
• Figure 17. Interrelationship between conventional, bio-based and biodegradable plastics
• Figure 18. Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
• Figure 19. Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
• Figure 20. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
• Figure 21. Production capacities of Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) to 2025
• Figure 22. Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
• Figure 23. Polyamides (Bio-PA) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
• Figure 24. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
• Figure 25. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
• Figure 26. Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
• Figure 27. Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
• Figure 28. PHA family
• Figure 29. PHA production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
• Figure 30. TEM image of cellulose nanocrystals
• Figure 31. CNC preparation
• Figure 32. Extracting CNC from trees
• Figure 33. CNC slurry
• Figure 34. CNF gel
• Figure 35. Bacterial nanocellulose shapes
• Figure 36. BLOOM masterbatch from Algix
• Figure 37. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam
• Figure 38. Commercial mycelium composite construction materials
• Figure 39. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics 2020
• Figure 40. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics 2025
• Figure 41. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics by end user market 2019-2033, 1,000 tons
• Figure 42. PHA bioplastics products
• Figure 43. The global market for biobased and biodegradable plastics for flexible packaging 2019-2033 ('000 tonnes)
• Figure 44. Bioplastics for rigid packaging, 2019-2033 ('000 tonnes)
• Figure 45. Global production capacities for biobased and biodegradable plastics in consumer products 2019-2033, in 1,000 tons
• Figure 46. Global production capacities for biobased and biodegradable plastics in automotive 2019-2033, in 1,000 tons
• Figure 47. Global production capacities for biobased and biodegradable plastics in building and construction 2019-2033, in 1,000 tons
• Figure 48. AlgiKicks sneaker, made with the Algiknit biopolymer gel
• Figure 49. Reebok's [REE]GROW running shoes
• Figure 50. Camper Runner K21
• Figure 51. Global production capacities for biobased and biodegradable plastics in textiles 2019-2033, in 1,000 tons
• Figure 52. Global production capacities for biobased and biodegradable plastics in electronics 2019-2033, in 1,000 tons
• Figure 53. Biodegradable mulch films
• Figure 54. Global production capacities for biobased and biodegradable plastics in agriculture 2019-2033, in 1,000 tons
• Figure 55. Types of natural fibers
• Figure 56. Absolut natural based fiber bottle cap
• Figure 57. Adidas algae-ink tees
• Figure 58. Carlsberg natural fiber beer bottle
• Figure 59. Miratex watch bands
• Figure 60. Adidas Made with Nature Ultraboost 22
• Figure 61. PUMA RE:SUEDE sneaker
• Figure 62. Cotton production volume 2018-2033 (Million MT)
• Figure 63. Kapok production volume 2018-2033 (MT)
• Figure 64. Luffa cylindrica fiber
• Figure 65. Jute production volume 2018-2033 (Million MT)
• Figure 66. Hemp fiber production volume 2018-2033 ( MT)
• Figure 67. Flax fiber production volume 2018-2033 (MT)
• Figure 68. Ramie fiber production volume 2018-2033 (MT)
• Figure 69. Kenaf fiber production volume 2018-2033 (MT)
• Figure 70. Sisal fiber production volume 2018-2033 (MT)
• Figure 71. Abaca fiber production volume 2018-2033 (MT)
• Figure 72. Coir fiber production volume 2018-2033 (MILLION MT)
• Figure 73. Banana fiber production volume 2018-2033 (MT)
• Figure 74. Pineapple fiber
• Figure 75. A bag made with pineapple biomaterial from the H&M Conscious Collection 2019
• Figure 76. Bamboo fiber production volume 2018-2033 (MILLION MT)
• Figure 77. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam
• Figure 78. Commercial mycelium composite construction materials
• Figure 79. Frayme Mylo™
• Figure 80. BLOOM masterbatch from Algix
• Figure 81. Conceptual landscape of next-gen leather materials
• Figure 82. Hemp fibers combined with PP in car door panel
• Figure 83. Car door produced from Hemp fiber
• Figure 84. Mercedes-Benz components containing natural fibers
• Figure 85. Global fiber production in 2022, by fiber type, million MT and %
• Figure 86. Global fiber production (million MT) to 2020-2033
• Figure 87. Plant-based fiber production 2018-2033, by fiber type, MT
• Figure 88. Animal based fiber production 2018-2033, by fiber type, million MT
• Figure 89. High purity lignin
• Figure 90. Lignocellulose architecture
• Figure 91. Extraction processes to separate lignin from lignocellulosic biomass and corresponding technical lignins
• Figure 92. The lignocellulose biorefinery
• Figure 93. LignoBoost process
• Figure 94. LignoForce system for lignin recovery from black liquor
• Figure 95. Sequential liquid-lignin recovery and purification (SLPR) system
• Figure 96. A-Recovery+ chemical recovery concept
• Figure 97. Schematic of a biorefinery for production of carriers and chemicals
• Figure 98. Organosolv lignin
• Figure 99. Hydrolytic lignin powder
• Figure 100. Estimated consumption of lignin, 2019-2033 (000 MT)
• Figure 101. Schematic of WISA plywood home
• Figure 102. Lignin based activated carbon
• Figure 103. Lignin/celluose precursor
• Figure 104. Pluumo
• Figure 105. ANDRITZ Lignin Recovery process
• Figure 106. Anpoly cellulose nanofiber hydrogel
• Figure 107. MEDICELLU™
• Figure 108. Asahi Kasei CNF fabric sheet
• Figure 109. Properties of Asahi Kasei cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabric
• Figure 110. CNF nonwoven fabric
• Figure 111. Roof frame made of natural fiber
• Figure 112. Beyond Leather Materials product
• Figure 113. BIOLO e-commerce mailer bag made from PHA
• Figure 114. Reusable and recyclable foodservice cups, lids, and straws from Joinease Hong Kong Ltd., made with plant-based NuPlastiQ BioPolymer from BioLogiQ, Inc
• Figure 115. Fiber-based screw cap
• Figure 116. formicobio™ technology
• Figure 117. nanoforest-S
• Figure 118. nanoforest-PDP
• Figure 119. nanoforest-MB
• Figure 120. sunliquid® production process
• Figure 121. CuanSave film
• Figure 122. Celish
• Figure 123. Trunk lid incorporating CNF
• Figure 124. ELLEX products
• Figure 125. CNF-reinforced PP compounds
• Figure 126. Kirekira! toilet wipes
• Figure 127. Color CNF
• Figure 128. Rheocrysta spray
• Figure 129. DKS CNF products
• Figure 130. Domsjö process
• Figure 131. Mushroom leather
• Figure 132. CNF based on citrus peel
• Figure 133. Citrus cellulose nanofiber
• Figure 134. Filler Bank CNC products
• Figure 135. Fibers on kapok tree and after processing
• Figure 136. TMP-Bio Process
• Figure 137. Flow chart of the lignocellulose biorefinery pilot plant in Leuna
• Figure 138. Water-repellent cellulose
• Figure 139. Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) composite with polyethylene (PE)
• Figure 140. PHA production process
• Figure 141. CNF products from Furukawa Electric
• Figure 142. AVAPTM process
• Figure 143. GreenPower+™ process
• Figure 144. Cutlery samples (spoon, knife, fork) made of nano cellulose and biodegradable plastic composite materials
• Figure 145. Non-aqueous CNF dispersion "Senaf" (Photo shows 5% of plasticizer)
• Figure 146. CNF gel
• Figure 147. Block nanocellulose material
• Figure 148. CNF products developed by Hokuetsu
• Figure 149. Marine leather products
• Figure 150. Inner Mettle Milk products
• Figure 151. Kami Shoji CNF products
• Figure 152. Dual Graft System
• Figure 153. Engine cover utilizing Kao CNF composite resins
• Figure 154. Acrylic resin blended with modified CNF (fluid) and its molded product (transparent film), and image obtained with AFM (CNF 10wt% blended)
• Figure 155. Kel Labs yarn
• Figure 156. 0.3% aqueous dispersion of sulfated esterified CNF and dried transparent film (front side)
• Figure 157. Lignin gel
• Figure 158. BioFlex process
• Figure 159. Nike Algae Ink graphic tee
• Figure 160. LX Process
• Figure 161. Made of Air's HexChar panels
• Figure 162. TransLeather
• Figure 163. Chitin nanofiber product
• Figure 164. Marusumi Paper cellulose nanofiber products
• Figure 165. FibriMa cellulose nanofiber powder
• Figure 166. METNIN™ Lignin refining technology
• Figure 167. IPA synthesis method
• Figure 168. MOGU-Wave panels
• Figure 169. CNF slurries
• Figure 170. Range of CNF products
• Figure 171. Reishi
• Figure 172. Compostable water pod
• Figure 173. Leather made from leaves
• Figure 174. Nike shoe with beLEAF™
• Figure 175. CNF clear sheets
• Figure 176. Oji Holdings CNF polycarbonate product
• Figure 177. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process
• Figure 178. Fabric consisting of 70 per cent wool and 30 per cent Qmilk
• Figure 179. XCNF
• Figure 180: Plantrose process
• Figure 181. LOVR hemp leather
• Figure 182. CNF insulation flat plates
• Figure 183. Hansa lignin
• Figure 184. Manufacturing process for STARCEL
• Figure 185. Manufacturing process for STARCEL
• Figure 186. 3D printed cellulose shoe
• Figure 187. Lyocell process
• Figure 188. North Face Spiber Moon Parka
• Figure 189. PANGAIA LAB NXT GEN Hoodie
• Figure 190. Spider silk production
• Figure 191. Stora Enso lignin battery materials
• Figure 192. 2 wt.% CNF suspension
• Figure 193. BiNFi-s Dry Powder
• Figure 194. BiNFi-s Dry Powder and Propylene (PP) Complex Pellet
• Figure 195. Silk nanofiber (right) and cocoon of raw material
• Figure 196. Sulapac cosmetics containers
• Figure 197. Sulzer equipment for PLA polymerization processing
• Figure 198. Solid Novolac Type lignin modified phenolic resins
• Figure 199. Teijin bioplastic film for door handles
• Figure 200. Corbion FDCA production process
• Figure 201. Comparison of weight reduction effect using CNF
• Figure 202. CNF resin products
• Figure 203. UPM biorefinery process
• Figure 204. Vegea production process
• Figure 205. The Proesa® Process
• Figure 206. Goldilocks process and applications
• Figure 207. Visolis' Hybrid Bio-Thermocatalytic Process
• Figure 208. HefCel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test
• Figure 209. Worn Again products
• Figure 210. Zelfo Technology GmbH CNF production process
• Figure 211. Carbon emissions by sector
• Figure 212. Overview of CCUS market
• Figure 213. Pathways for CO2 use
• Figure 214. Regional capacity share 2022-2030
• Figure 215. Global investment in carbon capture 2010-2022, millions USD
• Figure 216. Carbon Capture, Utilization, & Storage (CCUS) Market Map
• Figure 217. CCS deployment projects, historical and to 2035
• Figure 218. Existing and planned CCS projects
• Figure 219. CCUS Value Chain
• Figure 220. Schematic of CCUS process
• Figure 221. Pathways for CO2 utilization and removal
• Figure 222. A pre-combustion capture system
• Figure 223. Carbon dioxide utilization and removal cycle
• Figure 224. Various pathways for CO2 utilization
• Figure 225. Example of underground carbon dioxide storage
• Figure 226. CO2 non-conversion and conversion technology, advantages and disadvantages
• Figure 227. Applications for CO2
• Figure 228. Cost to capture one metric ton of carbon, by sector
• Figure 229. Life cycle of CO2-derived products and services
• Figure 230. Co2 utilization pathways and products
• Figure 231. Plasma technology configurations and their advantages and disadvantages for CO2 conversion
• Figure 232. LanzaTech gas-fermentation process
• Figure 233. Schematic of biological CO2 conversion into e-fuels
• Figure 234. Econic catalyst systems
• Figure 235. Mineral carbonation processes
• Figure 236. Conversion of CO2 into chemicals and fuels via different pathways
• Figure 237. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived polymeric materials
• Figure 238. Dioxycle modular electrolyzer
• Figure 239. O12 Reactor
• Figure 240. Sunglasses with lenses made from CO2-derived materials
• Figure 241. CO2 made car part