The Global Market for Biobased and Biodegradable Plastics (Bioplastics) to 2033

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

• 1.1. Market drivers and trends in Biobased and Biodegradable Plastics (Bioplastics)
• 1.2. Global production to 2033
• 1.3. Main producers and global production capacities
  • 1.3.1. Producers
  • 1.3.2. By biobased and biodegradable plastics type
  • 1.3.3. By region
• 1.4. Global demand for Biobased and Biodegradable Plastics (Bioplastics), by market
• 1.5. Challenges for the Biobased and Biodegradable Plastics (Bioplastics) market

2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3. THE GLOBAL PLASTICS MARKET

• 3.1. Global production of plastics
• 3.2. The importance of plastic
• 3.3. Issues with plastics use
• 3.4. Policy and regulations
• 3.5. The circular economy
• 3.6. Conventional polymer materials used in packaging
  • 3.6.1. Polyolefins: Polypropylene and polyethylene
  • 3.6.2. PET and other polyester polymers
  • 3.6.3. Renewable and bio-based polymers for packaging
• 3.7. Comparison of synthetic fossil-based and bio-based polymers
• 3.8. End-of-life treatment of bioplastics

4. BIO-BASED CHEMICALS AND FEEDSTOCKS

• 4.1. Types
• 4.2. Production capacities
• 4.3. Bio-based adipic acid
  • 4.3.1. Applications and production
• 4.4. 11-Aminoundecanoic acid (11-AA)
  • 4.4.1. Applications and production
• 4.5. 1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BDO)
  • 4.5.1. Applications and production
• 4.6. Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA)
  • 4.6.1. Applications and production
• 4.7. Epichlorohydrin (ECH)
  • 4.7.1. Applications and production
• 4.8. Ethylene
  • 4.8.1. Applications and production
• 4.9. Furfural
  • 4.9.1. Applications and production
• 4.10. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF)
  • 4.10.1. Applications and production
• 4.11. 5-Chloromethylfurfural (5-CMF)
  • 4.11.1. Applications and production
• 4.12. 2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid (2,5-FDCA)
  • 4.12.1. Applications and production
• 4.13. Furandicarboxylic methyl ester (FDME)
• 4.14. Isosorbide
  • 4.14.1. Applications and production
• 4.15. Itaconic acid
  • 4.15.1. Applications and production
• 4.16. 3-Hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP)
  • 4.16.1. Applications and production
• 4.17. 5 Hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF)
  • 4.17.1. Applications and production
• 4.18. Lactic acid (D-LA)
  • 4.18.1. Applications and production
• 4.19. Lactic acid - L-lactic acid (L-LA)
  • 4.19.1. Applications and production
• 4.20. Lactide
  • 4.20.1. Applications and production
• 4.21. Levoglucosenone
  • 4.21.1. Applications and production
• 4.22. Levulinic acid
  • 4.22.1. Applications and production
• 4.23. Monoethylene glycol (MEG)
  • 4.23.1. Applications and production
• 4.24. Monopropylene glycol (MPG)
  • 4.24.1. Applications and production
• 4.25. Muconic acid
  • 4.25.1. Applications and production
• 4.26. Bio-Naphtha
  • 4.26.1. Applications and production
  • 4.26.2. Production capacities
  • 4.26.3. Bio-naptha producers
• 4.27. Pentamethylene diisocyanate
  • 4.27.1. Applications and production
• 4.28. 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO)
  • 4.28.1. Applications and production
• 4.29. Sebacic acid
  • 4.29.1. Applications and production
• 4.30. Succinic acid (SA)
  • 4.30.1. Applications and production

5. BIOPLASTICS AND BIOPOLYMERS

• 5.1. Bio-based or renewable plastics
  • 5.1.1. Drop-in bio-based plastics
  • 5.1.2. Novel bio-based plastics
• 5.2. Biodegradable and compostable plastics
  • 5.2.1. Biodegradability
  • 5.2.2. Compostability
• 5.3. Advantages and disadvantages
• 5.4. Types of Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastics
• 5.5. Market leaders by biobased and/or biodegradable plastic types
• 5.6. Regional/country production capacities, by main types
  • 5.6.1. Bio-based Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production capacities, by country
  • 5.6.2. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production capacities, by country
  • 5.6.3. Bio-based polyamides (Bio-PA) production capacities, by country
  • 5.6.4. Bio-based Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production capacities, by country
  • 5.6.5. Bio-based Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT) production capacities, by country
  • 5.6.6. Bio-based Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) production capacities, by country
  • 5.6.7. Bio-based Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production capacities, by country
  • 5.6.8. Bio-based Polylactic acid (PLA) production capacities, by country
  • 5.6.9. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) production capacities, by country
  • 5.6.10. Starch blends production capacities, by country
• 5.7. SYNTHETIC BIO-BASED POLYMERS
  • 5.7.1. Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)
    • 5.7.1.1. Market analysis
    • 5.7.1.2. Production
    • 5.7.1.3. Producers and production capacities, current and planned
      • 5.7.1.3.1. Lactic acid producers and production capacities
      • 5.7.1.3.2. PLA producers and production capacities
      • 5.7.1.3.3. Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
  • 5.7.2. Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET)
    • 5.7.2.1. Market analysis
    • 5.7.2.2. Producers and production capacities
    • 5.7.2.3. Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
  • 5.7.3. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT)
    • 5.7.3.1. Market analysis
    • 5.7.3.2. Producers and production capacities
    • 5.7.3.3. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
  • 5.7.4. Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF)
    • 5.7.4.1. Market analysis
    • 5.7.4.2. Comparative properties to PET
    • 5.7.4.3. Producers and production capacities
      • 5.7.4.3.1. FDCA and PEF producers and production capacities
      • 5.7.4.3.2. Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
  • 5.7.5. Polyamides (Bio-PA)
    • 5.7.5.1. Market analysis
    • 5.7.5.2. Producers and production capacities
    • 5.7.5.3. Polyamides (Bio-PA) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
  • 5.7.6. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT)
    • 5.7.6.1. Market analysis
    • 5.7.6.2. Producers and production capacities
    • 5.7.6.3. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
  • 5.7.7. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers
    • 5.7.7.1. Market analysis
    • 5.7.7.2. Producers and production capacities
    • 5.7.7.3. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
  • 5.7.8. Polyethylene (Bio-PE)
    • 5.7.8.1. Market analysis
    • 5.7.8.2. Producers and production capacities
    • 5.7.8.3. Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
  • 5.7.9. Polypropylene (Bio-PP)
    • 5.7.9.1. Market analysis
    • 5.7.9.2. Producers and production capacities
    • 5.7.9.3. Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
• 5.8. NATURAL BIO-BASED POLYMERS
  • 5.8.1. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
    • 5.8.1.1. Technology description
    • 5.8.1.2. Types
      • 5.8.1.2.1. PHB
      • 5.8.1.2.2. PHBV
    • 5.8.1.3. Synthesis and production processes
    • 5.8.1.4. Market analysis
    • 5.8.1.5. Commercially available PHAs
    • 5.8.1.6. Markets for PHAs
      • 5.8.1.6.1. Packaging
      • 5.8.1.6.2. Cosmetics
        • 5.8.1.6.2.1. PHA microspheres
      • 5.8.1.6.3. Medical
        • 5.8.1.6.3.1. Tissue engineering
        • 5.8.1.6.3.2. Drug delivery
      • 5.8.1.6.4. Agriculture
        • 5.8.1.6.4.1. Mulch film
        • 5.8.1.6.4.2. Grow bags
    • 5.8.1.7. Producers and production capacities
    • 5.8.1.8. PHA production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
  • 5.8.2. Polysaccharides
    • 5.8.2.1. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)
      • 5.8.2.1.1. Market analysis
      • 5.8.2.1.2. Producers and production capacities
    • 5.8.2.2. Nanocellulose
      • 5.8.2.2.1. Cellulose nanocrystals
        • 5.8.2.2.1.1. Synthesis
        • 5.8.2.2.1.2. Properties
        • 5.8.2.2.1.3. Production
        • 5.8.2.2.1.4. Applications
        • 5.8.2.2.1.5. Market analysis
        • 5.8.2.2.1.6. Producers and production capacities
      • 5.8.2.2.2. Cellulose nanofibers
        • 5.8.2.2.2.1. Applications
        • 5.8.2.2.2.2. Market analysis
        • 5.8.2.2.2.3. Producers and production capacities
      • 5.8.2.2.3. Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)
        • 5.8.2.2.3.1. Production
        • 5.8.2.2.3.2. Applications
  • 5.8.3. Protein-based bioplastics
    • 5.8.3.1. Types, applications and producers
  • 5.8.4. Algal and fungal
    • 5.8.4.1. Algal
      • 5.8.4.1.1. Advantages
      • 5.8.4.1.2. Production
      • 5.8.4.1.3. Producers
    • 5.8.4.2. Mycelium
      • 5.8.4.2.1. Properties
      • 5.8.4.2.2. Applications
      • 5.8.4.2.3. Commercialization
  • 5.8.5. Chitosan
    • 5.8.5.1. Technology description
• 5.9. PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED AND SUSTAINABLE PLASTICS, BY REGION
  • 5.9.1. North America
  • 5.9.2. Europe
  • 5.9.3. Asia-Pacific
    • 5.9.3.1. China
    • 5.9.3.2. Japan
    • 5.9.3.3. Thailand
    • 5.9.3.4. Indonesia
  • 5.9.4. Latin America
• 5.10. MARKET SEGMENTATION OF BIOPLASTICS
  • 5.10.1. Packaging
    • 5.10.1.1. Processes for bioplastics in packaging
    • 5.10.1.2. Applications
    • 5.10.1.3. Flexible packaging
      • 5.10.1.3.1. Production volumes 2019-2033
    • 5.10.1.4. Rigid packaging
      • 5.10.1.4.1. Production volumes 2019-2033
  • 5.10.2. Consumer products
    • 5.10.2.1. Applications
  • 5.10.3. Automotive
    • 5.10.3.1. Applications
    • 5.10.3.2. Production capacities
  • 5.10.4. Building & construction
    • 5.10.4.1. Applications
    • 5.10.4.2. Production capacities
  • 5.10.5. Textiles
    • 5.10.5.1. Apparel
    • 5.10.5.2. Footwear
    • 5.10.5.3. Medical textiles
    • 5.10.5.4. Production capacities
  • 5.10.6. Electronics
    • 5.10.6.1. Applications
    • 5.10.6.2. Production capacities
  • 5.10.7. Agriculture and horticulture
    • 5.10.7.1. Production capacities

6. COMPANY PROFILES (340 companies)

7. REFERENCES

List of Tables

• Table 1. Market trends and drivers in biobased and biodegradable plastics (bioplastics)
• Table 2. Global production capacities of biobased and biodegradable plastics 2018-2033, in 1,000 tons
• Table 3. Global production capacities for biobased and biodegradable plastics (bioplastics), by producers
• Table 4. Global production capacities of biobased and biodegradable plastics (bioplastics) 2019-2033, by type, in 1,000 tons
• Table 5. Issues related to the use of plastics
• Table 6. Types of biobased and biodegradable plastics (bioplastics)
• Table 7. Comparison of synthetic fossil-based and bio-based polymers
• Table 8. List of Bio-based chemicals
• Table 9. Lactide applications
• Table 10. Biobased MEG producers capacities
• Table 11. Type of biodegradation
• Table 12. Advantages and disadvantages of biobased plastics compared to conventional plastics
• Table 13. Types of Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastics, applications
• Table 14. Market leader by Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastic types
• Table 15. Bioplastics regional production capacities, 1,000 tons, 2019-2033
• Table 16. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
• Table 17. Lactic acid producers and production capacities
• Table 18. PLA producers and production capacities
• Table 19. Planned PLA capacity expansions in China
• Table 20. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
• Table 21. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) producers and production capacities,
• Table 22. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
• Table 23. Production capacities of Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT), by leading producers
• Table 24. Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
• Table 25. PEF vs. PET
• Table 26. FDCA and PEF producers
• Table 27. Bio-based polyamides (Bio-PA) market analysis - manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
• Table 28. Leading Bio-PA producers production capacities
• Table 29. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
• Table 30. Leading PBAT producers, production capacities and brands
• Table 31. Bio-PBS market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
• Table 32. Leading PBS producers and production capacities
• Table 33. Bio-based Polyethylene (Bio-PE) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
• Table 34. Leading Bio-PE producers
• Table 35. Bio-PP market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
• Table 36. Leading Bio-PP producers and capacities
• Table 37.Types of PHAs and properties
• Table 38. Comparison of the physical properties of different PHAs with conventional petroleum-based polymers
• Table 39. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) extraction methods
• Table 40. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) market analysis
• Table 41. Commercially available PHAs
• Table 42. Markets and applications for PHAs
• Table 43. Applications, advantages and disadvantages of PHAs in packaging
• Table 44. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) producers
• Table 45. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
• Table 46. Leading MFC producers and capacities
• Table 47. Synthesis methods for cellulose nanocrystals (CNC)
• Table 48. CNC sources, size and yield
• Table 49. CNC properties
• Table 50. Mechanical properties of CNC and other reinforcement materials
• Table 51. Applications of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC)
• Table 52. Cellulose nanocrystals analysis
• Table 53: Cellulose nanocrystal production capacities and production process, by producer
• Table 54. Applications of cellulose nanofibers (CNF)
• Table 55. Cellulose nanofibers market analysis
• Table 56. CNF production capacities (by type, wet or dry) and production process, by producer, metric tonnes
• Table 57. Applications of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC)
• Table 58. Types of protein based-bioplastics, applications and companies
• Table 59. Types of algal and fungal based-bioplastics, applications and companies
• Table 60. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size
• Table 61. Companies developing algal-based bioplastics
• Table 62. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 63. Companies developing mycelium-based bioplastics
• Table 64. Overview of chitosan-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 65. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics in 2019-2033, by region, tons
• Table 66. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in North America
• Table 67. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Europe
• Table 68. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Asia-Pacific
• Table 69. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Latin America
• Table 70. Processes for bioplastics in packaging
• Table 71. Comparison of bioplastics' (PLA and PHAs) properties to other common polymers used in product packaging
• Table 72. Typical applications for bioplastics in flexible packaging
• Table 73. Typical applications for bioplastics in rigid packaging
• Table 74. Granbio Nanocellulose Processes
• Table 75. Lactips plastic pellets
• Table 76. Oji Holdings CNF products

List of Figures

• Figure 1. Total global production capacities for biobased and biodegradable plastics, all types, 000 tons
• Figure 2. Global production capacities of biobased and biodegradable plastics (bioplastics) 2018-2033, in 1,000 tons by biodegradable/non-biodegradable types
• Figure 3. Global production capacities of biobased and biodegradable plastics (bioplastics) in 2019-2033, by type, in 1,000 tons
• Figure 4. Global production capacities of biobased and biodegradable plastics (bioplastics) 2019-2033, by region, tonnes
• Figure 5. Current and future applications of biobased and biodegradable plastics (bioplastics)
• Figure 6. Global demand for biobased and biodegradable plastics (bioplastics) by end user market, 2021
• Figure 7. Global production capacities for biobased and biodegradable plastics (bioplastics) by end user market 2019-2033, tons
• Figure 8. Challenges for the biobased and biodegradable plastics (bioplastics) market
• Figure 9. Global plastics production 1950-2020, millions of tons
• Figure 10. The circular plastic economy
• Figure 11. Routes for synthesizing polymers from fossil-based and bio-based resources
• Figure 12. Bio-based chemicals and feedstocks production capacities, 2018-2033
• Figure 13. Overview of Toray process. Overview of process
• Figure 14. Production capacities for 11-Aminoundecanoic acid (11-AA)
• Figure 15. 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes)
• Figure 16. Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA) production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes)
• Figure 17. Epichlorohydrin production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes)
• Figure 18. Ethylene production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes)
• Figure 19. Potential industrial uses of 3-hydroxypropanoic acid
• Figure 20. L-lactic acid (L-LA) production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes)
• Figure 21. Lactide production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes)
• Figure 22. Bio-MEG production capacities, 2018-2033
• Figure 23. Bio-MPG production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes)
• Figure 24. Biobased naphtha production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes)
• Figure 25. Bio-naptha producers and production capacities
• Figure 26. 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO) production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes)
• Figure 27. Sebacic acid production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes)
• Figure 28. Coca-Cola PlantBottle®
• Figure 29. Interrelationship between conventional, bio-based and biodegradable plastics
• Figure 30. Bioplastics regional production capacities, 1,000 tons, 2019-2033
• Figure 31. Bio-based Polyethylene (Bio-PE), 1,000 tons, 2019-2033
• Figure 32. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production capacities, 1,000 tons, 2019-2033
• Figure 33. Bio-based polyamides (Bio-PA) production capacities, 1,000 tons, 2019-2033
• Figure 34. Bio-based Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production capacities, 1,000 tons, 2019-2033
• Figure 35. Bio-based Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT) production capacities, 1,000 tons, 2019-2033
• Figure 36. Bio-based Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) production capacities, 1,000 tons, 2019-2033
• Figure 37. Bio-based Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production capacities, 1,000 tons, 2019-2033
• Figure 38. Bio-based Polylactic acid (PLA) production capacities, 1,000 tons, 2019-2033
• Figure 39. PHA production capacities, 1,000 tons, 2019-2033
• Figure 40. Starch blends production capacities, 1,000 tons, 2019-2033
• Figure 41. Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
• Figure 42. Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
• Figure 43. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
• Figure 44. Production capacities of Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) to 2025
• Figure 45. Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
• Figure 46. Polyamides (Bio-PA) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
• Figure 47. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
• Figure 48. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
• Figure 49. Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
• Figure 50. Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
• Figure 51. PHA family
• Figure 52. PHA production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
• Figure 53. TEM image of cellulose nanocrystals
• Figure 54. CNC preparation
• Figure 55. Extracting CNC from trees
• Figure 56. CNC slurry
• Figure 57. CNF gel
• Figure 58. Bacterial nanocellulose shapes
• Figure 59. BLOOM masterbatch from Algix
• Figure 60. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam
• Figure 61. Commercial mycelium composite construction materials
• Figure 62. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics 2020
• Figure 63. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics 2025
• Figure 64. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics by end user market 2019-2033, 1,000 tons
• Figure 65. PHA bioplastics products
• Figure 66. Bioplastics for flexible packaging by bioplastic material type, 2019-2033 ('000 tonnes)
• Figure 67. Bioplastics for rigid packaging by bioplastic material type, 2019-2033 ('000 tonnes)
• Figure 68. Global bioplastic packaging by geographic market, 2023-2033 ('000 tonnes)
• Figure 69. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics in consumer products 2019-2033, in 1,000 tons
• Figure 70. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics in automotive 2019-2033, in 1,000 tons
• Figure 71. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics in building and construction 2019-2033, in 1,000 tons
• Figure 72. AlgiKicks sneaker, made with the Algiknit biopolymer gel
• Figure 73. Reebok's [REE]GROW running shoes
• Figure 74. Camper Runner K21
• Figure 75. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics in textiles 2019-2033, in 1,000 tons
• Figure 76. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics in electronics 2019-2033, in 1,000 tons
• Figure 77. Biodegradable mulch films
• Figure 78. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics in agriculture 2019-2033, in 1,000 tons
• Figure 79. Algiknit yarn
• Figure 80. Bio-PA rear bumper stay
• Figure 81. BIOLO e-commerce mailer bag made from PHA
• Figure 82. Reusable and recyclable foodservice cups, lids, and straws from Joinease Hong Kong Ltd., made with plant-based NuPlastiQ BioPolymer from BioLogiQ, Inc
• Figure 83. formicobio™ technology
• Figure 84. nanoforest-S
• Figure 85. nanoforest-PDP
• Figure 86. nanoforest-MB
• Figure 87. CuanSave film
• Figure 88. ELLEX products
• Figure 89. CNF-reinforced PP compounds
• Figure 90. Kirekira! toilet wipes
• Figure 91. Mushroom leather
• Figure 92. Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) composite with polyethylene (PE)
• Figure 93. PHA production process
• Figure 94. Cutlery samples (spoon, knife, fork) made of nano cellulose and biodegradable plastic composite materials
• Figure 95. Non-aqueous CNF dispersion "Senaf" (Photo shows 5% of plasticizer)
• Figure 96. CNF gel
• Figure 97. Block nanocellulose material
• Figure 98. CNF products developed by Hokuetsu
• Figure 99. Made of Air's HexChar panels
• Figure 100. TransLeather
• Figure 101. IPA synthesis method
• Figure 102. MOGU-Wave panels
• Figure 103. Reishi
• Figure 104. Nippon Paper Industries' adult diapers
• Figure 105. Compostable water pod
• Figure 106. CNF clear sheets
• Figure 107. Oji Holdings CNF polycarbonate product
• Figure 108. Manufacturing process for STARCEL
• Figure 109. Lyocell process
• Figure 110. Spider silk production
• Figure 111. Sulapac cosmetics containers
• Figure 112. Sulzer equipment for PLA polymerization processing
• Figure 113. Teijin bioplastic film for door handles
• Figure 114. Corbion FDCA production process
• Figure 115. traceless® hooks
• Figure 116. Visolis' Hybrid Bio-Thermocatalytic Process