Global Antiplatelet Market: Analysis By Drug Class, By Route of Administration, By Distribution Channel, By Region Size and Trends with Impact of COVID-19 and Forecast up to 2029

Description

List of Tables

Antiplatelet drugs prevent platelets from sticking together and decrease the body's ability to form blood clots. These medications are used to treat, and may help prevent, heart attack, abnormal heartbeat, and stroke. Aspirin is the most commonly used antiplatelet drug. They can also help relieve symptoms such as chest pain, poor circulation and shortness of breath. The global antiplatelet market value stood at US$3.53 billion in 2023, and is expected to reach US$4.50 billion by 2029.

The global antiplatelet market growth is driven by factors such as innovations in drug development, rising geriatric population, growing prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, and an increasing focus on preventive healthcare strategies. The growing number of individuals with a history of CVD contributes to sustained demand for antiplatelet drugs. As healthcare professionals strive to improve patient outcomes in cardiovascular care, the role of antiplatelet drugs remains pivotal in reducing the burden of thrombotic events. Moreover, growing adoption of antiplatelet drugs in emerging economies is further creating lucrative growth opportunities for the market. The market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 4.22% over the projected period of 2024-2029.

Market Segmentation Analysis:

By Drug Class: The report provides the bifurcation of the global antiplatelet market into three segments on the basis of drug class, namely, Adenosine Diphosphate Receptor Inhibitors, Irreversible Inhibitors Cyclooxygenase, and Other drug classes. The adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor inhibitors segment dominated the antiplatelet market in 2023, owing to well-established efficacy and safety profiles of ADP receptor inhibitors. In addition, potent antiplatelet effects make them a preferred choice for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, driving the demand for ADP receptor inhibitors. ADP receptor inhibitors are often prescribed in conjunction with COX inhibitors for dual antiplatelet therapy, especially following percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) or in patients with acute coronary syndrome.

By Route of Administration: The report provides the bifurcation of the global antiplatelet market into two segments on the basis of route of administration Oral and Injectable. Oral held the highest share in the market. The oral route of administration involves taking medications by mouth, typically in the form of tablets, capsules, liquids, or suspensions. Aspirin is one of the oldest and most widely used oral antiplatelet medications. The oral route is convenient for patients as it allows self-administration without the need for healthcare professionals or specialized equipment. On the other hand, the development of new oral therapies has expanded the options for antiplatelet treatment and increased the demand for oral administration, thus leading to an increase in demand. The injectable segment is anticipated to register the fastest growth over the forecast period due to increasing indications and approvals by regulatory agencies and advances in drug delivery systems to increase patient compliance.

By Distribution Channel: The global antiplatelet market can be divided into three segments, on the basis of distribution channel, namely, drug stores, hospital pharmacies, and online stores. Drug stores held the highest share of the market, as a result of easy accessibility and convenience, wide product range, reliable prescription fulfillment, patient consultation, and guidance services. These factors collectively contribute to the continued dominance of drug stores in the antiplatelet market. Drug stores are easily accessible to patients and provide convenient access to medications for patients with cardiovascular disease. Online segment is also expected to be the fastest-growing segment in the forecasted period. Online pharmacies provide convenient access to medications for patients with cardiovascular disease, especially for those who may have limited access to nearby pharmacies. Moreover, online stores may have a wider range of medications available, that may not be readily accessible at local retail pharmacies, which contributes to market growth.

By Region: The report provides insight into the global antiplatelet market based on regions namely, North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and Rest of World. North America is the largest region of global antiplatelet market, owing to aging population, increase in healthcare spending, presence of well-established healthcare infrastructure, existence of a sizable population suffering from cardiovascular diseases, well-established reimbursement policies and favorable healthcare regulations in countries like the US & Canada, and strong presence of major market players in the region. Also, North America is known for its strong scientific community, advanced research infrastructure, and early adoption of advanced medical technologies and procedures, fostering a conducive environment for the development of sophisticated & highly effective antiplatelet drugs.

Asia Pacific is the fastest growing region of global antiplatelet market as a result of rising prevalence of cardiovascular disorders, consistent positive outlook for cardiovascular care, large patient pool, growing geriatric population base, rapidly evolving healthcare industry, rising awareness about cardiac diseases, increasing medical tourism industry, implementation of government-funded insurance scheme and reimbursement scenario, and improvement in healthcare access in the region. China is the largest region of Asia Pacific antiplatelet market owing to rapidly growing patient population, country's robust economic growth, rapid expansion of healthcare infrastructure, increasing middle-class healthcare spending, growing number of domestic manufacturers & innovators in the medical device sector, increased awareness about cardiovascular health, and ongoing development of advanced medical training programs and centers of excellence in cardiology and cardiac surgery in the country.

Market Dynamics:

Growth Drivers: The global antiplatelet market has been rapidly growing over the past few years, due to factors such as increased incidence of cardiovascular diseases, rising healthcare expenditure, surging geriatric population, health-conscious consumers, increasing research and development activities, etc. Increased incidence of cardiovascular diseases is a significant driver of the global antiplatelet market, as both healthcare professionals and patients are becoming more cognizant of the risks associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD). According to CDC, about 1 in 20 adults age 20 and older have coronary artery disease (about 5%), and in 2022, 371,506 people were killed from coronary heart disease. Antiplatelet medications lower the occurrence of cardiovascular events such as heart attacks and strokes. They have been proven to be effective at preventing platelet aggregation and reducing the formation of blood clots in clinical trials and research studies. Thus, the heightened awareness encourages individuals at risk to seek medical advice, routine screenings and early detection, leading to increased diagnoses and subsequently a greater demand for antiplatelet drugs.

Challenges: However, the global antiplatelet market growth would be negatively impacted by various challenges such as, availability of a number of alternatives to antiplatelet drugs, regulatory and safety considerations, etc. The availability of a number of alternatives to antiplatelet drugs poses a significant challenge to the antiplatelet market. Antiplatelets, like aspirin or clopidogrel, prevent blood cells called platelets from clumping together to form a clot.

Trends: The global antiplatelet market is projected to grow at a fast pace during the forecasted period, due to enhancements in drug delivery systems, combination therapies, advancements in antiplatelet drugs, etc. Enhancements in drug delivery systems present significant opportunities for the global antiplatelet market by improving the efficacy, safety, and patient compliance of antiplatelet therapies. The combination of antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy is more effective than either treatment alone for the initial and long-term management of acute coronary syndromes in some cases. Thus, due to the growing preference of combination treatment, the demand for antiplatelet drugs is expected to increase during the forecast period.

Impact Analysis of COVID-19 and Way Forward:

The growth of global antiplatelet market witnessed mixed impact during the period 2019-2020, as with the healthcare system under pressure, there was an increased demand for Antiplatelet drugs to protect against associated incidences with COVID-19. There has been significant research on the potential benefits of antiplatelet therapy in COVID-19 patients. However, the pandemic has caused disruptions in global supply chains, leading to shortages of some antiplatelet drugs and increased costs for drug manufacturers. It made it more challenging for companies to produce and distribute antiplatelet medications, which as a result, reduced their revenue.

Competitive Landscape:

The global antiplatelet market is quite fragmented with the presence large number of local players' operation in different regions. Leading companies in the market include Astrazeneca, Sanofi, Bayer AG, Sun Pharmaceuticals, etc. which dominate due to their product portfolios, geographic reach, market initiatives, mergers and acquisitions, and significant investments. These companies are investing heavily in research and development to introduce new drugs. The key players of the market are:

AstraZeneca

Sanofi

Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd.

Bayer AG

Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.

Torrent Pharmaceuticals Ltd.

Lupin Ltd.

Cipla Limited

Baxter International Inc

Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited

Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Inc., USA

The global industry is competitive in nature, with various large multinationals and small and mid-sized companies competing in the industry. The development and launch of novel advanced drugs with improved efficiency and cost-effectiveness is among a key market strategy adopted by antiplatelet manufacturers. Also, there has been increasing number of successful clinical trials obtaining regulatory approvals from agencies like the FDA or EMA, positively contributing to market expansion, and entry of new advanced drugs into the market.

1. Executive Summary

2. Introduction

2.1 Antiplatelet: An Overview
- 2.1.1 Introduction to Antiplatelets
2.2 Antiplatelet Segmentation: An Overview
- 2.2.1 Antiplatelet Segmentation

3. Global Market Analysis

3.1 Global Antiplatelet Market: An Analysis
- 3.1.1 Global Antiplatelet Market: An Overview
- 3.1.2 Global Antiplatelet Market by Value
- 3.1.3 Global Antiplatelet Market by Drug Class (Adenosine Diphosphate Receptor Inhibitors, Irreversible Inhibitors Cyclooxygenase, and Other drug classes)
- 3.1.4 Global Antiplatelet Market by Route of Administration (Oral and Injectable)
- 3.1.5 Global Antiplatelet Market by Distribution Channel (Drug Stores, Hospital Pharmacies, and Online Stores)
- 3.1.6 Global Antiplatelet Market by Region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and Rest of the World)
3.2 Global Antiplatelet Market: Drug Class Analysis
- 3.2.1 Global Antiplatelet Market: Drug Class Overview
- 3.2.2 Global Adenosine Diphosphate Receptor Inhibitors Antiplatelet Market by Value
- 3.2.3 Global Irreversible Inhibitors Cyclooxygenase Antiplatelet Market by Value
- 3.2.4 Global Other Antiplatelet Drug Classes Market by Value
3.3 Global Antiplatelet Market: Route of Administration Analysis
- 3.3.1 Global Antiplatelet Market: Route of Administration Overview
- 3.3.2 Global Oral Antiplatelet Market by Value
- 3.3.3 Global Injectable Antiplatelet Market by Value
3.4 Global Antiplatelet Market: Distribution Channel Analysis
- 3.4.1 Global Antiplatelet Market: Distribution Channel Overview
- 3.4.2 Global Drug Stores Antiplatelet Antiplatelet Market by Value
- 3.4.3 Global Hospital Pharmacies Antiplatelet Market by Value
- 3.4.4 Global Online Stores Antiplatelet Market by Value

4. Regional Market Analysis

4.1 North America Antiplatelet Market: An Analysis
- 4.1.1 North America Antiplatelet Market: An Overview
- 4.1.2 North America Antiplatelet Market by Value
- 4.1.3 North America Antiplatelet Market by Drug Class (Adenosine Diphosphate Receptor Inhibitors, Irreversible Inhibitors Cyclooxygenase, and Other drug classes)
- 4.1.4 North America Antiplatelet Market by Route of Administration (Oral and Injectable)
- 4.1.5 North America Antiplatelet Market by Distribution Channel (Drug Stores, Hospital Pharmacies, and Online Stores)
- 4.1.6 North America Antiplatelet Market by Region (The US, Canada, and Mexico)
- 4.1.7 The US Antiplatelet Market by Value
- 4.1.8 Canada Antiplatelet Market by Value
- 4.1.9 Mexico Antiplatelet Market by Value
4.2 Europe Antiplatelet Market: An Analysis
- 4.2.1 Europe Antiplatelet Market: An Overview
- 4.2.2 Europe Antiplatelet Market by Value
- 4.2.3 Europe Antiplatelet Market by Drug Class (Adenosine Diphosphate Receptor Inhibitors, Irreversible Inhibitors Cyclooxygenase, and Other drug classes)
- 4.2.4 Europe Antiplatelet Market by Route of Administration (Oral and Injectable)
- 4.2.5 Europe Antiplatelet Market by Distribution Channel (Drug Stores, Hospital Pharmacies, and Online Stores)
- 4.2.6 Europe Antiplatelet Market by Region (Germany, UK France, Italy, and rest of Europe)
- 4.2.7 Germany Antiplatelet Market by Value
- 4.2.8 UK Antiplatelet Market by Value
- 4.2.9 France Antiplatelet Market by Value
- 4.2.10 Italy Antiplatelet Market by Value
- 4.2.11 Rest of Europe Antiplatelet Market by Value
4.3 Asia Pacific Antiplatelet Market: An Analysis
- 4.3.1 Asia Pacific Antiplatelet Market: An Overview
- 4.3.2 Asia Pacific Antiplatelet Market by Value
- 4.3.3 Asia Pacific Antiplatelet Market by Drug Class (Adenosine Diphosphate Receptor Inhibitors, Irreversible Inhibitors Cyclooxygenase, and Other drug classes)
- 4.3.4 Asia Pacific Antiplatelet Market by Route of Administration (Oral and Injectable)
- 4.3.5 Asia Pacific Antiplatelet Market by Distribution Channel (Drug Stores, Hospital Pharmacies, and Online Stores)
- 4.3.6 Asia Pacific Antiplatelet Market by Region (China, Japan, India, and rest of Asia Pacific)
- 4.3.7 China Antiplatelet Market by Value
- 4.3.8 Japan Antiplatelet Market by Value
- 4.3.7 India Antiplatelet Market by Value
- 4.3.8 Rest of Asia Pacific Antiplatelet Market by Value
4.4 Rest of the World Antiplatelet Market: An Analysis
- 4.4.1 Rest of the World Antiplatelet Market: An Overview
- 4.4.2 Rest of the World Antiplatelet Market by Value

5. Impact of COVID-19

5.1 Impact of COVID-19 on Global Antiplatelet Market
5.2 Post COVID-19 Impact on Global Antiplatelet Market

6. Market Dynamics

6.1 Growth Drivers
- 6.1.1 Increasing Incidence of Cardiovascular Diseases
- 6.1.2 Rise in Research and Development Activities
- 6.1.3 Rising Healthcare Expenditure
- 6.1.4 Rising Geriatric Population
- 6.1.5 Health-Conscious Consumers
6.2 Challenges
- 6.2.1 Availability of Alternative Therapies
- 6.2.2 Regulatory and Safety Considerations
- 6.2.3 Genetic Variability in Drug Response
6.3 Market Trends
- 6.3.1 Enhancements in Drug Delivery Systems
- 6.3.2 Combination Therapies
- 6.3.3 Advancements in Antiplatelet Drugs

7. Competitive Landscape

7.1 Global Antiplatelet Market: Competitive Landscape

8. Company Profiles

8.1 AstraZeneca
- 8.1.1 Business Overview
- 8.1.2 Operating Segments
- 8.1.3 Business Strategy
8.2 Sanofi
- 8.2.1 Business Overview
- 8.2.2 Operating Segments
- 8.2.3 Plavix Net Sales by Region
- 8.2.4 Business Strategy
8.3 Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd.
- 8.3.1 Business Overview
- 8.3.2 Operating Segments
- 8.3.3 Business Strategy
8.4 Bayer AG
- 8.4.1 Business Overview
- 8.4.2 Operating Segments
- 8.4.3 Business Strategy
8.5 Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
- 8.5.1 Business Overview
- 8.5.2 Reportable Segments
- 8.5.3 Business Strategy
8.6 Torrent Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
- 8.6.1 Business Overview
- 8.6.2 Operating Regions
8.7 Lupin Ltd.
- 8.7.1 Business Overview
- 8.7.2 Business Strategy
8.8 Cipla Limited
- 8.8.1 Business Overview
- 8.8.2 Operating Segments
- 8.8.3 Business Strategy
8.9 Baxter International Inc.
- 8.9.1 Business Overview
- 8.9.2 Operating Segments
- 8.9.3 Business Strategy
8.10 Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited
- 8.10.1 Business Overview
- 8.10.2 Revenue by Region
- 8.10.3 Business Strategy
8.11 Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Inc., USA
- 8.11.1 Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Inc., USA
- 8.11.2 Business Strategy

List of Figures

Figure 1: Antiplatelet Segmentation
Figure 2: Global Antiplatelet Market by Value; 2020-2023 (US$ Billion)
Figure 3: Global Antiplatelet Market by Value; 2024-2029 (US$ Billion)
Figure 4: Global Antiplatelet Market by Drug Class; 2023 (Percentage, %)
Figure 5: Global Antiplatelet Market by Route of Administration; 2023 (Percentage, %)
Figure 6: Global Antiplatelet Market by Distribution Channel; 2023 (Percentage, %)
Figure 7: Global Antiplatelet Market by Region; 2023 (Percentage, %)
Figure 8: Global Adenosine Diphosphate Receptor Inhibitors Antiplatelet Market by Value; 2020-2023 (US$ Billion)
Figure 9: Global Adenosine Diphosphate Receptor Inhibitors Antiplatelet Market by Value; 2024-2029 (US$ Billion)
Figure 10: Global Irreversible Inhibitors Cyclooxygenase Antiplatelet Market by Value; 2020-2023 (US$ Billion)
Figure 11: Global Irreversible Inhibitors Cyclooxygenase Antiplatelet Market by Value; 2024-2029 (US$ Billion)
Figure 12: Global Other Antiplatelet Drug Classes Market by Value; 2020-2023 (US$ Million)
Figure 13: Global Other Antiplatelet Drug Classes Market by Value; 2024-2029 (US$ Million)
Figure 14: Global Oral Antiplatelet Market by Value; 2020-2023 (US$ Billion)
Figure 15: Global Oral Antiplatelet Market by Value; 2024-2029 (US$ Billion)
Figure 16: Global Injectable Antiplatelet Market by Value; 2020-2023 (US$ Million)
Figure 17: Global Injectable Antiplatelet Market by Value; 2024-2029 (US$ Million)
Figure 18: Global Drug Stores Antiplatelet Market by Value; 2020-2023 (US$ Billion)
Figure 19: Global Drug Stores Antiplatelet Market by Value; 2024-2029 (US$ Billion)
Figure 20: Global Hospital Pharmacies Antiplatelet Market by Value; 2020-2023 (US$ Billion)
Figure 21: Global Hospital Pharmacies Antiplatelet Market by Value; 2024-2029 (US$ Billion)
Figure 22: Global Online Stores Antiplatelet Market by Value; 2020-2023 (US$ Million)
Figure 23: Global Online Stores Antiplatelet Market by Value; 2024-2029 (US$ Million)
Figure 24: North America Antiplatelet Market by Value; 2020-2023 (US$ Billion)
Figure 25: North America Antiplatelet Market by Value; 2024-2029 (US$ Billion)
Figure 26: North America Antiplatelet Market by Drug Class; 2023 & 2029 (Percentage, %)
Figure 27: North America Antiplatelet Market Drug Class by Value; 2023 & 2029 (US$ Million)
Figure 28: North America Antiplatelet Market by Route of Administration; 2023 & 2029 (Percentage, %)
Figure 29: North America Antiplatelet Market Route of Administration by Value; 2023 & 2029 (US$ Million)
Figure 30: North America Antiplatelet Market by Distribution Channel; 2023 & 2029 (Percentage, %)
Figure 31: North America Antiplatelet Market Distribution Channel by Value; 2023 & 2029 (US$ Million)
Figure 32: North America Antiplatelet Market by Region; 2023 (Percentage, %)
Figure 33: The US Antiplatelet Market by Value; 2020-2023 (US$ Billion)
Figure 34: The US Antiplatelet Market by Value; 2024-2029 (US$ Billion)
Figure 35: Canada Antiplatelet Market by Value; 2020-2023 (US$ Million)
Figure 36: Canada Antiplatelet Market by Value; 2024-2029 (US$ Million)
Figure 37: Mexico Antiplatelet Market by Value; 2020-2023 (US$ Million)
Figure 38: Mexico Antiplatelet Market by Value; 2024-2029 (US$ Million)
Figure 39: Europe Antiplatelet Market by Value; 2020-2023 (US$ Billion)
Figure 40: Europe Antiplatelet Market by Value; 2024-2029 (US$ Billion)
Figure 41: Europe Antiplatelet Market by Drug Class; 2023 & 2029 (Percentage, %)
Figure 42: Europe Antiplatelet Market Drug Class by Value; 2023 & 2029 (US$ Million)
Figure 43: Europe Antiplatelet Market by Route of Administration; 2023 & 2029 (Percentage, %)
Figure 44: Europe Antiplatelet Market Route of Administration by Value; 2023 & 2029 (US$ Million)
Figure 45: Europe Antiplatelet Market by Distribution Channel; 2023 & 2029 (Percentage, %)
Figure 46: Europe Antiplatelet Market Distribution Channel by Value; 2023 & 2029 (US$ Million)
Figure 47: Europe Antiplatelet Market by Region; 2023 (Percentage, %)
Figure 48: Germany Antiplatelet Market by Value; 2020-2023 (US$ Million)
Figure 49: Germany Antiplatelet Market by Value; 2024-2029 (US$ Million)
Figure 50: UK Antiplatelet Market by Value; 2020-2023 (US$ Million)
Figure 51: UK Antiplatelet Market by Value; 2024-2029 (US$ Million)
Figure 52: France Antiplatelet Market by Value; 2020-2023 (US$ Million)
Figure 53: France Antiplatelet Market by Value; 2024-2029 (US$ Million)
Figure 54: Italy Antiplatelet Market by Value; 2020-2023 (US$ Million)
Figure 55: Italy Antiplatelet Market by Value; 2024-2029 (US$ Million)
Figure 56: Rest of Europe Antiplatelet Market by Value; 2020-2023 (US$ Million)
Figure 57: Rest of Europe Antiplatelet Market by Value; 2024-2029 (US$ Million)
Figure 58: Asia Pacific Antiplatelet Market by Value; 2020-2023 (US$ Billion)
Figure 59: Asia Pacific Antiplatelet Market by Value; 2024-2029 (US$ Billion)
Figure 60: Asia Pacific Antiplatelet Market by Drug Class; 2023 & 2029 (Percentage, %)
Figure 61: Asia Pacific Antiplatelet Market Drug Class by Value; 2023 & 2029 (US$ Million)
Figure 62: Asia Pacific Antiplatelet Market by Route of Administration; 2023 & 2029 (Percentage, %)
Figure 63: Asia Pacific Antiplatelet Market Route of Administration by Value; 2023 & 2029 (US$ Million)
Figure 64: Asia Pacific Antiplatelet Market by Distribution Channel; 2023 & 2029 (Percentage, %)
Figure 65: Asia Pacific Antiplatelet Market Distribution Channel by Value; 2023 & 2029 (US$ Million)
Figure 66: Asia Pacific Antiplatelet Market by Region; 2023 (Percentage, %)
Figure 67: China Antiplatelet Market by Value; 2020-2023 (US$ Million)
Figure 68: China Antiplatelet Market by Value; 2024-2029 (US$ Million)
Figure 69: Japan Antiplatelet Market by Value; 2020-2023 (US$ Million)
Figure 70: Japan Antiplatelet Market by Value; 2024-2029 (US$ Million)
Figure 71: India Antiplatelet Market by Value; 2020-2023 (US$ Million)
Figure 72: India Antiplatelet Market by Value; 2024-2029 (US$ Million)
Figure 73: Rest of Asia Pacific Antiplatelet Market by Value; 2020-2023 (US$ Million)
Figure 74: Rest of Asia Pacific Antiplatelet Market by Value; 2024-2029 (US$ Million)
Figure 75: Rest of the World Antiplatelet Market by Value; 2020-2023 (US$ Million)
Figure 76: Rest of the World Antiplatelet Market by Value; 2024-2029 (US$ Billion)
Figure 77: Global Healthcare Expenditure as a Share of GDP; 2022-2029 (Percentage, %)
Figure 78: Global Percentage Of Population Aged 65 Years Or Over; 2022, 2030 & 2050 (Percentage, %)
Figure 79: AstraZeneca Revenue by Region; 2023 (Percentage, %)
Figure 80: AstraZeneca's Brilinta Revenue by Region; 2023 (Percentage, %)
Figure 81: Sanofi Net Sales by Segments; 2023 (Percentage, %)
Figure 82: Sanofi Plavix Net Sales by Region; 2023 (Percentage, %)
Figure 83: Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd. Revenue by Segments; 2023 (Percentage, %)
Figure 84: Bayer AG Net Sales by Segment; 2023 (Percentage,%)
Figure 85: Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. Revenue by Segments; 2024 (Percentage,%)
Figure 86: Torrent Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Revenues by Regions; 2023 (Percentage,%)
Figure 87: Cipla Limited Revenue by Segments; 2024 (Percentage, %)
Figure 88: Baxter International Inc. Net Sales by Segments; 2023 (Percentage, %)
Figure 89: Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited Revenue by Region; 2023 (Percentage,%)