Charging Infrastructure for Heavy Commercial Vehicles in Europe and North America, 2nd Edition

Table of Contents

Table of Contents

List of Figures

Executive Summary

1. Commercial Vehicle Charging in Europe and North America

• 1.1. User segments
  • 1.1.1. Heavy commercial vehicles
  • 1.1.2. Buses
  • 1.1.3. Construction equipment
  • 1.1.4. Use cases
• 1.2. Electric commercial vehicle range
• 1.3. Electric commercial vehicle charging infrastructure in Europe
• 1.4. Electric commercial vehicle charging infrastructure in North America
• 1.5. The electric commercial vehicle market
  • 1.5.1. Vehicle types
  • 1.5.2. The electric commercial vehicle market in Europe
  • 1.5.3. The electric commercial vehicle market in North America
• 1.6. Charging strategies
  • 1.6.1. Depot charging
  • 1.6.2. Destination charging
  • 1.6.3. Opportunity charging
• 1.7. Market players
  • 1.7.1. Charge point operators (CPOs)
  • 1.7.2. Heavy commercial vehicle OEMs
  • 1.7.3. Hardware and software providers

2. Charging Technologies and Standards

• 2.1. Electric vehicle charging
  • 2.1.1. AC and DC
  • 2.1.2. Heat management
• 2.2. Battery capacity and charging time
• 2.3. Connector standards
  • 2.3.1. Type 1
  • 2.3.2. Type 2
  • 2.3.3. Combined Charging System (CCS)
  • 2.3.4. Megawatt Charging System (MCS)
  • 2.3.5. North American Charging Standard (Tesla)
  • 2.3.6. CHAdeMO
  • 2.3.7. GB/T
  • 2.3.8. Pantograph charging
  • 2.3.9. Overhead catenary charging
  • 2.3.10. Wireless charging
• 2.4. Connectivity and management software
  • 2.4.1. Cellular IoT gateways, routers and modems
  • 2.4.2. The Open Charge Point Protocol (OCPP)
  • 2.4.3. Charging station management software
• 2.5. Payment solutions
  • 2.5.1. Mobile payments and RFID tags
  • 2.5.2. ISO 15118
  • 2.5.3. Autocharge
  • 2.5.4. Payment terminals

3. Vehicle Manufacturers

• 3.1. BYD
• 3.2. Daimler Truck
  • 3.2.1. Detroit Diesel
  • 3.2.2. Freightliner
  • 3.2.3. Thomas Built Buses
  • 3.2.4. Rizon
  • 3.2.5. Mercedes-Benz Trucks
• 3.3. Einride
• 3.4. Farizon Auto (Geely)
• 3.5. Iveco Group
• 3.6. Lion Electric
• 3.7. Nikola Corporation
• 3.8. PACCAR
  • 3.8.1. Peterbilt
  • 3.8.2. Kenworth
  • 3.8.3. DAF
• 3.9. Quantron
• 3.10. Tesla
• 3.11. TRATON
  • 3.11.1. TRATON Charging Solutions
  • 3.11.2. Scania
  • 3.11.3. MAN Truck & Bus
  • 3.11.4. International Motors
• 3.12. Volta Trucks
• 3.13. Volvo Group
  • 3.13.1. Volvo Trucks
  • 3.13.2. Mack Trucks
  • 3.13.3. Renault Trucks
  • 3.13.4. Volvo Buses and Nova Bus
• 3.14. Windrose
• 3.15. Xos Trucks
• 3.16. Emerging actors

4. Charge Point Operators

• 4.1. Europe
  • 4.1.1. BP Pulse
  • 4.1.2. Circle K
  • 4.1.3. E.ON
  • 4.1.4. EnBW
  • 4.1.5. Enel X
  • 4.1.6. Engie Vianeo
  • 4.1.7. Fastned
  • 4.1.8. GOFAST
  • 4.1.9. Iberdrola
  • 4.1.10. Ionity
  • 4.1.11. Kople
  • 4.1.12. Milence
  • 4.1.13. Nimbnet
  • 4.1.14. Rifil
  • 4.1.15. Shell Recharge Solutions
  • 4.1.16. Uno-X Mobility
  • 4.1.17. Vattenfall
• 4.2. North America
  • 4.2.1. Blink Charging
  • 4.2.2. ChargePoint
  • 4.2.3. Electrify America
  • 4.2.4. EVgo
  • 4.2.5. Forum Mobility
  • 4.2.6. Greenlane
  • 4.2.7. Hydro-Quebec
  • 4.2.8. Terawatt Infrastructure
  • 4.2.9. WattEV
• 4.3. Additional CPOs

5. Hardware and Software Providers

• 5.1. Europe
  • 5.1.1. ABB E-mobility
  • 5.1.2. ADS-TEC Energy
  • 5.1.3. Alpitronic (Hypercharger)
  • 5.1.4. AMPECO
  • 5.1.5. Charge-V
  • 5.1.6. Circontrol
  • 5.1.7. Driivz
  • 5.1.8. E-Totem
  • 5.1.9. Efacec
  • 5.1.10. Ekoenergetyka
  • 5.1.11. EnerCharge (KEBA)
  • 5.1.12. Enersense
  • 5.1.13. Euroloop
  • 5.1.14. EVBox
  • 5.1.15. Evtec
  • 5.1.16. GreenFlux
  • 5.1.17. i-charging
  • 5.1.18. IES Synergy
  • 5.1.19. Ingeteam
  • 5.1.20. Kempower
  • 5.1.21. Kostad
  • 5.1.22. L-Charge
  • 5.1.23. Last Mile Solutions
  • 5.1.24. Legrand
  • 5.1.25. Optimile
  • 5.1.26. Power Electronics
  • 5.1.27. RetailSonar
  • 5.1.28. Siemens
  • 5.1.29. Tritium
  • 5.1.30. Twaice
  • 5.1.31. Virta
• 5.2. North America
  • 5.2.1. BorgWarner
  • 5.2.2. BTC POWER (E.ON)
  • 5.2.3. Camber
  • 5.2.4. Delta Electronics
  • 5.2.5. Detroit Diesel Corporation (Daimler Truck)
  • 5.2.6. EV Connect
  • 5.2.7. EverCharge
  • 5.2.8. EvGateway
  • 5.2.9. FreeWire Technologies
  • 5.2.10. Geotab
  • 5.2.11. InCharge Energy
  • 5.2.12. Noodoe
  • 5.2.13. SK Signet
  • 5.2.14. Tellus Power Green
• 5.3. Additional hardware and software providers

6. Early Use Cases

• 6.1. DFDS electrifies A-B routes together with Volvo Trucks
• 6.2. Tesla delivers 50 Tesla Semis to PepsiCo
• 6.3. MTAs road to electrify bus-traffic in New York City
• 6.4. Boliden deploys underground electric trucks for mining
• 6.5. ARC operates Scania electric refuse trucks in Copenhagen
• 6.6. Schneider adds close to 100 electric Freightliner eCascadia
• 6.7. DSV orders 300 electric Volvo trucks

7. Market Analysis and Trends

• 7.1. Market analysis
  • 7.1.1. Market forecasts
  • 7.1.2. Regional market analysis
  • 7.1.3. Government incentives and investments in Europe
  • 7.1.4. Government incentives and investments in North America
• 7.2. Value chain analysis
  • 7.2.1. DC charging hardware providers
  • 7.2.2. Software providers and charge point operators
  • 7.2.3. Commercial vehicle OEMs
  • 7.2.4. Mergers and acquisitions
• 7.3. Market drivers and barriers
  • 7.3.1. Drivers
  • 7.3.2. Barriers
• 7.4. Market trends
  • 7.4.1. Demand for public en route and destination charging to increase rapidly
  • 7.4.2. The electric commercial vehicle market continues to grow fast
  • 7.4.3. Open architectures alter the EV charging value chain
  • 7.4.4. A modular design improves the case for DC charging
  • 7.4.5. Electric Trucking-as-a-Service (TaaS) is an attractive model
  • 7.4.6. Battery buffered charging can solve grid connectivity issues
  • 7.4.7. New market entrants enrich the EV charging value chain
• List of Acronyms and Abbreviations

List of Figures

• Figure 1.1: The number of needed public and destination chargers for CVs (EU27+UK)
• Figure 1.2: Required public and destination chargers for CVs Class 4-8 (North America)
• Figure 1.3: Energy battery prices (2020-2030)
• Figure 1.4: Registered medium and heavy CVs by fuel type (Europe 2022)
• Figure 1.5: Total number of active N2 & N3 BEV trucks by country (EU27+EFTA+UK)
• Figure 1.6: Truck classes and examples of vehicles
• Figure 1.7: Registered medium and heavy CVs by fuel type (North America 2023)
• Figure 1.8: Total number of active Class 2B-8 BEV trucks (North America 2019-2023)
• Figure 2.1: Alternative Current (AC) and Direct Current (DC) charging
• Figure 2.2: Examples of battery capacity for different truck models
• Figure 2.3: Theoretical charging times for a 500 kWh battery
• Figure 2.4: Type 1 connector and socket
• Figure 2.5: Type 2 connector and socket
• Figure 2.6: CCS-1 and CCS-2 connectors and sockets
• Figure 2.7: Layout of the MCS connector
• Figure 2.8: NACS (Tesla) connector and plug
• Figure 2.9: CHAdeMO connector and socket and outline of the ChaoJi connector
• Figure 2.10: GB/T standard connectors and sockets for AC and DC charging
• Figure 2.11: Variants of pantograph charging
• Figure 2.12: Common features in cellular IoT gateways and routers
• Figure 2.13: Examples of routers used in EV charging applications
• Figure 2.14: Overview of a cluster configuration
• Figure 2.15: Example of a dashboard for management of charging operations
• Figure 2.16: Example of RFID card and tag
• Figure 2.17: Examples of payment terminals for EV charging stations
• Figure 3.1: Freightliner eCascadia
• Figure 3.2: Tesla Semi trucks
• Figure 3.3: Scania electric truck and ABB charging station
• Figure 3.4: Volvo FH Aero Electric
• Figure 3.5: List of emerging actors
• Figure 4.1: BP Pulse charging corridor for commercial vehicles
• Figure 4.2: Circle K charging station in Gothenburg
• Figure 4.3: EnBW truck charging park
• Figure 4.4: GOFAST commercial vehicle charging station
• Figure 4.5: EVgo chargers for heavy-duty appliances
• Figure 4.6: Greenlane truck charging station
• Figure 4.7: Terawatt Infrastructure charging station
• Figure 4.8: Additional CPOs
• Figure 5.1: The new A400 from ABB
• Figure 5.2: ADS-TEC Energy's ChargePost and ChargeBox options and dispenser
• Figure 5.3: The Hypercharger HYC400
• Figure 5.4: Sat 1500 MCS and Axon Side 360 from Ekoenergetyka
• Figure 5.5: The ECC400 and DCPillar450 from EnerCharge
• Figure 5.6: Troniq Modular from EVBox
• Figure 5.7: Kempower Station Charger and Mega Satellite with MCS connector
• Figure 5.8: Unity360 from Kostad
• Figure 5.9: Ecotap DC180 charger with a cable management solution
• Figure 5.10: The Tritium RT350
• Figure 5.11: Twaice battery health estimation and end-of-life prediction
• Figure 5.12: The Gen 4 All-in-One and Public Dispenser EV chargers
• Figure 5.13: Geotab's MyGeotab Fleet and Asset management platform
• Figure 5.14: Additional hardware and software providers
• Figure 6.1: DFDS electric trucks from Volvo Trucks
• Figure 6.2: Delivery of Tesla Semis to PepsiCo
• Figure 6.3: Nova Bus model LFSe+ for MTA in New York
• Figure 6.4: Volvo FH Electric in Boliden mine
• Figure 6.5: Scania Electric refuse truck in Copenhagen
• Figure 6.6: The Volvo FH Aero Electric
• Figure 7.1: Installed base and shipments of charging points (Europe 2023-2031)
• Figure 7.2: Connected charging points by technology (Europe 2023-2031)
• Figure 7.3: Installed base and shipments of charging points (North America 2023-2031)
• Figure 7.4: Connected charging points by technology (North America 2023-2031)
• Figure 7.5: Reduction targets for different vehicle types in Europe (2025-2040)
• Figure 7.6: Distance targets for electric truck and bus recharging stations
• Figure 7.7: Examples of charging infrastructure incentives in European countries
• Figure 7.8: Examples of subsidies aimed at electric CVs in the EU
• Figure 7.9: Estimated targets for recharging stations for electric commercial vehicles
• Figure 7.10: Geographical presence of the leading DC hardware providers
• Figure 7.11: Installed base of DC charging stations by vendor (Europe Q4-2024)
• Figure 7.12: Installed base of DC charging stations by vendor (North America Q4-2024)
• Figure 7.13: M&As related to heavy commercial vehicle charging (2021-2024)