EV Charging Infrastructure in Europe and North America - 4th Edition

Table of Contents

Table of Contents

List of Figures

Executive Summary

1. EV Charging in Europe and North America

• 1.1. The electric vehicle market
  • 1.1.1. Vehicle types
  • 1.1.2. The electric vehicle market in Europe
  • 1.1.3. The electric vehicle market in North America
• 1.2. EV charging infrastructure in Europe
• 1.3. EV charging infrastructure in North America
• 1.4. Market players
  • 1.4.1. Charge point operators (CPOs)
  • 1.4.2. E-mobility service providers (eMSPs)
  • 1.4.3. Hardware and software providers

2. Charging Technologies and Standards

• 2.1. Electric vehicle charging
  • 2.1.1. AC and DC
  • 2.1.2. Charging modes and levels
  • 2.1.3. Heat management
  • 2.1.4. Battery capacity and charging time
• 2.2. Connector Standards
  • 2.2.1. Type 1/SAE J1772
  • 2.2.2. North American Charging Standard (Tesla)/SAE J3400
  • 2.2.3. Type 2/IEC 62196
  • 2.2.4. Combined charging system (CCS)
  • 2.2.5. CHAdeMO
  • 2.2.6. GB/T
• 2.3. Connectivity and management software
  • 2.3.1. Cellular IoT gateways, routers and modems
  • 2.3.2. The open charge point protocol (OCPP)
  • 2.3.3. Charging station management software
• 2.4. Payment solutions
  • 2.4.1. Mobile payments and RFID tags
  • 2.4.2. ISO 15118 - Plug & Charge
  • 2.4.3. Autocharge
  • 2.4.4. Payment terminals

3. Charge Point Operators

• 3.1. Europe
  • 3.1.1. Allego
  • 3.1.2. Atlante
  • 3.1.3. Be Charge
  • 3.1.4. BP Pulse
  • 3.1.5. CEZ Group
  • 3.1.6. E.ON Group
  • 3.1.7. EnBW
  • 3.1.8. Eneco eMobility
  • 3.1.9. Enel X (Enel Group)
  • 3.1.10. Equans (Bouygues Group)
  • 3.1.11. ESB Group
  • 3.1.12. Fastned
  • 3.1.13. Freshmile
  • 3.1.14. Iberdrola Group
  • 3.1.15. InstaVolt
  • 3.1.16. Ionity
  • 3.1.17. Izivia (EDF)
  • 3.1.18. Jolt Energy
  • 3.1.19. Mer (Statkraft)
  • 3.1.20. Powerdot
  • 3.1.21. Recharge
  • 3.1.22. Shell Recharge Solutions
  • 3.1.23. TotalEnergies
  • 3.1.24. Vattenfall Group
• 3.2. North America
  • 3.2.1. Blink Charging
  • 3.2.2. Electrify America
  • 3.2.3. Electrify Canada
  • 3.2.4. EVgo
  • 3.2.5. Francis Energy
  • 3.2.6. Hydro-Quebec
  • 3.2.7. It's Electric
  • 3.2.8. Tesla
  • 3.2.9. Voltpost
  • 3.2.10. ZEF Energy

4. Hardware and Software Providers

• 4.1. Europe
  • 4.1.1. ABB
  • 4.1.2. ADS-TEC Energy
  • 4.1.3. Alfen
  • 4.1.4. Alpitronic
  • 4.1.5. Amina Charging
  • 4.1.6. AMPECO
  • 4.1.7. Charge Amps
  • 4.1.8. Chargecloud
  • 4.1.9. ChargeNode
  • 4.1.10. Circontrol
  • 4.1.11. Compleo Charging Solutions
  • 4.1.12. CTEK
  • 4.1.13. DBT Group
  • 4.1.14. Driivz
  • 4.1.15. E-Totem
  • 4.1.16. Easee
  • 4.1.17. Eaton
  • 4.1.18. Efacec
  • 4.1.19. Ekoenergetyka
  • 4.1.20. Elli
  • 4.1.21. EnerCharge
  • 4.1.22. eNovates
  • 4.1.23. EO Charging
  • 4.1.24. EVBox (Engie)
  • 4.1.25. Evtec
  • 4.1.26. Garo
  • 4.1.27. Gnrgy
  • 4.1.28. GreenFlux
  • 4.1.29. Heidelberg Amperfied (Heidelberg Druckmaschinen)
  • 4.1.30. I-charging
  • 4.1.31. IES Synergy
  • 4.1.32. Ingeteam
  • 4.1.33. Juice Technology
  • 4.1.34. KEBA
  • 4.1.35. Kempower
  • 4.1.36. Kostad
  • 4.1.37. L-Charge
  • 4.1.38. Landis+Gyr
  • 4.1.39. Last Mile Solutions
  • 4.1.40. Legrand
  • 4.1.41. Mennekes Group
  • 4.1.42. Ohme
  • 4.1.43. Pod Point (EDF)
  • 4.1.44. Rolec Services
  • 4.1.45. Schneider Electric
  • 4.1.46. Siemens
  • 4.1.47. Smartlab
  • 4.1.48. Teltonika
  • 4.1.49. Tritium
  • 4.1.50. Virta
  • 4.1.51. Wallbox
  • 4.1.52. Wirelane
  • 4.1.53. Zaptec
• 4.2. North America
  • 4.2.1. Ampure
  • 4.2.2. BorgWarner
  • 4.2.3. BTC Power (E.ON)
  • 4.2.4. ChargePoint
  • 4.2.5. Dcbel Energy
  • 4.2.6. Delta Electronics
  • 4.2.7. Elmec
  • 4.2.8. Enphase Energy
  • 4.2.9. EV Connect
  • 4.2.10. EvoCharge (Phillips & Temro)
  • 4.2.11. EVPassport
  • 4.2.12. Flo
  • 4.2.13. FreeWire Technologies
  • 4.2.14. InductEV
  • 4.2.15. SK Signet
• 4.3. Additional hardware vendors

5. Market Analysis and Trends

• 5.1. Market analysis
  • 5.1.1. Market forecast
  • 5.1.2. Regional market analysis
  • 5.1.3. Government incentives and investments
• 5.2. Value chain analysis
  • 5.2.1. EV charging hardware vendors
  • 5.2.2. Software providers and charge point operators
  • 5.2.3. Automotive industry players
  • 5.2.4. Mergers and acquisitions
• 5.3. Market trends
  • 5.3.1. The electric vehicle market continues to grow in spite of market uncertainty
  • 5.3.2. The business case for connected charging stations continues to improve
  • 5.3.3. M&As drive consolidation in the EV charging landscape
  • 5.3.4. Going public gives access to growth capital
  • 5.3.5. Demand for public and destination charging to increase rapidly in Europe
  • 5.3.6. Open architectures alter the EV charging value chain
  • 5.3.7. A modular design improves the case for DC charging
  • 5.3.8. Car OEMs offer branded eMSP services to lower barriers to EV adoption
  • 5.3.9. Fast charging gains presence also in more urban locations
  • 5.3.10. Heavy commercial vehicle charging emerges as a new segment
  • 5.3.11. New EV charging concepts using existing electrical installations in cities
• List of Acronyms and Abbreviations

List of Figures

• Figure 1.1: EV fleet and new registrations (EU+EFTA+UK 2022/2023)
• Figure 1.2: BEV fleet and new registrations (EU+EFTA+UK 2022/2023)
• Figure 1.3: PHEV fleet and new registrations (EU+EFTA+UK 2022/2023)
• Figure 1.4: EV fleet and new registrations (North America 2022/2023)
• Figure 1.5: BEV fleet and new registrations (North America 2022/2023)
• Figure 1.6: PHEV fleet and new registrations (North America 2022/2023)
• Figure 1.7: Public AC charging points (EU+EFTA+UK 2023)
• Figure 1.8: Public DC charging points (EU+EFTA+UK 2023)
• Figure 1.9: BEVs per public AC and DC charging points (EU+EFTA+UK 2023)
• Figure 1.10: AC and DC charging points (North America 2023)
• Figure 1.11: Electric vehicles per normal and fast charging points (North America 2022)
• Figure 2.1: Charging using alternating current and direct current
• Figure 2.2: Charging modes
• Figure 2.3: Charging levels
• Figure 2.4: Examples of battery capacity for different car models
• Figure 2.5: Theoretical charging duration for a 90-kWh battery
• Figure 2.6: Connector standards by geographical region
• Figure 2.7: Approximate layout of the new MCS and ChaoJi connectors
• Figure 2.8: Common features in cellular IoT gateways and routers
• Figure 2.9: Examples of routers used in EV charging applications
• Figure 2.10: Overview of a cluster configuration
• Figure 2.11: Example of a dashboard for management of charging operations
• Figure 2.12: Example of RFID card and tag
• Figure 2.13: Examples of payment terminals for EV charging stations
• Figure 3.1: An Allego fast charging location
• Figure 3.2: Enel X Way's Juicebox
• Figure 3.3: A Fastned charging location
• Figure 3.4: An Ionity charging site
• Figure 3.5: Jolt's MerlinOne mobile charger and swap truck
• Figure 3.6: Shell Recharge Solutions' AC wallbox and Media charger
• Figure 3.7: The Blink Series 9 DC charging station and EQ 200 AC wallbox
• Figure 3.8: A Francis Energy charging station
• Figure 3.9: Tesla's Supercharger
• Figure 3.10: Tesla's Wall Connector
• Figure 3.11: Voltpost charging station
• Figure 4.1: The Terra AC wallbox and Terra 360 from ABB E-mobility
• Figure 4.2: ADS-TEC Energy's ChargePost and ChargeBox
• Figure 4.3: The Hypercharger HYC400
• Figure 4.4: The Amina S wallbox from Amina Charging
• Figure 4.5: The Raption Compact 160 charger
• Figure 4.6: Chargestorm Connected and Njord Go on a wall mount from CTEK
• Figure 4.7: The Driivz suite dashboard
• Figure 4.8: The Easee Charge Max wallbox
• Figure 4.9: The ECC400 and DCPillar450 from EnerCharge
• Figure 4.10: Troniq Modular and BusinessLine Double from EVBox
• Figure 4.11: Juice Booster 3 with connector and adapters
• Figure 4.12: KeContact P40 and M20 from KEBA
• Figure 4.13: Kempower Satellite and Station Charger
• Figure 4.14: Unity22 and Unity360 from Kostad
• Figure 4.15: The INCH Pro from Landis+Gyr EV solutions
• Figure 4.16: Ecotap's Homebox and DC180 chargers
• Figure 4.17: E-mobility Gateway and Amtron Compact from Mennekes
• Figure 4.18: Siemens VersiCharge wallbox
• Figure 4.19: Teltonika's TeltoCharge
• Figure 4.20: The Tritium RT50
• Figure 4.21: Quasar 2 from Wallbox
• Figure 4.22: Next and TurboDX from Ampure
• Figure 4.23: The Gen 4 All-in-One and Public Dispenser EV chargers
• Figure 4.24: ChargePoint Home and Express
• Figure 4.25: The Ara home energy station from Dcbel
• Figure 4.26: Flo Home X6 and Flo Ultra
• Figure 4.27: The FreeWire Boost Power Pro with integrated energy storage
• Figure 4.28: Additional hardware suppliers
• Figure 5.1: Installed base and shipments of charging points (Europe 2023-2028)
• Figure 5.2: Connected charging points by technology (Europe 2023-2028)
• Figure 5.3: Market value by segment (Europe 2023-2028)
• Figure 5.4: Installed base and shipments in major European markets (2023-2028)
• Figure 5.5: Installed base and shipments of charging points (North America 2023-2028)
• Figure 5.6: Connected charging points by technology (North America 2023-2028)
• Figure 5.7: Market value by segment (North America 2023-2028)
• Figure 5.8: Policies active in major electric vehicle countries in Europe (Q2-2024)
• Figure 5.9: Installed base of charging points by vendor (Europe Q2-2024)
• Figure 5.10: Installed base of DC charging stations by vendor (Europe Q2-2024)
• Figure 5.11: Installed base of charging points by vendor (North America Q2-2024)
• Figure 4.1: The Terra AC wallbox and Terra 360 from ABB E-mobility
• Figure 4.2: ADS-TEC Energy's ChargePost and ChargeBox
• Figure 4.3: The Hypercharger HYC400
• Figure 4.4: The Amina S wallbox from Amina Charging
• Figure 4.5: The Raption Compact 160 charger
• Figure 4.6: Chargestorm Connected and Njord Go on a wall mount from CTEK
• Figure 4.7: The Driivz suite dashboard
• Figure 4.8: The Easee Charge Max wallbox
• Figure 4.9: The ECC400 and DCPillar450 from EnerCharge
• Figure 4.10: Troniq Modular and BusinessLine Double from EVBox
• Figure 4.11: Juice Booster 3 with connector and adapters
• Figure 4.12: KeContact P40 and M20 from KEBA
• Figure 4.13: Kempower Satellite and Station Charger
• Figure 4.14: Unity22 and Unity360 from Kostad
• Figure 4.15: The INCH Pro from Landis+Gyr EV solutions
• Figure 4.16: Ecotap's Homebox and DC180 chargers
• Figure 4.17: E-mobility Gateway and Amtron Compact from Mennekes
• Figure 4.18: Siemens VersiCharge wallbox
• Figure 4.19: Teltonika's TeltoCharge
• Figure 4.20: The Tritium RT50
• Figure 4.21: Quasar 2 from Wallbox
• Figure 4.22: Next and TurboDX from Ampure
• Figure 4.23: The Gen 4 All-in-One and Public Dispenser EV chargers
• Figure 4.24: ChargePoint Home and Express
• Figure 4.25: The Ara home energy station from Dcbel
• Figure 4.26: Flo Home X6 and Flo Ultra
• Figure 4.27: The FreeWire Boost Power Pro with integrated energy storage
• Figure 4.28: Additional hardware suppliers
• Figure 5.1: Installed base and shipments of charging points (Europe 2023-2028)
• Figure 5.2: Connected charging points by technology (Europe 2023-2028)
• Figure 5.3: Market value by segment (Europe 2023-2028)
• Figure 5.4: Installed base and shipments in major European markets (2023-2028)
• Figure 5.5: Installed base and shipments of charging points (North America 2023-2028)
• Figure 5.6: Connected charging points by technology (North America 2023-2028)
• Figure 5.7: Market value by segment (North America 2023-2028)
• Figure 5.8: Policies active in major electric vehicle countries in Europe (Q2-2024)
• Figure 5.9: Installed base of charging points by vendor (Europe Q2-2024)
• Figure 5.10: Installed base of DC charging stations by vendor (Europe Q2-2024)
• Figure 5.11: Installed base of charging points by vendor (North America Q2-2024)
• Figure 5.12: Installed base of DC charging stations by vendor (North America Q2-2024)
• Figure 5.13: Connected charging points by software vendor (Europe Q2-2024)
• Figure 5.14: Connected charging points by software vendor (North America Q2-2024)
• Figure 5.15: Public charging networks (North America Q2-2024)
• Figure 5.16: Public DC charging networks (North America Q2-2024)
• Figure 5.17: M&As among companies active in EV charging (2017-2024)
• Figure 5.18: lPOs and listings via SPAC mergers (2014-2024)