Spatial Transcriptomics & Genomics Market - Global Outlook & Forecast 2025-2030

List of Tables

The global spatial transcriptomics and genomics market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 17.40% from 2024 to 2030.

MARKET TRENDS & DRIVERS

Increasing Use of Spatial Omics for Biomarker Identification

By enabling detailed mapping of molecular interactions within tissues, spatial omics offer a powerful approach to discovering novel biomarkers, advancing precision medicine, and improving therapeutic outcomes. With rapid technological advancements and a growing interest in personalized healthcare, the spatial transcriptomics and genomics market is positioned for substantial growth. As more researchers, pharmaceutical companies, and diagnostics firms adopt spatial omics for biomarker discovery, this emerging field will likely play a pivotal role in shaping the future of healthcare.

Emerging Potential of Spatial Genomic Analysis in Cancer Diagnosis

The emerging potential of spatial genomic analysis in cancer diagnosis represents a transformative development in the field of oncology, offering unprecedented precision in tumor profiling and personalized treatment strategies. This trend is poised to drive growth in the global spatial transcriptomics and genomics market, opening new avenues for innovation in diagnostics, biomarker discovery, and targeted therapy development. As the technology evolves and becomes more cost-effective, spatial genomics will likely play a central role in revolutionizing cancer diagnosis and treatment on a global scale.

Increasing Adoption of Spatial Genomics and Transcriptomics Technologies

With expanding applications in cancer research, neuroscience, precision medicine, and more, these technologies are revolutionizing how scientists understand biological processes. As AI and machine learning continue to enhance data analysis and as collaborations boost research capabilities, the market is expected to grow further. By addressing current challenges and building on technological advancements, spatial genomics, and transcriptomics are set to play an increasingly critical role in modern biomedical research and clinical practice, shaping the future of medicine.

Growth in Preference Toward Personalized Medicines

The preference for personalized medicine is a major driver of the global spatial transcriptomics and genomics market, highlighting the increasing need for highly specialized tools to analyze gene expression in spatial contexts. With advances in technology and a growing focus on individualized patient care, spatial techniques are poised to transform disease research, drug development, and clinical diagnostics. As spatial genomics becomes more accessible and its applications in personalized medicine expand, it will play a pivotal role in the future of healthcare, enabling treatments that are not only more effective but also more aligned with each patient's unique genetic and cellular landscape.

Rise in Prevalence of Genetic Disorders

The rising prevalence of genetic disorders has underscored the need for innovative diagnostic and therapeutic tools, which spatial transcriptomics and genomics are well-positioned to address. By providing a detailed spatial understanding of gene expression and genetic mutations within tissues, these technologies allow researchers to delve deeper into the cellular mechanics of genetic disorders. As the spatial transcriptomics and genomics market continues to grow, driven by technological advances and the need for precision in genetic disorder research, it holds the potential to revolutionize the diagnosis, treatment, and understanding of numerous genetic diseases, offering hope for improved patient outcomes and enhanced quality of life for individuals affected by genetic disorders.

SEGMENTATION INSIGHTS

INSIGHTS BY PRODUCT TYPE

The global spatial transcriptomics and genomics market by product type is segmented into consumables, instruments, and software. Consumables include reagents, kits, slides, and other laboratory supplies necessary for spatial transcriptomics and genomics workflows. These products are crucial for sample preparation, in situ hybridization, and imaging processes. The recurring nature of consumable usage ensures a steady revenue stream, making this segment the largest contributor to the spatial transcriptomics and genomics market. Innovations in consumables, such as high-sensitivity reagents and multiplexing kits, are driving demand. Furthermore, instruments consist of high-resolution imaging systems, sequencing platforms, and advanced microscopes used to capture spatial gene expression and genomic data. Technological advancements, including automated platforms and integrated systems, are boosting their adoption. While instruments represent a significant upfront investment, they are vital for enabling cutting-edge research and clinical applications, especially in oncology and neuroscience.

Segmentation by Product Type

Consumables
Instruments
Software

INSIGHTS BY TECHNOLOGY

The global spatial transcriptomics and genomics market can be segmented by technology into spatial transcriptomics and spatial genomics, each offering unique contributions to advancing biological research and clinical applications. Spatial transcriptomics involves mapping gene expression within tissues while preserving spatial context. This technology allows researchers to study the location-specific activity of genes, making it a crucial tool for understanding complex biological systems and diseases.

Key Features

High-resolution mapping of gene expression.
Integration with single-cell sequencing technologies for detailed cellular insights.
Broad applications in cancer research, neurobiology, developmental biology, and precision medicine.

Spatial genomics focuses on mapping the organization, interaction, and regulation of genetic material within the three-dimensional space of tissues and cells. It provides insights into chromosomal interactions, genome architecture, and their impact on gene expression.

Key Features

Visualization of genome structure and chromatin organization.
Identification of genomic interactions that influence cellular function.
Applications in understanding epigenetics, gene regulation, and chromosomal abnormalities.

INSIGHTS BY APPLICATION

The translational research application segment holds the most prominent share of the global spatial transcriptomics and genomics market in 2024. Translational research bridges the gap between basic science and clinical practice, and spatial transcriptomics and genomics are revolutionizing this domain. These technologies provide critical insights into gene expression patterns and genomic interactions within the spatial context of tissues, enabling a deeper understanding of disease mechanisms.

Key Contributions

Identifying biomarkers for early diagnosis and treatment monitoring.
Understanding the molecular and cellular heterogeneity of diseases like cancer, neurological disorders, and autoimmune conditions.
Advancing precision medicine by tailoring treatments to individual patient profiles.

Furthermore, both translational research and drug discovery & development segments represent pivotal applications driving the global spatial transcriptomics and genomics market. While translational research focuses on bridging laboratory findings to clinical practice, drug development emphasizes creating targeted therapies. The convergence of these applications positions spatial omics as a transformative force in advancing healthcare and medicine.

INSIGHTS BY END-USER

The global spatial transcriptomics and genomics market is witnessing significant growth due to its applications across various end-user segments. Each segment plays a pivotal role in advancing the adoption and development of these technologies, driving innovation in research and healthcare. The global spatial transcriptomics and genomics market by end-user is segmented into pharma & biotech companies, contract research organizations (CROs), and academic & research institutes. The pharma & biotech companies segment holds the most prominent market share in 2024. Pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies are at the forefront of adopting spatial transcriptomics and genomics technologies, leveraging their potential to revolutionize drug discovery, development, and personalized medicine. These companies, as key end-users, integrate spatially resolved omics data into their workflows to enhance their understanding of complex biological processes, improve drug efficacy, and streamline the development of targeted therapies. The global adoption of spatial transcriptomics and genomics in the pharma and biotech sectors underscores their critical role in shaping the future of medicine. These companies use the technology for various things, such as:

Enhance Drug Discovery: Spatial omics allow for precise identification of molecular targets and cellular interactions, accelerating the discovery of novel drugs.
Biomarker Identification: By analyzing spatial gene expression, companies can identify and validate biomarkers for disease diagnosis and therapy monitoring.
Personalized Medicine: Spatial technologies enable the development of targeted therapies tailored to individual patient's genetic and molecular profiles.

Key drivers for adoption in this segment include the rising demand for precision medicine, growing investments in R&D, and the need for advanced tools to study complex diseases like cancer and neurological disorders. Also, CROs are increasingly integrating spatial transcriptomics and genomics into their service offerings. These organizations provide research and analytical services to pharmaceutical, biotech, and academic clients.

GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS

The spatial transcriptomics and genomics market in North America is a hub of innovation and growth, propelled by advanced research capabilities, strong funding, and a focus on precision medicine. While challenges such as high costs and regulatory complexities remain, ongoing efforts to address these barriers and expand clinical applications position North America as a leader in this transformative field. With continued investment and collaboration, the region is set to unlock new frontiers in biomedical research and healthcare. Furthermore, the spatial transcriptomics and genomics market in Europe is a rapidly evolving landscape with significant potential to transform healthcare and research. Strong institutional support, technological innovation, and growing applications in precision medicine position Europe as a leader in this domain. Addressing challenges related to cost, regulation, and ethical concerns will be crucial for sustaining growth and ensuring the equitable adoption of these cutting-edge technologies across the continent.

The APAC spatial transcriptomics and genomics market is poised for substantial growth, driven by technological advancements, increasing healthcare needs, and supportive government policies. While challenges like high costs and regulatory hurdles persist, the region's focus on innovation, international collaborations, and emerging startups will drive market expansion. As APAC continues to invest in biotechnology and precision medicine, it is set to become a key player in shaping the future of spatial genomics globally.

The spatial transcriptomics and genomics market in Latin America is poised for growth, driven by advancements in precision medicine, increasing research funding, and emerging biotech ecosystems. However, challenges such as high costs, regulatory concerns, and disparities in healthcare access must be addressed for the market to fully realize its potential. By fostering public-private partnerships, expanding regional research initiatives, and investing in workforce training, Latin American countries can position themselves as leaders in the field of spatial genomics. With the right investments and strategies, spatial transcriptomics has the potential to transform the healthcare landscape in Latin America, improving disease diagnostics, treatment outcomes, and personalized care for the region's diverse populations. Furthermore, the spatial transcriptomics and genomics market in the Middle East & Africa is on the cusp of transformative growth. While the region faces challenges related to infrastructure, regulation, and costs, the increasing investments in healthcare and biotechnology, along with the growing demand for personalized medicine, create a conducive environment for the adoption of these technologies. With continued international collaboration and focus on training and education, the Middle East & Africa region has the potential to become a key player in the global market.

Segmentation by Geography

North America
- The U.S.
- Canada
Europe
- Germany
- The U.K.
- France
- Italy
- Spain
- Switzerland
- Netherlands
APAC
- China
- Japan
- South Korea
- India
- Australia
Latin America
- Brazil
- Mexico
- Argentina
- Colombia
Middle East & Africa
- Turkey
- South Africa
- Saudi Arabia
- UAE

VENDOR LANDSCAPE

The global spatial transcriptomics and genomics market is highly competitive, driven by rapid advancements in technology and increasing demand for precision medicine. This dynamic market is characterized by the presence of established players, emerging startups, and ongoing innovation aimed at addressing complex biological questions through spatially resolved omics techniques. The competition is fueled by the need for advanced tools and solutions to enhance research capabilities, accelerate drug discovery, and improve diagnostics.

Companies like 10x Genomics, Bio-techne, NanoString Technologies, and Illumina are major players in the global spatial transcriptomics and genomics market that have established strong footholds through innovative technologies and comprehensive product portfolios. These leaders focus on offering robust solutions like 10x Genomics' Visium platform and NanoString's GeoMx Digital Spatial Profiler, which provide high-resolution spatial mapping of gene expression. Furthermore, strategic acquisitions, such as 10x Genomics acquiring ReadCoor and Cartana, are common to expand capabilities in spatial genomics and transcriptomics. Also, numerous startups, such as Resolve Biosciences and Spatial Genomics, are entering the spatial transcriptomics and genomics market with disruptive technologies.

Key Company Profiles

10x Genomics
Bio-Techne
Illumina
NanoString (Bruker Spatial Biology)

Other Prominent Vendors

Akoya Biosciences
BioSpyder Technologies
Cantata Bio
Natera
RareCyte
Rebus Biosystems
Resolve Biosciences GmbH
S2 Genomics
Seven Bridges Genomics
Standard BioTools
Vizgen

KEY QUESTIONS ANSWERED:

1. How big is the global spatial transcriptomics and genomics market?

2. What is the growth rate of the global spatial transcriptomics and genomics market?

3. Who are the key players in the global spatial transcriptomics and genomics market?

4. What are the significant trends in the spatial transcriptomics and genomics market?

5. Which region dominates the global spatial transcriptomics and genomics market share?

Product Code: ARZ241204

1. SCOPE & COVERAGE

1.1. MARKET DEFINITION
- 1.1.1. INCLUSIONS
- 1.1.2. EXCLUSIONS
- 1.1.3. MARKET ESTIMATION CAVEATS
1.2. MARKET SEGMENT COVERAGE AND DEFINITION
- 1.2.1. MARKET SEGMENTATION BY PRODUCT TYPE
- 1.2.2. MARKET SEGMENTATION BY TECHNOLOGY
- 1.2.3. MARKET SEGMENTATION BY APPLICATION
- 1.2.4. MARKET SEGMENTATION BY END-USER
- 1.2.5. REGIONS & COUNTRIES COVERED
1.3. MARKET DERIVATION
- 1.3.1. BASE YEAR

2. PREMIUM INSIGHTS

2.1. OPPORTUNITY POCKETS
2.2. OVERVIEW

3. MARKET AT A GLANCE

4. INTRODUCTION

4.1. OVERVIEW

5. MARKET OPPORTUNITIES & TRENDS

5.1. INCREASING USE OF SPATIAL OMICS FOR BIOMARKER IDENTIFICATION
5.2. EMERGING POTENTIAL OF SPATIAL GENOMIC ANALYSIS IN CANCER DIAGNOSIS
5.3. NEW PRODUCT LAUNCHES & DEVELOPMENTS

6. MARKET GROWTH ENABLERS

6.1. INCREASING ADOPTION OF SPATIAL GENOMICS AND TRANSCRIPTOMICS TECHNOLOGIES
6.2. GROWTH IN PREFERENCE TOWARD PERSONALIZED MEDICINES
6.3. RISE IN PREVALENCE OF GENETIC DISORDERS

7. MARKET RESTRAINTS

7.1. HIGH CAPITAL INVESTMENTS
7.2. TECHNICAL COMPLEXITY AND DATA ANALYSIS
7.3. ETHICAL AND REGULATORY CONCERNS

8. MARKET LANDSCAPE

8.1. MARKET OVERVIEW
8.2. MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
8.3. FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS
- 8.3.1. THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS
- 8.3.2. BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS
- 8.3.3. BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS
- 8.3.4. THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES
- 8.3.5. COMPETITIVE RIVALRY

9. PRODUCT TYPE

9.1. MARKET SNAPSHOT & GROWTH ENGINE
9.2. MARKET OVERVIEW
9.3. CONSUMABLES
- 9.3.1. MARKET OVERVIEW
- 9.3.2. MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
- 9.3.3. MARKET BY GEOGRAPHY
9.4. INSTRUMENTS
- 9.4.1. MARKET OVERVIEW
- 9.4.2. MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
- 9.4.3. MARKET BY GEOGRAPHY
9.5. SOFTWARE
- 9.5.1. MARKET OVERVIEW
- 9.5.2. MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
- 9.5.3. MARKET BY GEOGRAPHY

10. TECHNOLOGY

10.1. MARKET SNAPSHOT & GROWTH ENGINE
10.2. MARKET OVERVIEW
10.3. SPATIAL TRANSCRIPTOMICS
- 10.3.1. MARKET OVERVIEW
- 10.3.2. MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
- 10.3.3. MARKET BY GEOGRAPHY
10.4. SPATIAL GENOMICS
- 10.4.1. MARKET OVERVIEW
- 10.4.2. MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
- 10.4.3. MARKET BY GEOGRAPHY

11. APPLICATION

11.1. MARKET SNAPSHOT & GROWTH ENGINE
11.2. MARKET OVERVIEW
11.3. TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH
- 11.3.1. MARKET OVERVIEW
- 11.3.2. MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
- 11.3.3. MARKET BY GEOGRAPHY
11.4. DRUG DISCOVERY & DEVELOPMENT
- 11.4.1. MARKET OVERVIEW
- 11.4.2. MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
- 11.4.3. MARKET BY GEOGRAPHY

12. END-USER

12.1. MARKET SNAPSHOT & GROWTH ENGINE
12.2. MARKET OVERVIEW
12.3. PHARMA & BIOTECH COMPANIES
- 12.3.1. MARKET OVERVIEW
- 12.3.2. MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
- 12.3.3. MARKET BY GEOGRAPHY
12.4. CROS
- 12.4.1. MARKET OVERVIEW
- 12.4.2. MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
- 12.4.3. MARKET BY GEOGRAPHY
12.5. ACADEMIC & RESEARCH INSTITUTES
- 12.5.1. MARKET OVERVIEW
- 12.5.2. MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
- 12.5.3. MARKET BY GEOGRAPHY

13. GEOGRAPHY

13.1. MARKET SNAPSHOT & GROWTH ENGINE
13.2. GEOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW

14. NORTH AMERICA

14.1. MARKET OVERVIEW
14.2. MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
- 14.2.1. PRODUCT TYPE
- 14.2.2. TECHNOLOGY
- 14.2.3. APPLICATION
- 14.2.4. END-USER
14.3. KEY COUNTRIES
14.4. US: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
14.5. CANADA: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST

15. EUROPE

15.1. MARKET OVERVIEW
15.2. MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
- 15.2.1. PRODUCT TYPE
- 15.2.2. TECHNOLOGY
- 15.2.3. APPLICATION
- 15.2.4. END-USER
15.3. KEY COUNTRIES
15.4. GERMANY: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
15.5. UK: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
15.6. FRANCE: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
15.7. ITALY: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
15.8. SPAIN: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
15.9. SWITZERLAND: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
15.10. NETHERLANDS: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST

16. APAC

16.1. MARKET OVERVIEW
16.2. MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
- 16.2.1. PRODUCT TYPE
- 16.2.2. TECHNOLOGY
- 16.2.3. APPLICATION
- 16.2.4. END-USER
16.3. KEY COUNTRIES
16.4. CHINA: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
16.5. JAPAN: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
16.6. SOUTH KOREA: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
16.7. INDIA: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
16.8. AUSTRALIA: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST

17. LATIN AMERICA

17.1. MARKET OVERVIEW
17.2. MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
- 17.2.1. PRODUCT TYPE
- 17.2.2. TECHNOLOGY
- 17.2.3. APPLICATION
- 17.2.4. END-USER
17.3. KEY COUNTRIES
17.4. BRAZIL: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
17.5. MEXICO: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
17.6. ARGENTINA: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
17.7. COLOMBIA: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST

18. MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA

18.1. MARKET OVERVIEW
18.2. MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
- 18.2.1. PRODUCT TYPE
- 18.2.2. TECHNOLOGY
- 18.2.3. APPLICATION
- 18.2.4. END-USER
18.3. KEY COUNTRIES
18.4. TURKEY: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
18.5. SOUTH AFRICA: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
18.6. SAUDI ARABIA: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
18.7. UAE: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST

19. COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE

19.1. COMPETITION OVERVIEW
19.2. MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS
- 19.2.1. 10X GENOMICS
- 19.2.2. BIO-TECHNE
- 19.2.3. ILLUMINA
- 19.2.4. NANOSTRING (A BRUKER COMPANY)

20. KEY COMPANY PROFILES

20.1. 10X GENOMICS
- 20.1.1. BUSINESS OVERVIEW
- 20.1.2. PRODUCT OFFERINGS
- 20.1.3. KEY STRATEGIES
- 20.1.4. KEY STRENGTHS
- 20.1.5. KEY OPPORTUNITIES
20.2. BIO-TECHNE
- 20.2.1. BUSINESS OVERVIEW
- 20.2.2. PRODUCT OFFERINGS
- 20.2.3. KEY STRATEGIES
- 20.2.4. KEY STRENGTHS
- 20.2.5. KEY OPPORTUNITIES
20.3. ILLUMINA
- 20.3.1. BUSINESS OVERVIEW
- 20.3.2. PRODUCT OFFERINGS
- 20.3.3. KEY STRATEGIES
- 20.3.4. KEY STRENGTHS
- 20.3.5. KEY OPPORTUNITIES
20.4. NANOSTRING (BRUKER SPATIAL BIOLOGY)
- 20.4.1. BUSINESS OVERVIEW
- 20.4.2. PRODUCT OFFERINGS
- 20.4.3. KEY STRATEGIES
- 20.4.4. KEY STRENGTHS
- 20.4.5. KEY OPPORTUNITIES

21. OTHER PROMINENT VENDORS

21.1. AKOYA BIOSCIENCES
- 21.1.1. BUSINESS OVERVIEW
- 21.1.2. PRODUCT OFFERINGS
21.2. BIOSPYDER TECHNOLOGIES
- 21.2.1. BUSINESS OVERVIEW
- 21.2.2. PRODUCT OFFERINGS
21.3. CANTATA BIO
- 21.3.1. BUSINESS OVERVIEW
- 21.3.2. PRODUCT OFFERINGS
21.4. NATERA
- 21.4.1. BUSINESS OVERVIEW
- 21.4.2. PRODUCT OFFERINGS
21.5. RARECYTE
- 21.5.1. BUSINESS OVERVIEW
- 21.5.2. PRODUCT OFFERINGS
21.6. REBUS BIOSYSTEMS
- 21.6.1. BUSINESS OVERVIEW
- 21.6.2. PRODUCT OFFERINGS
21.7. RESOLVE BIOSCIENCES GMBH
- 21.7.1. BUSINESS OVERVIEW
- 21.7.2. PRODUCT OFFERINGS
21.8. S2 GENOMICS
- 21.8.1. BUSINESS OVERVIEW
- 21.8.2. PRODUCT OFFERINGS
21.9. SEVEN BRIDGES GENOMICS
- 21.9.1. BUSINESS OVERVIEW
- 21.9.2. PRODUCT OFFERINGS
21.10. STANDARD BIO TOOLS
- 21.10.1. BUSINESS OVERVIEW
- 21.10.2. PRODUCT OFFERINGS
21.11. VIZGEN
- 21.11.1. BUSINESS OVERVIEW
- 21.11.2. PRODUCT OFFERINGS

22. REPORT SUMMARY

22.1. KEY TAKEAWAYS
22.2. STRATEGIC RECOMMENDATIONS

23. QUANTITATIVE SUMMARY

23.1. MARKET BY PRODUCT TYPE
- 23.1.1. NORTH AMERICA
- 23.1.2. EUROPE
- 23.1.3. APAC
- 23.1.4. LATIN AMERICA
- 23.1.5. MEA
23.2. MARKET BY TECHNOLOGY
- 23.2.1. NORTH AMERICA
- 23.2.2. EUROPE
- 23.2.3. APAC
- 23.2.4. LATIN AMERICA
- 23.2.5. MEA
23.3. MARKET BY APPLICATION
- 23.3.1. NORTH AMERICA
- 23.3.2. EUROPE
- 23.3.3. APAC
- 23.3.4. LATIN AMERICA
- 23.3.5. MEA
23.4. MARKET BY END-USER
- 23.4.1. NORTH AMERICA
- 23.4.2. EUROPE
- 23.4.3. APAC
- 23.4.4. LATIN AMERICA
- 23.4.5. MEA
23.5. MARKET BY GEOGRAPHY
- 23.5.1. CONSUMABLES
- 23.5.2. INSTRUMENT
- 23.5.3. SOFTWARE
- 23.5.4. SPATIAL TRANSCRIPTOMICS
- 23.5.5. SPATIAL GENOMICS
- 23.5.6. TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH
- 23.5.7. DRUG DISCOVERY & DEVELOPMENT
- 23.5.8. PHARMA & BIOTECH COMPANIES
- 23.5.9. CONTRACT RESEARCH ORGANIZATIONS (CROS)
- 23.5.10. ACADEMIC & RESEARCH INSTITUTES

24. APPENDIX

24.1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
24.2. RESEARCH PROCESS
24.3. REPORT ASSUMPTIONS & CAVEATS
- 24.3.1. KEY CAVEATS
- 24.3.2. CURRENCY CONVERSION
24.4. ABBREVIATIONS