Backscatter X-ray Devices Market, By Type, By Application, By Country, and By Region - Industry Analysis, Market Size, Market Share & Forecast from 2024-2032

Description

REPORT HIGHLIGHT

The Backscatter X-ray Devices Market size was valued at USD 150.32 million in 2023, expanding at a CAGR of 5.60% from 2024 to 2032.

Backscatter X-ray Devices represent sophisticated imaging technology that employs low-energy X-ray methods to generate high-resolution images of various objects, mainly for security screening and inspection applications. These systems are specifically engineered to identify hidden items, including weapons, explosives, narcotics, and other illegal goods, without requiring the unpacking or disassembly of the items under examination.

Backscatter X-ray Devices Market- Market Dynamics

The increasing necessity for enhanced security protocols at airports is expected to propel market growth. With the continuous rise in the number of air travelers, airports are confronted with the task of refining security processes while maintaining rigorous safety standards. Backscatter X-ray systems present a viable solution by expediting the screening process, thus minimizing wait times and improving passenger flow. According to the International Air Transport Association (IATA), global air traffic is anticipated to reach 4.4 billion passengers by 2025, marking a substantial increase compared to 2019. Furthermore, augmented investment in security solutions may create new opportunities within the market. Nevertheless, the substantial initial costs linked to these solutions could hinder market development.

Backscatter X-ray Devices Market- Key Insights

As per the analysis shared by our research analyst, the global market is estimated to grow annually at a CAGR of around 5.60% over the forecast period (2024-2032)

Based on Type segmentation, Non-handheld was predicted to show maximum market share in the year 2023

Based on Application segmentation, Customs, and border protection was the leading type in 2023

Based on region, Asia Pacific was the leading revenue generator in 2023

Backscatter X-ray Devices Market- Segmentation Analysis:

The Global Backscatter X-ray Devices Market is segmented based on Type, Application, and Region.

The market is classified into two categories according to type: Handheld and Non-handheld. The Non-handheld segment leads the market. Non-handheld backscatter X-ray devices utilize low-energy X-rays to penetrate various materials, producing images of hidden objects or contraband. These devices are frequently utilized in both fixed and mobile units, facilitating comprehensive inspections of luggage, vehicles, and packages.

The market is classified into five primary categories according to application: Customs and border protection, Law enforcement, Airports, Military and defense, and Critical infrastructure, among others. Customs and border protection hold a predominant position within the market. These devices are progressively employed for the inspection of goods, vehicles, and luggage at border crossings and customs checkpoints, aimed at identifying hidden contraband and ensuring adherence to security regulations.

Backscatter X-ray Devices Market- Geographical Insights

The market for backscatter X-ray devices is extensively distributed across several regions, including North America, Latin America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and the Middle East and Africa. These regions are further segmented by individual countries that contribute to market activity. The Asia Pacific region leads the market, primarily due to increasing investments in infrastructure and security. The rapid pace of urbanization and ongoing infrastructure projects in various Asia Pacific nations are propelling investments in security technologies. The establishment of new airports, transportation hubs, and public venues necessitates the implementation of advanced security solutions, such as backscatter X-ray devices. According to statistics from the National Bureau of Statistics of China, expenditures by inbound visitors to China reached 53.0 billion US dollars, while the number of outbound visits from China amounted to 100.96 million. Europe ranks as the second-largest region for market growth, driven by rising investments in public safety.

Backscatter X-ray Devices Market- Competitive Landscape:

The competitive landscape of the Backscatter X-ray Devices Market is marked by significant rivalry among major participants, fueled by technological innovations and a growing need for security measures in diverse sectors, notably in customs, border security, and transportation safety. Firms within this market are persistently allocating resources towards research and development to improve imaging capabilities, minimize radiation exposure, and incorporate sophisticated functionalities such as automated threat detection and artificial intelligence. Additionally, these companies are prioritizing the expansion of their market presence, particularly in emerging regions where the demand for security solutions is on the rise.

Recent Developments:

February 29, 2024, Autoclear, a prominent provider of x-ray and explosive trace detection security inspection systems, has nowadays announced the commercial introduction of AI Threat Assist, an advanced artificial intelligence (AI) driven tool designed to enhance threat detection capabilities. This innovative solution aids in the identification of hidden firearms, knives, and various concealed items during the inspection of backpacks, handbags, and other belongings utilizing Autoclear's x-ray security scanners.

SCOPE OF THE REPORT

The scope of this report covers the market by its major segments, which include as follows:

GLOBAL BACKSCATTER X-RAY DEVICES MARKET KEY PLAYERS- DETAILED COMPETITIVE INSIGHTS

Autoclear LLC
LAURUS Systems, Inc.
Nuctech Company Limited
Rapiscan Systems
Scanna MSC Ltd.
Smiths Detection
Tek8, Inc.
Teledyne Digital Imaging Inc.
Teledyne FLIR
Varex Imaging Corporation
Viken Detection
Others

GLOBAL BACKSCATTER X-RAY DEVICES MARKET, BY TYPE- MARKET ANALYSIS, 2019 - 2032

Handheld
Non-handheld

GLOBAL BACKSCATTER X-RAY DEVICES MARKET, BY APPLICATION- MARKET ANALYSIS, 2019 - 2032

Customs & border protection
Law enforcement
Airports
Military & Defense
Critical infrastructure
Others

GLOBAL BACKSCATTER X-RAY DEVICES MARKET, BY REGION- MARKET ANALYSIS, 2019 - 2032

North America
The U.S.
Canada
Europe
Germany
France
Italy
Spain
United Kingdom
Russia
Netherlands
Sweden
Poland
Rest of Europe
Asia Pacific
India
China
South Korea
Japan
Australia
Thailand
Indonesia
Philippines
Rest of APAC
Latin America
Brazil
Mexico
Argentina
Colombia
Rest of LATAM
The Middle East and Africa
Saudi Arabia
United Arab Emirates
Israel
Turkey
Algeria
Egypt
Rest of MEA

Product Code: ANV4189

1. Backscatter X-ray Devices Market Overview

1.1. Study Scope
1.2. Market Estimation Years

2. Executive Summary

2.1. Market Snippet
- 2.1.1. Backscatter X-ray Devices Market Snippet by Type
- 2.1.2. Backscatter X-ray Devices Market Snippet by Application
- 2.1.3. Backscatter X-ray Devices Market Snippet by Country
- 2.1.4. Backscatter X-ray Devices Market Snippet by Region
2.2. Competitive Insights

3. Backscatter X-ray Devices Key Market Trends

3.1. Backscatter X-ray Devices Market Drivers
- 3.1.1. Impact Analysis of Market Drivers
3.2. Backscatter X-ray Devices Market Restraints
- 3.2.1. Impact Analysis of Market Restraints
3.3. Backscatter X-ray Devices Market Opportunities
3.4. Backscatter X-ray Devices Market Future Trends

4. Backscatter X-ray Devices Industry Study

4.1. PEST Analysis
4.2. Porter's Five Forces Analysis
4.3. Growth Prospect Mapping
4.4. Regulatory Framework Analysis

5. Backscatter X-ray Devices Market: COVID-19 Impact Analysis

5.1. Pre-COVID-19 Impact Analysis
5.2. Post-COVID-19 Impact Analysis
- 5.2.1. Top Performing Segments
- 5.2.2. Marginal Growth Segments
- 5.2.3. Top Looser Segments
- 5.2.4. Marginal Loss Segments

6. Backscatter X-ray Devices Market Landscape

6.1. Backscatter X-ray Devices Market Share Analysis, 2022
6.2. Breakdown Data, by Key Manufacturer
- 6.2.1. Established Players' Analysis
- 6.2.2. Emerging Players' Analysis

7. Backscatter X-ray Devices Market - By Type

7.1. Overview
- 7.1.1. Segment Share Analysis, By Type, 2022 & 2030 (%)
- 7.1.2. Handheld
- 7.1.3. Non-handheld

8. Backscatter X-ray Devices Market - By Application

8.1. Overview
- 8.1.1. Segment Share Analysis, By Application, 2022 & 2030 (%)
- 8.1.2. Customs & border protection
- 8.1.3. Law enforcement
- 8.1.4. Airports
- 8.1.5. Military & defense
- 8.1.6. Critical infrastructure
- 8.1.7. Others

9. Backscatter X-ray Devices Market- By Geography

9.1. Introduction
- 9.1.1. Segment Share Analysis, By Geography, 2022 & 2030 (%)
9.2. North America
- 9.2.1. Overview
- 9.2.2. Backscatter X-ray Devices Key Manufacturers in North America
- 9.2.3. North America Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.2.4. North America Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.2.5. North America Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.2.6. U.S.
  - 9.2.6.1. Overview
  - 9.2.6.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
  - 9.2.6.3. U.S. Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
  - 9.2.6.4. U.S. Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.2.7. Canada
  - 9.2.7.1. Overview
  - 9.2.7.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
  - 9.2.7.3. Canada Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
  - 9.2.7.4. Canada Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.3. Europe
- 9.3.1. Overview
- 9.3.2. Backscatter X-ray Devices Key Manufacturers in Europe
- 9.3.3. Europe Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.4. Europe Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.5. Europe Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.6. Germany
  - 9.3.6.1. Overview
  - 9.3.6.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
  - 9.3.6.3. Germany Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
  - 9.3.6.4. Germany Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.7. Italy
  - 9.3.7.1. Overview
  - 9.3.7.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
  - 9.3.7.3. Italy Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
  - 9.3.7.4. Italy Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.8. United Kingdom
  - 9.3.8.1. Overview
  - 9.3.8.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
  - 9.3.8.3. United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
  - 9.3.8.4. United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.9. France
  - 9.3.9.1. Overview
  - 9.3.9.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
  - 9.3.9.3. France Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
  - 9.3.9.4. France Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.10. Russia
  - 9.3.10.1. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
  - 9.3.10.2. Russia Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
  - 9.3.10.3. Russia Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.11. Netherlands
  - 9.3.11.1. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
  - 9.3.11.2. Netherlands Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
  - 9.3.11.3. Netherlands Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.12. Sweden
  - 9.3.12.1. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
  - 9.3.12.2. Sweden Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
  - 9.3.12.3. Sweden Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.13. Poland
  - 9.3.13.1. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
  - 9.3.13.2. Poland Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
  - 9.3.13.3. Poland Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.14. Rest of Europe
  - 9.3.14.1. Overview
  - 9.3.14.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
  - 9.3.14.3. Rest of the Europe Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
  - 9.3.14.4. Rest of the Europe Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.4. Asia Pacific (APAC)
- 9.4.1. Overview
- 9.4.2. Backscatter X-ray Devices Key Manufacturers in Asia Pacific
- 9.4.3. Asia Pacific Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.4. Asia Pacific Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.5. Asia Pacific Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.6. India
  - 9.4.6.1. Overview
  - 9.4.6.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
  - 9.4.6.3. India Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
  - 9.4.6.4. India Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.7. China
  - 9.4.7.1. Overview
  - 9.4.7.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
  - 9.4.7.3. China Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
  - 9.4.7.4. China Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.8. Japan
  - 9.4.8.1. Overview
  - 9.4.8.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
  - 9.4.8.3. Japan Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
  - 9.4.8.4. Japan Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.9. South Korea
  - 9.4.9.1. Overview
  - 9.4.9.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
  - 9.4.9.3. South Korea Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
  - 9.4.9.4. South Korea Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.10. Australia
  - 9.4.10.1. Overview
  - 9.4.10.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
  - 9.4.10.3. Australia Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
  - 9.4.10.4. Australia Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.11. Thailand
  - 9.4.11.1. Overview
  - 9.4.11.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
  - 9.4.11.3. Thailand Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
  - 9.4.11.4. Thailand Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.12. Indonesia
  - 9.4.12.1. Overview
  - 9.4.12.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
  - 9.4.12.3. Indonesia Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
  - 9.4.12.4. Indonesia Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.13. Philippines
  - 9.4.13.1. Overview
  - 9.4.13.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
  - 9.4.13.3. Philippines Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
  - 9.4.13.4. Philippines Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.14. Rest of APAC
  - 9.4.14.1. Overview
  - 9.4.14.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
  - 9.4.14.3. Rest of APAC Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
  - 9.4.14.4. Rest of APAC Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.5. Latin America
- 9.5.1. Overview
- 9.5.2. Backscatter X-ray Devices Key Manufacturers in Latin America
- 9.5.3. Latin America Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.5.4. Latin America Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.5.5. Latin America Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.5.6. Brazil
  - 9.5.6.1. Overview
  - 9.5.6.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
  - 9.5.6.3. Brazil Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
  - 9.5.6.4. Brazil Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.5.7. Mexico
  - 9.5.7.1. Overview
  - 9.5.7.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
  - 9.5.7.3. Mexico Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
  - 9.5.7.4. Mexico Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.5.8. Argentina
  - 9.5.8.1. Overview
  - 9.5.8.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
  - 9.5.8.3. Argentina Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
  - 9.5.8.4. Argentina Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.5.9. Colombia
  - 9.5.9.1. Overview
  - 9.5.9.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
  - 9.5.9.3. Colombia Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
  - 9.5.9.4. Colombia Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.5.10. Rest of LATAM
  - 9.5.10.1. Overview
  - 9.5.10.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
  - 9.5.10.3. Rest of LATAM Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
  - 9.5.10.4. Rest of LATAM Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.6. Middle East and Africa
- 9.6.1. Overview
- 9.6.2. Backscatter X-ray Devices Key Manufacturers in Middle East and Africa
- 9.6.3. Middle East and Africa Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.6.4. Middle East and Africa Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.6.5. Middle East and Africa Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.6.6. Saudi Arabia
  - 9.6.6.1. Overview
  - 9.6.6.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
  - 9.6.6.3. Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
  - 9.6.6.4. Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.6.7. United Arab Emirates
  - 9.6.7.1. Overview
  - 9.6.7.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
  - 9.6.7.3. United Arab Emirates Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
  - 9.6.7.4. United Arab Emirates Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.6.8. Israel
  - 9.6.8.1. Overview
  - 9.6.8.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
  - 9.6.8.3. Israel Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
  - 9.6.8.4. Israel Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.6.9. Turkey
  - 9.6.9.1. Overview
  - 9.6.9.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
  - 9.6.9.3. Turkey Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
  - 9.6.9.4. Turkey Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.6.10. Algeria
  - 9.6.10.1. Overview
  - 9.6.10.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
  - 9.6.10.3. Algeria Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
  - 9.6.10.4. Algeria Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.6.11. Egypt
  - 9.6.11.1. Overview
  - 9.6.11.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
  - 9.6.11.3. Egypt Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
  - 9.6.11.4. Egypt Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.6.12. Rest of MEA
  - 9.6.12.1. Overview
  - 9.6.12.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
  - 9.6.12.3. Rest of MEA Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
  - 9.6.12.4. Rest of MEA Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)

10. Key Vendor Analysis- Backscatter X-ray Devices Industry

10.1. Competitive Dashboard
10.2. Company Profiles
- 10.2.1. Autoclear LLC
- 10.2.2. LAURUS Systems, Inc.
- 10.2.3. Nuctech Company Limited
- 10.2.4. Rapiscan Systems
- 10.2.5. Scanna MSC Ltd.
- 10.2.6. Smiths Detection
- 10.2.7. Tek8, Inc.
- 10.2.8. Teledyne Digital Imaging Inc.
- 10.2.9. Teledyne FLIR
- 10.2.10. Varex Imaging Corporation
- 10.2.11. Viken Detection
- 10.2.12. Others

11. 360 Degree Analyst View

12. Appendix

12.1. Research Methodology
12.2. References
12.3. Abbreviations
12.4. Disclaimer
12.5. Contact Us