Electrospun Fibers Market, By Material, By End User, By Country, and By Region - Industry Analysis, Market Size, Market Share & Forecast from 2024-2032

Description

REPORT HIGHLIGHT

Electrospun fibers Market size was valued at USD 1,029.32 Million in 2023, expanding at a CAGR of 11.90% from 2024 to 2032.

Electrospun fibers are very fine fibers made using a special technique called electrospinning. This process uses electricity to pull a liquid solution into thin strands, creating fibers that can be as small as a few nanometers. These fibers are lightweight and strong, making them useful in many areas.

These fibers are commonly used in healthcare for things like wound dressings and drug delivery. They are also used in filtration systems to clean air and water. these fibers find applications in textiles, batteries, and even in environmental protection. The ability to customize the fibers for different uses makes them an important material in many industries.

Electrospun Fibers Market- Market Dynamics

Rising need for sustainable and eco-friendly material alternatives

The rising need for sustainable and eco-friendly materials is an important driver for the electrospun fiber market. As people and companies become more aware of environmental issues, they want materials that reduce waste and have less impact on the planet. Electrospun fibers can be made from biodegradable and renewable resources, making them a great choice for businesses focusing on being eco-friendly.

According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in 2021, only about 9.5% of plastic waste was recycled, showing the need for better alternatives. This push for greener options encourages companies to use electrospinning technology, leading to more new ideas and investments.

Electrospun Fibers Market- Key Insights

As per the analysis shared by our research analyst, the global market is estimated to grow annually at a CAGR of around 11.90% over the forecast period (2024-2032)

Based on Material segmentation, Synthetic polymers was predicted to show maximum market share in the year 2023

Based on End-user segmentation, the Healthcare Industry was the leading type in 2023

Based on Region, North America was the leading revenue generator in 2023

Electrospun Fibers Market- Segmentation Analysis:

The Global Electrospun fibers Market is segmented based on Material, End User, and Region.

The market is divided into three categories based on Material: Natural polymers, Synthetic polymers, and Others. Synthetic polymers are the most dominant segment. These materials, like polycaprolactone (PCL) and polylactic acid (PLA), are popular because they are strong and can be easily shaped for different uses. Synthetic polymers can be designed to have specific features, making them ideal for applications like filters, medical tissue, and protective clothing. Their flexibility and ability to meet different needs make them the leading choice in this market.

The market is divided into four categories based on End Users: Healthcare Industry, Textiles Companies, Energy & Power Industry, Automotive Industry, and Others. The Healthcare industry is the most significant segment. Electrospun fibers are widely used in medical applications like wound dressings, tissue engineering, and drug delivery systems. Their fine structure allows for better healing and helps deliver medicines directly to affected areas. Because of their biocompatibility and ability to mimic natural tissue, healthcare uses have grown rapidly. This makes the healthcare industry the dominant user of electrospun fibers, driving demand and innovation in this area.

Electrospun Fibers Market- Geographical Insights

North America is an important region for the electrospun fiber market. The United States and Canada are the main countries driving growth. Many companies in this area focus on research and development to create new and better materials. There is a high demand for electrospun fibers in industries like healthcare, filtration, and textiles. The region is also known for its strong focus on innovation and technology.

With many universities and research centers, North America is a hub for new ideas and advancements. companies are paying more attention to eco-friendly products, which are becoming popular among consumers. Overall, North America offers many opportunities for the electrospun fibers market to grow and succeed.

Electrospun Fibers Market- Competitive Landscape:

The electrospun fibers market is very competitive, with several important companies leading the way. Elmarco, Ahlstrom-Munksjo, and Donaldson Company make high-quality fibers used in areas like filtration and healthcare. FibeRio Technology Corporation provides the machines needed to create these fibers, while Revolution Fibres and Nanofiber Solutions make new types of nanofiber materials.

There is a growing need for lightweight and strong materials. Companies are also focusing on new ideas and being more eco-friendly. As technology gets better and new uses come up, this market has a lot of chances for growth and development.

Recent Developments:

In August 2023, FibeRio Technology Corporation announced the expansion of its production capabilities with a new facility focused on enhancing its Forcespinning(R) technology. This expansion aims to boost their capacity for producing nanofibers for various applications, such as filtration and energy storage. The new facility is designed to help meet the increasing demand and facilitate the development of new product lines.

SCOPE OF THE REPORT

The scope of this report covers the market by its major segments, which include as follows:

GLOBAL ELECTROSPUN FIBERS MARKET KEY PLAYERS- DETAILED COMPETITIVE INSIGHTS

Elmarco
Ahlstrom-Munksjo
Donaldson Company, Inc.
FibeRio Technology Corporation
Nanjing Tech University (NTU)
Revolution Fibres
Elekta
Nanofiber Solutions
MFC Nanofibers
Sefar AG
Spintek
AquaShield
Kraton Corporation
Fabrico
eSpin Technologies
Advanced Materials Group

GLOBAL ELECTROSPUN FIBERS MARKET, BY MATERIAL- MARKET ANALYSIS, 2019 - 2032

Natural Polymers
Synthetic Polymers
Others

GLOBAL ELECTROSPUN FIBERS MARKET, BY END-USER- MARKET ANALYSIS, 2019 - 2032

Healthcare Industry
Textiles Companies
Energy & Power Industry
Automotive Industry
Others

GLOBAL ELECTROSPUN FIBERS MARKET, BY REGION- MARKET ANALYSIS, 2019 - 2032

North America
The U.S.
Canada
Europe
Germany
France
Italy
Spain
United Kingdom
Russia
Netherlands
Sweden
Poland
Rest of Europe
Asia Pacific
India
China
South Korea
Japan
Australia
Thailand
Indonesia
Philippines
Rest of APAC
Latin America
Brazil
Mexico
Argentina
Colombia
Rest of LATAM
The Middle East and Africa
Saudi Arabia
United Arab Emirates
Israel
Turkey
Algeria
Egypt
Rest of MEA

Product Code: ANV3949

1. Electrospun Fibers Market Overview

1.1. Study Scope
1.2. Market Estimation Years

2. Executive Summary

2.1. Market Snippet
- 2.1.1. Electrospun Fibers Market Snippet by Material
- 2.1.2. Electrospun Fibers Market Snippet by End User
- 2.1.3. Electrospun Fibers Market Snippet by Country
- 2.1.4. Electrospun Fibers Market Snippet by Region
2.2. Competitive Insights

3. Electrospun Fibers Key Market Trends

3.1. Electrospun Fibers Market Drivers
- 3.1.1. Impact Analysis of Market Drivers
3.2. Electrospun Fibers Market Restraints
- 3.2.1. Impact Analysis of Market Restraints
3.3. Electrospun Fibers Market Opportunities
3.4. Electrospun Fibers Market Future Trends

4. Electrospun Fibers Industry Study

4.1. PEST Analysis
4.2. Porter's Five Forces Analysis
4.3. Growth Prospect Mapping
4.4. Regulatory Framework Analysis

5. Electrospun Fibers Market: COVID-19 Impact Analysis

5.1. Pre-COVID-19 Impact Analysis
5.2. Post-COVID-19 Impact Analysis
- 5.2.1. Top Performing Segments
- 5.2.2. Marginal Growth Segments
- 5.2.3. Top Looser Segments
- 5.2.4. Marginal Loss Segments

6. Electrospun Fibers Market Landscape

6.1. Electrospun Fibers Market Share Analysis, 2023
6.2. Breakdown Data, by Key Manufacturer
- 6.2.1. Established Players' Analysis
- 6.2.2. Emerging Players' Analysis

7. Electrospun Fibers Market - By Material

7.1. Overview
- 7.1.1. Segment Share Analysis, By Material, 2023 & 2032 (%)
- 7.1.2. Natural Polymers
- 7.1.3. Synthetic Polymers
- 7.1.4. Others

8. Electrospun Fibers Market - By End User

8.1. Overview
- 8.1.1. Segment Share Analysis, By End User, 2023 & 2032 (%)
- 8.1.2. Healthcare Industry
- 8.1.3. Textiles Companies
- 8.1.4. Energy & Power Industry
- 8.1.5. Automotive Industry
- 8.1.6. Others

9. Electrospun Fibers Market- By Geography

9.1. Introduction
- 9.1.1. Segment Share Analysis, By Geography, 2023 & 2032 (%)
9.2. North America
- 9.2.1. Overview
- 9.2.2. Electrospun Fibers Key Manufacturers in North America
- 9.2.3. North America Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.2.4. North America Market Size and Forecast, By Material, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.2.5. North America Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.2.6. U.S.
  - 9.2.6.1. Overview
  - 9.2.6.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
  - 9.2.6.3. U.S. Market Size and Forecast, By Material, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
  - 9.2.6.4. U.S. Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.2.7. Canada
  - 9.2.7.1. Overview
  - 9.2.7.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
  - 9.2.7.3. Canada Market Size and Forecast, By Material, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
  - 9.2.7.4. Canada Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.3. Europe
- 9.3.1. Overview
- 9.3.2. Electrospun Fibers Key Manufacturers in Europe
- 9.3.3. Europe Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.4. Europe Market Size and Forecast, By Material, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.5. Europe Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.6. Germany
  - 9.3.6.1. Overview
  - 9.3.6.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
  - 9.3.6.3. Germany Market Size and Forecast, By Material, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
  - 9.3.6.4. Germany Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.7. Italy
  - 9.3.7.1. Overview
  - 9.3.7.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
  - 9.3.7.3. Italy Market Size and Forecast, By Material, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
  - 9.3.7.4. Italy Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.8. United Kingdom
  - 9.3.8.1. Overview
  - 9.3.8.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
  - 9.3.8.3. United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast, By Material, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
  - 9.3.8.4. United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.9. France
  - 9.3.9.1. Overview
  - 9.3.9.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
  - 9.3.9.3. France Market Size and Forecast, By Material, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
  - 9.3.9.4. France Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.10. Russia
  - 9.3.10.1. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
  - 9.3.10.2. Russia Market Size and Forecast, By Material, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
  - 9.3.10.3. Russia Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.11. Netherlands
  - 9.3.11.1. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
  - 9.3.11.2. Netherlands Market Size and Forecast, By Material, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
  - 9.3.11.3. Netherlands Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.12. Sweden
  - 9.3.12.1. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
  - 9.3.12.2. Sweden Market Size and Forecast, By Material, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
  - 9.3.12.3. Sweden Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.13. Poland
  - 9.3.13.1. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
  - 9.3.13.2. Poland Market Size and Forecast, By Material, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
  - 9.3.13.3. Poland Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.14. Rest of Europe
  - 9.3.14.1. Overview
  - 9.3.14.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
  - 9.3.14.3. Rest of the Europe Market Size and Forecast, By Material, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
  - 9.3.14.4. Rest of the Europe Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.4. Asia Pacific (APAC)
- 9.4.1. Overview
- 9.4.2. Electrospun Fibers Key Manufacturers in Asia Pacific
- 9.4.3. Asia Pacific Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.4. Asia Pacific Market Size and Forecast, By Material, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.5. Asia Pacific Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.6. India
  - 9.4.6.1. Overview
  - 9.4.6.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
  - 9.4.6.3. India Market Size and Forecast, By Material, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
  - 9.4.6.4. India Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.7. China
  - 9.4.7.1. Overview
  - 9.4.7.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
  - 9.4.7.3. China Market Size and Forecast, By Material, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
  - 9.4.7.4. China Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.8. Japan
  - 9.4.8.1. Overview
  - 9.4.8.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
  - 9.4.8.3. Japan Market Size and Forecast, By Material, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
  - 9.4.8.4. Japan Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.9. South Korea
  - 9.4.9.1. Overview
  - 9.4.9.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
  - 9.4.9.3. South Korea Market Size and Forecast, By Material, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
  - 9.4.9.4. South Korea Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.10. Australia
  - 9.4.10.1. Overview
  - 9.4.10.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
  - 9.4.10.3. Australia Market Size and Forecast, By Material, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
  - 9.4.10.4. Australia Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.11. Thailand
  - 9.4.11.1. Overview
  - 9.4.11.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
  - 9.4.11.3. Thailand Market Size and Forecast, By Material, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
  - 9.4.11.4. Thailand Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.12. Indonesia
  - 9.4.12.1. Overview
  - 9.4.12.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
  - 9.4.12.3. Indonesia Market Size and Forecast, By Material, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
  - 9.4.12.4. Indonesia Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.13. Philippines
  - 9.4.13.1. Overview
  - 9.4.13.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
  - 9.4.13.3. Philippines Market Size and Forecast, By Material, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
  - 9.4.13.4. Philippines Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.14. Rest of APAC
  - 9.4.14.1. Overview
  - 9.4.14.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
  - 9.4.14.3. Rest of APAC Market Size and Forecast, By Material, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
  - 9.4.14.4. Rest of APAC Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.5. Latin America
- 9.5.1. Overview
- 9.5.2. Electrospun Fibers Key Manufacturers in Latin America
- 9.5.3. Latin America Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.5.4. Latin America Market Size and Forecast, By Material, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.5.5. Latin America Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.5.6. Brazil
  - 9.5.6.1. Overview
  - 9.5.6.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
  - 9.5.6.3. Brazil Market Size and Forecast, By Material, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
  - 9.5.6.4. Brazil Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.5.7. Mexico
  - 9.5.7.1. Overview
  - 9.5.7.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
  - 9.5.7.3. Mexico Market Size and Forecast, By Material, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
  - 9.5.7.4. Mexico Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.5.8. Argentina
  - 9.5.8.1. Overview
  - 9.5.8.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
  - 9.5.8.3. Argentina Market Size and Forecast, By Material, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
  - 9.5.8.4. Argentina Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.5.9. Colombia
  - 9.5.9.1. Overview
  - 9.5.9.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
  - 9.5.9.3. Colombia Market Size and Forecast, By Material, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
  - 9.5.9.4. Colombia Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.5.10. Rest of LATAM
  - 9.5.10.1. Overview
  - 9.5.10.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
  - 9.5.10.3. Rest of LATAM Market Size and Forecast, By Material, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
  - 9.5.10.4. Rest of LATAM Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.6. Middle East and Africa
- 9.6.1. Overview
- 9.6.2. Electrospun Fibers Key Manufacturers in Middle East and Africa
- 9.6.3. Middle East and Africa Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.6.4. Middle East and Africa Market Size and Forecast, By Material, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.6.5. Middle East and Africa Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.6.6. Saudi Arabia
  - 9.6.6.1. Overview
  - 9.6.6.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
  - 9.6.6.3. Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast, By Material, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
  - 9.6.6.4. Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.6.7. United Arab Emirates
  - 9.6.7.1. Overview
  - 9.6.7.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
  - 9.6.7.3. United Arab Emirates Market Size and Forecast, By Material, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
  - 9.6.7.4. United Arab Emirates Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.6.8. Israel
  - 9.6.8.1. Overview
  - 9.6.8.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
  - 9.6.8.3. Israel Market Size and Forecast, By Material, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
  - 9.6.8.4. Israel Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.6.9. Turkey
  - 9.6.9.1. Overview
  - 9.6.9.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
  - 9.6.9.3. Turkey Market Size and Forecast, By Material, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
  - 9.6.9.4. Turkey Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.6.10. Algeria
  - 9.6.10.1. Overview
  - 9.6.10.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
  - 9.6.10.3. Algeria Market Size and Forecast, By Material, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
  - 9.6.10.4. Algeria Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.6.11. Egypt
  - 9.6.11.1. Overview
  - 9.6.11.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
  - 9.6.11.3. Egypt Market Size and Forecast, By Material, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
  - 9.6.11.4. Egypt Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.6.12. Rest of MEA
  - 9.6.12.1. Overview
  - 9.6.12.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
  - 9.6.12.3. Rest of MEA Market Size and Forecast, By Material, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
  - 9.6.12.4. Rest of MEA Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)

10. Key Vendor Analysis- Electrospun Fibers Industry

10.1. Competitive Dashboard
10.2. Company Profiles
- 10.2.1. Elmarco
- 10.2.2. Ahlstrom-Munksjo
- 10.2.3. Donaldson Company, Inc.
- 10.2.4. FibeRio Technology Corporation
- 10.2.5. Nanjing Tech University (NTU)
- 10.2.6. Revolution Fibres
- 10.2.7. Elekta
- 10.2.8. Nanofiber Solutions
- 10.2.9. MFC Nanofibers
- 10.2.10. Sefar AG
- 10.2.11. Spintek
- 10.2.12. AquaShield
- 10.2.13. Kraton Corporation
- 10.2.14. Fabrico
- 10.2.15. eSpin Technologies
- 10.2.16. Advanced Materials Group

11. 360 Degree Analyst View

12. Appendix

12.1. Research Methodology
12.2. References
12.3. Abbreviations
12.4. Disclaimer
12.5. Contact Us